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1.
目的 分析HBsAg阳性母亲HBV感染状况与婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的关系。方法 2011年6月至2013年7月采用前瞻性研究的方法选择225对HBsAg阳性母亲及其新生儿作为研究对象,新生儿按0-1-6免疫接种程序接种乙肝疫苗并随访至婴儿1周岁,采用电化学发光免疫分析法和荧光定量PCR检测母亲及婴儿外周血HBV血清学标志物和HBV DNA载量。结果 HBsAg阳性母亲共检测出6种HBV感染模式,常见模式"HBsAg(+)、HBeAg(+)、抗-HBc(+)"(模式一)与" HBsAg(+)、抗-HBe(+)、抗-HBc(+)"(模式二)所占比例最多(92.5%,208/225);母亲HBV感染为模式一时,婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率(11.3%)低于母亲HBV感染为模式二时的婴儿无/弱应答率(23.4%),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.80,P=0.029),随着母亲HBeAg水平的升高,婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率呈现下降趋势(χ2=4.86,P=0.028);经非条件logistic回归模型控制其他因素影响后结果显示,母亲HBeAg与降低婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答发生风险有关(OR=0.598,95%CI:0.378~0.947);HBsAg阳性母亲HBV DNA阳性率为54.2%,未发现母亲HBV DNA阳性与其婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率有关(χ2=0.22,P=0.640)。结论 HBsAg阳性母亲HBV感染模式以"HBsAg(+)、HBeAg(+)、抗-HBc(+)"与"HBsAg(+)、抗-HBe(+)、抗-HBc(+)"模式为主,且该2种模式下婴儿乙肝疫苗免疫应答情况有所不同;母亲HBeAg可能是其婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的保护因素;尚未发现HBsAg阳性母亲HBV DNA与婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答有关联。  相似文献   

2.
目的 检测新生儿外周血干扰素-γ(IFN-γ)和白介素-10(IL-10)含量,探讨HBsAg阳性母亲妊娠中晚期服用替比夫定对婴儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗无/弱应答的影响。方法 采用双向性队列研究方法,选择2011年7月至2013年1月在太原市第三人民医院产科分娩的321对HBsAg阳性孕妇及新生儿,根据HBsAg阳性孕妇妊娠中晚期替比夫定服用情况将其分为服药组和未服药组,对新生儿全程接种乙肝疫苗并随访至12月龄。采用电化学发光法(ECLIA)和荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)分别检测母亲、新生儿及婴儿外周血HBV血清学标志物与HBV DNA,ELISA检测新生儿外周血IFN-γ、IL-10含量。结果 乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率为17.99%。非条件logistic回归显示,HBsAg阳性母亲妊娠中晚期服用替比夫定是婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的保护因素(aRR=0.119,95%CI:0.014~0.974);以新生儿血清IFN-γ、IL-10含量中位数为界分为高含量组与低含量组,研究发现服药组发生新生儿血清IFN-γ、IL-10高含量的可能性较大(aRR=8.684,95%CI:1.977~38.140;aRR=5.330,95%CI:1.278~22.236),新生儿血清IFN-γ、IL-10高含量组发生乙肝疫苗免疫无/弱应答的可能性较小(aRR=0.300,95%CI:0.105~0.857;aRR=0.104,95%CI:0.030~0.354)。结论 HBsAg阳性母亲妊娠中晚期服用替比夫定发生婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的可能性较小,其可能通过促进新生儿IFN-γ和IL-10分泌来降低婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答发生风险。  相似文献   

3.
目的 探讨HBsAg阳性母亲新生儿干扰素基因刺激因子(STING)天然免疫信号通路对婴儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗无/弱应答的影响。方法 选取2019年11月至2022年6月在太原市第三人民医院分娩的HBsAg阳性母亲及其新生儿/婴儿作为研究对象,采用问卷调查和病历查阅的方式收集其流行病学资料和临床资料,运用流式细胞术检测新生儿脐血中STING天然免疫信号通路关键分子蛋白(STING、pIRF3)以及疫苗应答相关免疫细胞(DC、T、B和浆细胞)。对全程规范接种乙肝疫苗后1~2个月的婴儿进行随访,通过化学发光微粒子免疫分析法检测随访婴儿血清抗-HBs。结合非条件logistic回归模型、列线图和贝叶斯网络模型探讨STING天然免疫信号通路和相关因素在婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答中的作用与贡献大小,以及各因素间相互关系。结果 共调查195对HBsAg阳性母亲及其婴儿,婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答率为12.31%(24/195)。母亲HBV DNA高载量、新生儿STING蛋白低表达、pIRF3蛋白低表达和浆细胞低表达是婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答的危险因素(OR值分别为4.70、3.46、3.18和2.20,均P<0.05),以上因素构建的列线图具有良好的预测效能(曲线下面积=0.81,95%CI:0.63~0.83)。贝叶斯网络模型结果显示,母亲HBV DNA高载量时,新生儿STING蛋白低表达的条件概率较高(62.50%),其pIRF3蛋白低表达的条件概率较高(58.54%),DC、T、B和浆细胞低表达的条件概率均较高(53.16%、60.20%、68.42%和57.14%)。结论 母亲HBV DNA可能通过抑制其新生儿STING天然免疫信号通路及疫苗应答相关免疫细胞导致婴儿乙肝疫苗无/弱应答。  相似文献   

4.
目的 了解HBsAg阳性母亲HBeAg状态与分娩方式对新生儿HBV宫内传播的影响及交互作用。方法 采用病例对照研究的方法,选择2011年7月至2013年1月在太原市第三人民医院妇产科分娩的344对HBsAg阳性孕妇及其新生儿,收集其一般人口学特征及分娩情况等资料,采用电化学发光法(ECLIA)和荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR)分别检测母亲及新生儿血清HBV标志物与HBV DNA,根据新生儿是否有HBV宫内传播分为病例组(42例)和对照组(302例)。采用单因素χ2检验和非条件logistic回归分析,探讨母亲HBeAg状态和分娩方式对HBV宫内传播的影响及交互作用。结果 344例HBsAg阳性母亲新生儿HBV宫内传播率为12.21%(42/344),母亲HBeAg阳性和阴性两组新生儿HBV宫内传播率分别为18.52%(30/162)和6.59%(12/182),阴道产和剖宫产两组新生儿HBV宫内传播率分别为22.22%(34/153)和4.19%(8/191)。非条件logistic回归分析显示,HBeAg阳性母亲所生新生儿发生HBV宫内传播的风险是HBeAg阴性母亲所生新生儿的3.003倍(OR=3.003,95%CI:1.368~6.593),分娩方式为阴道产时新生儿发生HBV宫内传播的风险是剖宫产的7.333倍(OR=7.333,95%CI:3.108~17.302)。母亲HBeAg状态和分娩方式存在相加交互作用,其超额相对危险度(RERI)、交互作用归因比(AP)和交互作用指数(SI)分别为14.229(95%CI:-8.479~36.938)、0.587(95%CI:0.271~0.903)和2.579(95%CI:1.100~6.047),但不存在相乘交互作用(OR=1.084,95%CI:0.720~1.632)。结论 母亲HBeAg阳性和阴道产可能是新生儿HBV宫内传播的危险因素,母亲HBeAg状态与分娩方式存在相加交互作用。建议HBeAg阳性母亲行剖宫产的方式结束分娩。  相似文献   

5.
目的 了解吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的流行特征的影响因素,为制定相关预防与控制策略及措施提供参考依据。方法 本研究以2017-2018年吉林省心血管病高危人群早期筛查与综合干预项目为基础,纳入吉林省6个项目点35~75岁常住居民11 903人为研究对象,进行体格检查、实验室检测和问卷调查。采用χ2检验、趋势χ2检验、F检验计算不同特征人群和健康指标的中心性肥胖及其前期情况,其影响因素采用多因素logistic回归模型分析。结果 吉林省居民中心性肥胖率为33.35%(3 970/11 903),标化率为31.73%,中心性肥胖前期率为28.79%(3 427/11 903),标化率为28.86%。多因素分析结果显示,农村居民(OR=1.99,95%CI:1.78~2.23)、女性(OR=1.76,95%CI:1.57~1.97)、65~75岁组(OR=1.21,95%CI:1.03~1.45)、高中/中专文化程度(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.17~1.63)、家庭年收入>10万元(OR=1.65,95%CI:1.20~2.26)、超重(OR=9.27,95%CI:8.26~10.41)、肥胖(OR=82.82,95%CI:62.63~109.52)、正常高值血压(OR=1.49,95%CI:1.27~1.74)、高血压(OR=1.70,95%CI:1.42~2.04)、糖尿病(OR=2.30,95%CI:1.94~2.73)、血脂异常(OR=1.33,95%CI:1.18~1.50)与中心性肥胖及其前期发生风险呈正相关。结论 吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期率均处于较高水平,农村居民、女性、年龄大、高中/中专文化程度、高收入、超重、肥胖、正常高值血压、高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常是吉林省居民中心性肥胖及其前期的危险因素。  相似文献   

6.
目的 分析HIV感染者与配偶离异或分居情况及相关因素。方法 收集国家艾滋病综合防治信息系统2014年新报告、年满18周岁且已婚有配偶的HIV感染者的信息,根据确证阳性后1年内配偶变化情况分为“离异或分居”和“已婚有配偶”。应用logistic回归分析感染者与配偶离异或分居的相关因素。结果 共有31 708个已婚有配偶HIV感染者纳入分析,有22.5%(7 134/31 708)确证阳性后1年内离异或分居。81.6%(25 864/31 708)感染者的配偶1年内进行了HIV抗体检测,其中10.0%(2 599/25 864)离异或分居;18.4%(5 844/31 708)感染者的配偶1年内未进行HIV抗体检测,其中有77.6%(4 535/5 844)离异或分居。多因素logistic回归分析显示,配偶未检测的感染者中,≥46岁(46~岁:OR=1.28,95%CI:1.03~1.58;61~岁:OR=1.83,95%CI: 1.41~2.37)、汉族(OR=1.56,95%CI:1.34~1.83)、高中及以上文化程度(OR=1.55,95%CI:1.27~1.90)、非农民或民工(OR=1.34,95%CI:1.17~1.54)、注射吸毒(OR=1.33,95%CI:1.03~1.71)和同性传播途径感染(OR=1.49,95%CI:1.20~1.86)、无子女(OR=2.35,95%CI:1.78~3.09),离异或分居的比例较高。配偶已检测的感染者中,≥61岁(OR=1.32,95%CI:1.12~1.56)、汉族(OR=1.27,95%CI:1.13~1.44)、高中及以上文化程度(OR=1.26,95%CI:1.11~1.43)、非农民或民工(OR=1.37,95%CI:1.25~1.51)、同性传播途径感染(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.25~1.54)、无子女(OR=1.48,95%CI:1.27~1.71),离异或分居的比例较高。结论 我国已婚有配偶HIV感染者确证阳性后存在一定比例的离异或分居,不同特征的感染者确证阳性后离异或分居的比例不同,为减少已发现感染者的传播,需要采取针对性的干预措施。  相似文献   

7.
目的 探讨孕前BMI和孕期增重与子痫前期(PE)及其临床亚型的发生风险的关系。方法 选取2012年3月至2016年9月在山西医科大学第一医院妇产科分娩的孕妇,根据纳入排除标准,共纳入9 274例孕妇,901例PE孕妇作为病例组,8 373例非PE孕妇作为对照组。收集一般人口学特征、孕前身高和体重、孕期生活方式、生育史和疾病史等资料,计算孕前BMI及孕期增重。采用非条件logistic回归分析孕前BMI和孕期增重与PE及其临床亚型的关系。结果 PE中早发型PE (EOPE)401例、晚发型PE (LOPE)500例,轻度PE (MPE)178例、重度PE (SPE)723例。PE孕妇和非PE孕妇在年龄、居住地、产次、妊娠期糖尿病及高血压家族史等方面差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。调整以上因素后,logistic回归分析结果显示,孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2和孕期增重不足是PE的保护因素(OR=0.74,95%CI:0.56~0.98;OR=0.78,95%CI:0.62~0.99),孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2和孕期增重过多是PE的危险因素(OR=1.82,95%CI:1.54~2.14;OR=1.82,95%CI:1.54~2.15)。对PE临床亚型分析后结果显示,孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2是EOPE和MPE的保护因素(OR=0.52,95%CI:0.32~0.83;OR=0.47,95%CI:0.23~0.97),孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2和孕期增重过多是PE临床亚型的危险因素。按孕前BMI分层后,孕前18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI<24.0 kg/m2和孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2的孕妇中孕期增重过多(OR=1.86,95%CI:1.51~2.30;OR=1.90,95%CI:1.39~2.60)均是PE的危险因素;孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2的孕妇中孕期增重不足(OR=0.55,95%CI:0.34~0.89)是PE的保护因素。孕前BMI<18.5 kg/m2的孕妇中孕期增重过多(OR=4.05,95%CI:1.20~13.69)是EOPE的危险因素;孕前18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI<24.0 kg/m2的孕妇中孕期增重过多是PE各临床亚型的危险因素;孕前BMI ≥ 24.0 kg/m2的孕妇中孕期增重不足是EOPE和MPE的保护因素(OR=0.39,95%CI:0.19~0.80;OR=0.29,95%CI:0.11~0.77),孕期增重过多是EOPE、LOPE和SPE的危险因素(OR=1.60,95%CI:1.06~2.42;OR=2.20,95%CI:1.44~3.37;OR=2.28,95%CI:1.58~3.29)。结论 孕前BMI和孕期增重影响PE及其临床亚型的发生风险,且不同孕前BMI人群孕期增重对PE的影响有差异,提倡同时关注孕前BMI和孕期体重变化,从而减少PE发生。  相似文献   

8.
目的 探讨陕西省新生儿体表先天畸形的影响因素。方法 采用分层多阶段随机抽样方法,通过问卷调查2010-2013年陕西省孕满28周且结局明确的育龄妇女及其生育子女的相关信息,采用多因素logistic回归分析新生儿体表先天畸形的影响因素。结果 多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(OR=21.76,95%CI:4.46~106.25)、不良孕产史(OR=11.88,95%CI:9.14~15.45)、家族出生缺陷史(OR=6.15,95%CI:2.66~14.23)、双胎(OR=5.74,95%CI:3.34~9.86)、母亲为工人(与其他职业比,OR=2.47,95%CI:1.30~4.68)或农民(与其他职业比,OR=1.91,95%CI:1.14~3.20)、产检<4次(与产检>7次者比,OR=1.84,95%CI:1.28~2.64)、职业危险暴露(OR=1.74,95%CI:1.26~2.42)、母亲来自关中地区(与陕北地区者比,OR=1.65,95%CI:1.20~2.28)、母亲居住农村(OR=1.75,95%CI:1.13~2.71)、围孕期使用药物(OR=1.64,95%CI:1.26~2.13)是体表先天畸形的危险因素,而母亲围孕期服用铁剂(OR=0.46,95%CI:0.21~0.99)是体表先天畸形的保护因素。结论 母亲来自关中地区、农村、农民或工人、不良孕产史、家族出生缺陷史、双胎、产检<4次、职业危险暴露、使用药物、妊娠期患肝内胆汁淤积症可能增加新生儿体表先天畸形的罹患风险。  相似文献   

9.
目的 联合应用两种神经认知评价量表,探讨接受抗病毒治疗(ART)的HIV感染者神经认知损伤患病率、影响因素及其神经认知表现特征。方法 纳入浙江省台州市开展的HIV与衰老相关疾病前瞻性队列研究中2 250例接受ART的HIV感染者。使用中国版简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)和国际HIV相关性痴呆量表(IHDS)评价其神经认知损伤情况,并对2个量表中的7个神经认知域进行聚类分析。结果 在接受ART的HIV感染者2 250例中,年龄集中在45~89岁(48.0%,1 080/2 250),男性占79.2%(1 782/2 250),小学及以下文化程度者占37.8%(852/2 250)。MMSE和IHDS判断的神经认知损伤的患病率分别为14.3%(321/2 250)和31.8%(716/2 250)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,HIV感染者MMSE判断的神经认知损伤危险因素包括60~89岁(aOR=2.63,95%CI:1.52~4.56)、抑郁症状(aOR=5.58,95%CI:4.20~7.40)和使用依非韦伦(EFV)治疗(aOR=2.86,95%CI:1.89~4.34);男性(aOR=0.71,95%CI:0.51~1.00)、偏胖(aOR=0.63,95%CI:0.44~0.89)和文化程度较高(aOR=0.11,95%CI:0.05~0.25)为保护因素。IHDS判断的神经认知损伤危险因素包括60~89岁(aOR=3.10,95%CI:2.09~4.59)、抑郁症状(aOR=1.78,95%CI:1.44~2.20)和使用EFV治疗(aOR=1.79,95%CI:1.41~2.29);男性(aOR=0.75,95%CI:0.58~0.97)、偏瘦(aOR=0.67,95%CI:0.47~0.96)、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数≥350个/μl(aOR=0.69,95%CI:0.53~0.91)和文化程度较高(aOR=0.23,95%CI:0.14~0.39)是保护因素。HIV感染者的神经认知表现分为4种主要类型,在年龄、性别、文化程度、饮酒、抑郁症状、腰臀比、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、基线CD4计数和使用EFV治疗的差异有统计学意义(均P < 0.05)。结论 接受ART的HIV感染者神经认知表现分为4种类型,神经认知损伤患病率较高,需对不同类型者采取针对性的监测、预防与控制措施。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析2019年中国HIV感染孕产妇所生儿童(HIV暴露儿童)的失访状况及影响因素。方法 资料来源于我国预防艾滋病、梅毒和乙型肝炎母婴传播管理信息系统2019年全国医疗机构报告的HIV感染孕产妇和HIV暴露儿童的基本信息和随访记录,HIV暴露儿童失访的定义为出生后满18月龄无法随访到且21月龄时仍未随访到的存活儿童。采用回顾性资料分析方法,HIV暴露儿童的失访影响因素分别采用χ2检验和logistic回归模型进行单因素和多因素分析。采用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 在5 039例HIV感染孕产妇中,分娩的HIV暴露儿童5 035例,HIV暴露儿童的失访率为5.62%(283/5 035)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,孕产妇职业为农(牧、渔)民(aOR=0.34,95%CI:0.22~0.53)、婚姻状况为未婚(aOR=0.47,95%CI:0.24~0.93)、初婚(aOR=0.38,95%CI:0.22~0.67)、再婚(aOR=0.36,95%CI:0.20~0.67)与同居(aOR=0.47,95%CI:0.23~0.97)和本次妊娠前知晓自己感染HIV(aOR=0.53,95%CI:0.40~0.70)的HIV暴露儿童失访率较低;孕产妇为汉族(aOR=1.52,95%CI:1.09~2.13)、小学(aOR=2.06,95%CI:1.10~3.89)和初中文化程度(aOR=1.81,95%CI:1.03~3.17)、未抗病毒治疗(aOR=6.21,95%CI:4.32~8.93)和在乡(街道)级助产机构分娩(aOR=5.72,95%CI:1.61~20.27)的HIV暴露儿童失访率较高。结论 2019年我国HIV暴露儿童存在一定的失访,为进一步降低其失访率,提高妇女孕前HIV检测率和HIV感染孕产妇的抗病毒治疗率,对有效实施预防艾滋病母婴传播综合干预措施有重要意义。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

13.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

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15.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

16.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

17.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

18.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

19.
Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.  相似文献   

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