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1.
目的 探讨取暖固体燃料暴露及其时长与呼吸系统疾病发病风险之间的关联。方法 利用中国慢性病前瞻性研究四川省彭州市项目点数据,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析取暖固体燃料暴露及其时长与总呼吸系统疾病发病风险之间的关联,进一步分析其与呼吸系统疾病中慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)、肺炎发病风险之间的关联。结果 共纳入46 082名30~79岁研究对象,冬季11 634名(25.25%)进行取暖,其中8 885名(19.28%)使用清洁燃料,2 749名(5.97%)使用固体燃料;34 448名(74.75%)不取暖。控制多个混杂因素后,Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,与清洁燃料相比,不取暖降低总呼吸系统疾病(HR=0.81,95%CI:0.77~0.86)、COPD(HR=0.86,95%CI:0.78~0.95)、肺炎(HR=0.80,95%CI:0.74~0.86)的发病风险;固体燃料暴露增加总呼吸系统疾病的发病风险(HR=1.10,95%CI:1.01~1.20),与COPD、肺炎的发病风险无统计学关联。与没有固体燃料暴露相比,随着固体燃料暴露时长增加,总呼吸系统疾病(1~19年:HR=1.23,95%CI:1.10~1.37;20~39年:HR=1.25,95%CI:1.16~1.35;≥40年:HR=1.26,95%CI:1.15~1.39)及肺炎(1~19年:HR=1.21,95%CI:1.03~1.42;20~39年:HR=1.30,95%CI:1.16~1.46;≥40年:HR=1.35,95%CI:1.18~1.54)发病风险增加(趋势检验均P<0.001);固体燃料暴露时长1~19、20~39年使COPD的发病风险增加23%(HR=1.23,95%CI:1.02~1.49)、16%(HR=1.16,95%CI:1.00~1.35)。结论 取暖固体燃料暴露增加了总呼吸系统疾病、COPD、肺炎的发病风险。  相似文献   

2.
目的 分析山东省HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的影响因素,为降低死亡风险及延长生存时间提供参考。方法 研究对象为2017-2021年山东省HIV感染者,采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析艾滋病相关死亡及确证1年内死亡的影响因素。结果 2017-2021年山东省报告的14 700例HIV感染者中,发生艾滋病相关死亡351例,占2.4%(351/14 700)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,HIV感染者艾滋病相关死亡的危险因素包括文化程度为初、高中/中专(aHR=1.37,95%CI:1.01~1.84)、样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.61,95%CI:1.22~2.12)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=9.86,95%CI:6.86~14.19)、未检测基线CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)(aHR=3.93,95%CI:2.69~5.75)、抗病毒治疗(ART)时间<6个月(aHR=3.46,95%CI:2.42~4.93)和未ART(aHR=1.45,95%CI:1.02~2.07)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=3.51,95%CI:2.18~5.65)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=10.58,95%CI:6.15~18.19)、末次病毒载量(VL)值为50~999拷贝数/ml、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=2.59,95%CI:1.07~6.26;aHR=9.50,95%CI:5.60~16.12;aHR=15.33,95%CI:8.91~26.36);HIV感染者确证1年内发生艾滋病相关死亡风险较高的因素包括样本来源自医疗机构(aHR=1.68,95%CI:1.19~2.36)、病程为艾滋病期(aHR=10.60,95%CI:7.13~15.75)、基线CD4未检测(aHR=3.71,95%CI:2.34~5.90)、ART时间<6个月(aHR=4.30,95%CI:2.85~6.49)和未ART(aHR=2.05,95%CI:1.35~3.13)、末次CD4<200个/μl(aHR=5.45,95%CI:2.04~14.60)和末次CD4未检测(aHR=20.95,95%CI:7.69~57.04)、末次VL值为50~999、≥1 000拷贝数/ml和未检测(aHR=15.21,95%CI:2.54~91.21;aHR=42.93,95%CI:9.64~191.20;aHR=61.35,95%CI:13.85~271.77)。结论 扩大检测覆盖面,促进早发现和早治疗,加强对HIV感染者的定期随访和检测,掌握病程进展并进行精准管理和治疗,对降低HIV感染者病死率和延长生存时间有重要作用。  相似文献   

3.
目的 分析荆州市HIV/AIDS病死率及其影响因素。方法 资料来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统的艾滋病综合防治信息系统,选取现住址为荆州市、确诊时年龄≥15岁、确诊时间为1996-2021年的HIV/AIDS作为研究对象。采用乘积极限法绘制死亡曲线,Cox比例风险回归模型识别死亡的影响因素。结果 HIV/AIDS共3 304例,随访16 091.5人年,死亡893例,病死率为5.5/100人年。HIV/AIDS确诊后1、5和10年的累积死亡概率分别为15.4%、25.0%和34.6%,参加抗病毒治疗者1、5和10年的累积死亡概率为6.9%、14.4%和23.7%,未参加抗病毒治疗者1、5和10年的累积死亡概率为68.0%、90.1%和98.7%。Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,未参加抗病毒治疗者的死亡风险高于参加抗病毒治疗者(aHR=9.85,95%CI:8.19~11.85);参加抗病毒治疗者死亡的危险因素包括男性(aHR=1.64,95%CI:1.29~2.08)、确诊时年龄≥60岁(aHR=3.52,95%CI:2.38~5.20)、注射吸毒/其他途径感染(aHR=2.38,95%CI:1.30~4.34)、医疗机构发现(aHR=1.53,95%CI:1.11~2.11)和首次CD4+T淋巴细胞(CD4)计数<50个/μl(aHR=2.58,95%CI:1.87~3.58),死亡的保护因素是较高文化程度(高中/中专:aHR=0.64,95%CI:0.46~0.90;大专及以上:aHR=0.42,95%CI:0.24~0.73)。未参加抗病毒治疗者死亡的危险因素包括确诊时年龄较大(30~岁:aHR=2.32,95%CI:1.40~3.84;45~岁:aHR=2.61:95%CI:1.59~4.27;≥60岁:aHR=3.31,95%CI:2.01~5.47)、首次CD4计数较低(<50个/μl:aHR=10.47,95%CI:6.47~16.56;50~199个/μl:aHR=2.31,95%CI:1.08~4.94;200~349个/μl:aHR=2.35,95%CI:1.46~3.79)。结论 1996-2021年荆州市HIV/AIDS病死率较高,首次CD4计数、抗病毒治疗和确诊时年龄是影响HIV/AIDS死亡的主要因素,应进一步坚持扩大检测和“发现即治疗”政策,提升抗病毒治疗效果和HIV/AIDS生存率。  相似文献   

4.
目的 分析湖北省美沙酮维持治疗(MMT)者退出状况及影响因素。方法 选取2006年6月至2021年12月在湖北省MMT门诊入组接受MMT者,收集社会人口学资料、吸毒史、MMT等信息,对其MMT的生存资料采用Kaplan-Meier法进行单因素分析,多因素分析采用Cox比例风险回归模型。结果 本研究共纳入26 716例MMT者,男女性别比为3.34∶1(20 557∶6 159);保持治疗时间为0.01~15.72年,中位时间为2.21(95%CI:2.16~2.26)年。截至随访终点,退出治疗比例为86.75%(23 175/26 716)。MMT者入组0~、2~、4~、9~和14~年累积保持治疗概率分别为67.61%、40.24%、30.03%、15.49%和6.56%。Cox比例风险回归模型分析结果显示,退出治疗风险较高的因素包括少数民族(HR=1.66,95%CI:1.52~1.82)、有职业(HR=1.05,95%CI:1.01~1.08)、无强制隔离戒毒史者(HR=1.04,95%CI:1.01~1.09)、入组治疗年份为2016-2021年者(HR=1.46,95%CI:1.35~1.58);退出治疗风险较低的因素包括入组时年龄≥60岁者(HR=0.56,95%CI:0.42~0.75)、大专及以上文化程度(HR=0.83,95%CI:0.75~0.91)、其他城市门诊(HR=0.90,95%CI:0.87~0.93)、吸毒年限≥20年(HR=0.72,95%CI:0.66~0.80)、日服药剂量≥90 mg(HR=0.73,95%CI:0.69~0.78)和入组治疗年份为2011-2015年者(HR=0.93,95%CI:0.89~0.97)。结论 湖北省MMT者退出治疗比例较高。退出治疗的影响因素较为复杂,MMT者的日服药剂量是在安全情况下可加以干预的因素,应在一定程度上适当维持在较高服药剂量。  相似文献   

5.
目的 描述我国心力衰竭(心衰)流行情况,探究吸烟行为与心衰发病风险的前瞻性关联。方法 研究对象来自中国慢性病前瞻性研究,基线调查为2004年6月至2008年7月。剔除BMI信息缺失、基线调查后即失访以及基线自报有冠心病、脑卒中或恶性肿瘤的研究对象,共纳入487 197人进行分析。本研究使用的随访数据截至2016年12月31日。采用Cox比例风险模型计算吸烟行为与心衰发病风险的关联。结果 研究对象中位随访10.15年,随访期间共有4 208人新发心衰,粗发病率为0.87/1 000人年,累积发病率为0.86%。基线年龄越大,心衰发病率越高。高年龄组、农村、男性心衰发病率分别高于低年龄组、城市、女性人群。相比于非吸烟者,偶尔吸烟者心衰发病风险无显著差异(HR=1.05;95%CI: 0.91~1.22),而既往吸烟者(HR=1.48;95%CI:1.31~1.67)和当前吸烟者(HR=1.34;95%CI:1.22~1.49)的风险升高。合并非吸烟或偶尔吸烟者组后,既往吸烟者(HR=1.33;95%CI:1.21~1.46)和当前吸烟者(HR=1.46;95%CI:1.31~1.64)相比于该组的心衰发病风险均升高。当前吸烟者(趋势检验P=0.347)和既往吸烟者(趋势检验P=0.066)的吸烟量与心衰风险间均不存在剂量反应关系。与非吸烟或偶尔吸烟组相比,既往吸烟者戒烟<5、5~、10~、≥20年的心衰发病风险比分别为1.61(95%CI:1.36~1.92)、1.55(95%CI:1.27~1.90)、1.24(95%CI:1.02~1.51)、1.35(95%CI:1.08~1.68)(趋势检验P=0.091),非因疾病戒烟者与因疾病戒烟者心衰发病风险比分别为1.23(95%CI:1.04~1.45)和1.62(95%CI:1.41~1.86)。健康吸烟行为较非健康吸烟行为对心力衰竭有明显的保护作用(HR=0.75;95%CI:0.69~0.81)。城乡地区和冠心病家族史与吸烟行为是否健康存在对心衰发病风险的交互作用(交互检验P<0.05)。结论 我国心力衰竭发病率男性高于女性,农村高于城市,随年龄增长而升高。无论吸烟频率、吸烟量、戒烟时长和戒烟原因,既往吸烟和当前吸烟者相比于从不吸烟或偶尔吸烟者,心衰风险均较高。吸烟是心力衰竭的重要危险因素,应继续坚持全面禁烟措施。  相似文献   

6.
目的 探讨BMI和腰围对成年人糖尿病发病的影响。方法 使用"中国慢性病前瞻性研究"(CKB)浙江省桐乡市数据,剔除基线时自报患有恶性肿瘤、心脏病、脑卒中和糖尿病患者后,纳入分析30~79岁53 916人。采用Cox比例风险模型计算糖尿病发病风险比(HR)。结果 调查对象累计随访391 512人年(平均随访7.26年)。随访期间,男性944人和女性1 643人被新诊断为糖尿病。多因素调整后,与BMI正常组的人群相比,男性超重和肥胖组糖尿病发病的HR值(95%CI)分别为2.72(95%CI:2.47~2.99)和6.27(95%CI:5.33~7.36)。女性超重和肥胖组HR值(95%CI)分别为2.19(95%CI:2.04~2.36)和3.78(95%CI:3.36~4.26);与腰围正常组的人群相比,男性Ⅰ级(85.0~89.9)和Ⅱ级中心性肥胖(≥ 90.0)组糖尿病发病的HR值(95%CI)分别为2.56(2.22~2.95)和4.66(4.14~5.24)。女性Ⅰ级(80.0~84.9)和Ⅱ级中心性肥胖(≥ 85.0)组HR值(95%CI)分别为1.99(1.80~2.21)和3.16(2.90~3.44)。结论 超重/肥胖以及中心性肥胖人群糖尿病发病风险均会升高。在开展控制体重预防糖尿病的同时,更应控制腰围。  相似文献   

7.
目的 了解金昌队列人群脑卒中发病状况,探讨代谢性疾病与脑卒中发病之间的联系,为人群脑卒中防治提供科学依据。方法 收集金昌队列随访人群33 042人的流行病学调查资料和体检数据,通过前瞻性队列研究的方法揭示金昌队列人群脑卒中的发病状况,研究代谢性疾病对脑卒中发病的影响,使用限制三次样线条法来分析各代谢性指标与脑卒中发病风险之间的剂量反应关系。结果 金昌队列人群脑卒中发病率为1.59%,标化发病率为3.99%。高血压(男性HR=2.20,女性HR=4.45)与血脂异常(男性HR=1.49,女性HR=1.79)是队列人群脑卒中发病的危险因素,糖尿病仅影响男性人群脑卒中的发病(HR=1.79),肥胖仅影响女性人群脑卒中的发病(HR=1.64),且罹患代谢性疾病种类越多,脑卒中发病风险越大。SBP与脑卒中发病风险之间呈非线性剂量反应关系,而DBP与脑卒中发病风险呈正向线性相关关系。结论 金昌队列人群脑卒中发病率在国内外均处于较高水平;代谢性疾病人群为脑卒中的高危人群,在脑卒中防治中应予以重视;DBP可能与脑卒中具有更密切的联系。  相似文献   

8.
目的 探讨海南高龄老人头发微量元素水平与全因死亡的关系。方法 研究对象来自于中国海南百岁老人队列研究的部分高龄老人,共163名。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析头发微量元素与全因死亡的关系。结果 海南高龄老人元素硒(Se)、锰(Mn)、锶(Sr)与死亡关联的风险比(HR)差异有统计学意义,HR值分别为0.72(95%CI:0.54~0.98,P=0.035)、1.50(95%CI:1.07~2.11,P=0.020)、0.54(95%CI:0.37~0.79,P=0.001)。按贫血进行亚组和交互分析并进行多因素调整后,元素铜与贫血人群死亡关联的HR值为1.81(95%CI:1.13~2.88,P=0.013)。此外,Mn与贫血存在交互作用,HR值为0.46(95%CI:0.22~0.94,P=0.033)。结论 海南高龄老人头发Se、Mn、Sr含量与全因死亡风险增加密切相关,头发Se、Mn、Sr可作为长寿老人死亡风险预测的参考指标,提示注重高龄老人的日常饮食,应丰富多样,以维持体内微量元素含量的正常与均衡。  相似文献   

9.
目的 了解四川省≥30岁居民慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)的发病情况,分析吸烟对COPD发病风险的影响。方法 2004-2008年随机抽取四川省彭州市30~79岁人群进行问卷调查、体格检查和肺功能检测,并进行长期随访,确定COPD发病情况。运用Cox比例风险回归模型分析吸烟与COPD的关系。结果 共纳入46 540名研究对象,男性当前吸烟占比为67.31%,女性为8.67%,有3 101名新发COPD,累积发病率为6.66%。控制年龄、性别、职业、婚姻状况、家庭年收入、文化程度、BMI、日均总体力活动水平、当前做饭频率、当前有无排烟装置、被动吸烟暴露频率等因素后,多因素Cox比例风险回归分析显示,与从不吸烟人群相比,当前吸烟、戒烟增加COPD的发病风险,HR值分别为1.42(95%CI:1.29~1.57)和1.34(95%CI:1.16~1.53)。与从不或偶尔吸烟人群相比,日均吸烟量越大,COPD发病风险越高;当前吸烟类型为混吸、开始吸烟类型为混吸增加COPD的发病风险,HR值分别为1.79(95%CI:1.42~2.25)和2.12(95%CI:1.53~2.92);开始吸烟年龄<18、≥18岁增加COPD的发病风险,HR值分别为1.61(95%CI:1.43~1.82)和1.34(95%CI:1.22~1.48);吸烟时吸入口腔后即吐出、吸到咽喉部和深吸到肺部增加COPD的发病风险,HR值分别为1.30(95%CI:1.16~1.45)、1.63(95%CI:1.45~1.83)和1.37(95%CI:1.21~1.55)。控制多个混杂因素,校正回归稀释偏倚后,日均吸烟量、开始吸烟年龄和烟吸入部位对COPD发病均有影响,性别差异尤为突出。结论 吸烟增加COPD的发病风险,这种影响与吸烟量、吸烟类型、开始吸烟年龄和烟吸入部位等存在一定关系,控烟应综合考虑吸烟的具体特征,从而预防COPD的发生。  相似文献   

10.
目的 分析我国成年人腰围身高比与脑卒中及其亚型发病关联。方法 从2010年中国慢性病监测项目选取60个监测点人群(城市监测点25个、农村监测点35个)作为本次研究对象,共计36 632人。将2010年中国慢性病监测项目数据作为基线数据。2016-2017年进行随访,完成随访者27 762人。采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析腰围身高比与脑卒中及其亚型发病风险比。并按年龄、性别等基线特征进行亚组分析,剔除死亡者和基线糖尿病患者进行敏感性分析。结果 脑卒中分析,共纳入27 112名研究对象,观察到脑卒中事件1 333例;缺血性卒中分析,共纳入26 907名研究对象,观察到缺血性卒中事件1 128例;出血性卒中分析,共纳入25 984名研究对象,观察到出血性卒中事件205例。调整相关混杂因素后,以腰围身高比0~0.45组为参照,脑卒中分析,腰围身高比0.46~0.49、0.50~0.54和≥ 0.55组脑卒中发病风险分别增加21%(HR=1.21,95%CI:1.00~1.46)、26%(HR=1.26,95%CI:1.04~1.53)和60%(HR=1.60,95%CI:1.29~1.99),亚组分析发现,年龄对腰围身高比与脑卒中发病风险存在效应修饰作用(交互P=0.001);缺血性卒中分析,腰围身高比0.46~0.49、0.50~0.54和≥ 0.55组缺血性卒中发病风险分别增加30%(HR=1.30,95%CI:1.05~1.60)、33%(HR=1.33,95%CI:1.07~1.64)和61%(HR=1.61,95%CI:1.26~2.05),亚组分析发现,年龄对腰围身高比与缺血性卒中发病风险存在效应修饰作用(交互P=0.024);出血性卒中分析,腰围身高比≥ 0.55组出血性卒中发病风险增加73%(HR=1.73,95%CI:1.02~2.94),0.46~0.49和0.50~0.54组差异无统计学意义。敏感性分析结果未发生变化。结论 控制体重预防脑卒中及其亚型,可将腰围身高比作为体重控制指标之一。尤其重点关注腰围身高比≥ 0.55的年龄<50岁人群,同时不应忽视腰围身高比0.46~0.49人群。  相似文献   

11.
Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.  相似文献   

12.
Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.  相似文献   

13.
Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).  相似文献   

14.

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.  相似文献   

15.
16.
Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.  相似文献   

17.
This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.  相似文献   

18.
深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.  相似文献   

19.
Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO2. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO2 at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO2 gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2 also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO2.  相似文献   

20.
Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.  相似文献   

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