乙型肝炎母婴阻断策略的成本效益和成本效果分析

目的 通过评估乙型肝炎(乙肝)母婴阻断策略的经济效益和健康效果,明确成本效益分析(CBA)和成本效果分析(CEA)的适用条件及其在策略定量优化中的作用。方法 根据乙肝免疫预防决策分析Markov模型原理,以乙肝母婴阻断为研究策略,分别与普种策略、不接种作参比确定模型,引入深圳市乙肝免疫预防相关参数后,用2013年出生人数作为队列人群,计算净现效益(NPV)、效益成本比(BCR)和增量成本效果比(ICER),同时进行CBA和CEA的比较和评估。结果 所构建的决策分析模型为一级决策树,HBV感染后转归用3类Markov模型模拟。深圳市2013年乙肝母婴阻断策略获得人均净现效益38097.51元,BCR为14.37;而普种策略人均获得净现效益37083.03元,BCR为12.07,即乙肝母婴阻断能带来更多的经济效益。与普种策略比较,乙肝母婴阻断策略每增加一个质量调整寿命年(QALY)人均可节省费用85100.00元,表明该策略具有明显的经济效果。乙肝母婴阻断策略CBA和CEA影响因素中,最重要的参数为疫苗接种率和乙肝相关疾病费用;CEA模型中所有参数联合变动获得的结果显示,乙肝母婴阻断策略获得的增量效果与节省的成本成正比。结论 乙肝母婴阻断策略能够获得更多的经济效益和健康效果,值得大力推广;但该策略节省的人均成本高于普种策略,确保新生儿乙肝疫苗高覆盖率仍然重要。CBA侧重方案优化,CEA偏向策略比较,两者结合可使经济学评价更加丰富。     

北京市乙型肝炎疫苗母婴阻断效果监测分析

目的评价北京市现行乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(HepB)免疫策略的母婴阻断效果。方法利用北京市1999~2004年部分区对母亲乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)阳性的儿童进行HepB免疫后的血清学监测资料,对母亲HBsAg阳性儿童的血清HBsAg、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝病毒核心杭体(抗-HBc)水平以及疫苗保护水平进行分析。结果所监测的727名儿童中,HBsAg阳性率为2.5%。母亲[HBsAg、乙肝病毒膜抗原(HBeAg)]双阳性者HBsAg阳性率高于母亲单阳性者。抗-HBc阳性率为6.1%,母亲单阳性者和母亲双阳性者差异无显著的统计学意义。抗-HBs阳性率为85.7%,抗体几何平均浓度(GMC)为90.4毫国际单位/毫升(mIU/ml),且母亲单阳性者抗-HBs阳性率高于母亲双阳性者。HepB保护率为92.2%(95%CI:90.3%~94.1%),其中对母亲单阳性者的保护率为93.4%(95%CI:92.3%~94.5%),对母亲双阳性者的保护率为89.3%(95%CI:87.2%~91.4%)。结论北京市现行HepB免疫策略对母亲HBsAg阳性儿童的免疫保护效果理想。     

北京市顺义区乙型肝炎疫苗母婴阻断效果评价

目的评价北京市顺义区现行乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(Hepatitis B Vaccine,HepB)免疫策略的母婴阻断效果。方法利用2005～2008年乙肝病毒表面抗原[Hepatitis B Virus(HBV)Surface Antigen,HBsAg]单阳性母亲、HBsAg和乙肝病毒e抗原(HBV e Antigen,HBeAg)双阳性母亲所生儿童,HepB免疫后的血清学监测资料,分析其血清HBsAg、抗乙肝病毒表面抗原抗体(Anti-HBsAg Antibody,Anti-HBs)和抗乙肝病毒核心抗原杭体[Anti-HBVCore Antigen(HBcAg)Antibody,Anti-HBc]水平以及疫苗保护水平。结果所监测的223名儿童中,总体HBsAg阳性率为2.69%,HepB保护率为96.83%。母亲HBsAg、HBeAg双阳性的儿童,其HBV感染率为7.55%,显著高于母亲HBsAg单阳性者(1.18%)。总体Anti-HBs阳性率为82.96%,各年份Anti-HBs阳性率差异有统计学意义;抗体几何平均浓度(Geometric Mean Concentration,GMC)为139.32mI...     

中国1992-2019年乙型肝炎疫苗免疫及母婴阻断策略的成本效益分析

目的:对我国1992-2019年来实施的乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗（HepB）免疫及母婴阻断策略进行卫生经济学评价,为我国乙肝防控策略提供参考。方法:构建决策分析马尔科夫模型,对1992-2019年中国出生的新生儿队列进行分析。模型参数主要来自于文献、年鉴、中国CDC。采用单因素敏感性分析验证模型结果的稳定性。结果:1992...     

阻断艾滋病病毒母婴传播的成本效果分析

目的对艾滋病高发区某试点省的母婴HIV阻断措施进行经济学评价,探讨其成本效果和该措施的经济学效率。方法根据阻断人数和各项阻断措施的费用计算成本,计算避免1例感染HIV的费用,避免1个伤残(失能)调整生命年(DALY)损失的费用,阻断1例感染HIV的费用与1例感染HIV后的经济损失对比,计算当成本与效果均等时的孕妇HIV阳性率。结果终止妊娠措施成本效果:每避免1 DALY损失的费用平均为2264元;避免1例感染的费用平均46 963元,感染后平均每例经济损失为211 000元,效果成本比值为4.5:1。综合措施成本效果:避免1例感染成本为60 853元,避免1 DALY损失的成本为2937元,效果成本比值为3.5:1。结论阻断HIV母婴传播的成本效果显著,当孕妇HIV阳性率>0.03%时进行筛查和母婴传播阻断均具成本效果价值,是对有限资源的有效利用。     

南昌市西湖区乙肝疫苗母婴阻断效果监测分析

目的评价南昌市西湖区现行乙肝疫苗（HepB）免疫策略的母婴阻断效果。方法通过西湖区2001-2006年部分街道、乡镇社区卫生服务中心对母亲为乙肝病毒表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性的儿童进行HepB免疫后的血清学监测资料,分析疫苗保护水平。结果727名儿童中,HBsAg阳性率为2．5％。母亲（HBsAg、HBeAg]双阳性者HBsAg阳性率高于母亲单阳性者,抗-HBc阳性率为6．1％。抗-HBs阳性率为85．7％,抗体几何平均浓度（GMC）为90．4mlU／ml,且母亲单阳性抗一HBs阳性率高于母亲双阳性者。HepB保护率为92．2％（95％CI：90．3％～94．1％）,其中对母亲单阳性者的保护率为93．4％（95％CI：92．3％～94．5％）,对母亲双阳性者的保护率为89．3％（95％CI：87．2％～91．4％）。结论西湖区现行HepB免疫策略对母亲HBsAg阳性的儿童的免疫保护效果较理想。     

云南省乙型肝炎母婴阻断实施效果评价

目的　了解云南省现阶段住院分娩新生儿乙型肝炎（乙肝）母婴阻断的效果。方法　在全省范围内筛查2011年1—6月住院分娩HBsAg阳性孕产妇,并对其婴儿实施母婴阻断措施,于免疫后7～12月龄时采集婴儿静脉血2ml检测HBV血清学5项指标并统计分析。结果　调查对象共计2765人,平均母婴阻断成功率为95．88％;乙肝疫苗（HepB）24h内首针及时接种率为97．03％,全程接种率为92．30％;乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）接种率为68．97％,HBIG及时接种率为94．49％,联合免疫率为60．94％。主、被动联合免疫（及时接种HepB和HBIG）阻断成功率（97．16％）显著高于单纯用HepB阻断的成功率（93．01％）;无论是否联合免疫,HBsAg及HBeAg双阳性母亲所生婴儿的阻断成功率显著低于HBsAg单阳性母亲。结论　HepB和HBIG联合免疫阻断母婴传播效果优于非联合免疫,对HBsAg／HBeAg阳性母亲所生婴儿实施规范联合免疫更为关键。     

乙型肝炎母婴垂直传播阻断研究

乙型病毒性肝炎（viral hepatitis B）是一种严重危害人类健康的全球性传染病,易于慢性化、重症化.据WHO估计,全球有20多亿人感染乙肝病毒（HBV）,乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）携带者为3.5亿,每年约有100万慢性乙肝患者死亡.我国是HBV感染的高发地区,HBsAg携带率为10%～15% .母婴传播是HBV最重要的传播途径之一,研究表明,HBsAg、HBeAg双阳性产妇分娩的新生儿HBV感染率为80%～95% ,其中有25%可能死于肝硬化和肝癌 ,因此探讨乙肝母婴传播具有非常重要的意义.     

基于社区慢性乙型肝炎抗病毒治疗策略成本效果分析

目的 我国消除乙型肝炎（乙肝）将会承受巨量的公共卫生资源,基于社区慢性乙肝（chronic hepatitis B,CHB）抗病毒治疗策略的经济学问题凸显,本研究对该策略的成本效果和可支付性做出评价。方法 以WHO有关规划和我国重大传染病社区综合防治方案为策略依据,按照我国CHB防治指南确定抗病毒药物治疗和监测内容,遵循成本效果分析理论和方法构建决策分析马尔科夫模型,参数主要采用全国调查或Meta分析结果,利用TreeAge Pro 2015软件实现模型构建和运行。以我国20~59岁社区人群为研究对象,分别从全社会和支付者角度计算成本,效果用质量调整生命年（QALYs）,策略间比较采用增量成本效果比（ICER）或成本效果比（CER）。通过敏感性分析明确模型中各参数的不确定性,绘制成本效果可支付曲线评价策略的可支付性。结果 我国20~59岁社区人群CHB抗病毒治疗策略的ICER为37 598.6元/QALYs,低年龄组人群ICER较小,即每多获得一个QALYs需要增加投入但具有成本效果价值,抗病毒治疗应优先在低年龄人群中实施。乙肝疫苗接种策略的ICER为-64 000.0元/QALYs,即该策略每多获得一个QALYs可节省成本,最具成本效果价值。人群CHB抗病毒治疗与乙肝疫苗接种策略对比,CER变动在731.8元和1 813.3元/QALYs之间,各年龄人群乙肝疫苗接种的CER均低于抗病毒治疗策略,表明乙肝疫苗接种策略的经济学价值高于抗病毒治疗策略。恩替卡韦成本降低可提高抗病毒治疗策略的成本效果价值,当成本降至一半时,抗病毒治疗成为节省费用的策略。概率敏感性分析表明,抗病毒治疗策略的经济学评价结果可靠,该策略的成本效果价值受公众支付意愿的影响不能忽视。可支付分析发现,按照10万人计算,总预算小于0.3亿元,抗病毒治疗策略无法实现;总预算增加到1.27亿元时,该策略实现的概率为42.6%;只有当总预算达到2.69亿元,该策略才可以完全实现。结论 我国20~59岁社区人群CHB抗病毒治疗策略虽然符合成本效果价值,但作为公共卫生措施将耗资较多。对该人群易感者接种乙肝疫苗,再实施CHB抗病毒治疗,成本效果价值更高,印证了消除乙肝目标的合理性。     

2015年深圳市乙型肝炎母婴阻断实施与效果分析

目的 了解深圳市孕产妇乙肝表面抗原筛查工作开展情况,以及新生儿乙肝阻断效果.方法 助产机构产前对孕产妇进行乙肝表面抗原(HBsAg)检测,通过专用信息系统收集筛查和检测数据.对HBsAg阳性产妇所生的新生儿免费接种乙肝疫苗及免疫球蛋白(HBIG)联合免疫,于8～12月龄时随访、检测乙肝两对半并收集检测结果进行统计分析.结果 2015年孕产妇HBsAg检测率为99.16％,其中流动孕产妇的筛查率低于常住孕产妇,＜20岁孕产妇检测率较低(98.35％).深圳市2015年孕产妇HBsAg携带率为9.16％;HBsAg阳性产妇新生儿乙肝疫苗及时接种率和HBIG接种率分别为98.52％和99.45％,随访到5 765名HBsAg阳性产妇所生的新生儿中,HBsAg阳性率为0.82％.结论 深圳市作为全国流动人口最多城市,孕产妇HBsAg筛查与新生儿乙肝相关免疫等母婴阻断项目措施在常住与流动孕产妇中均得到较好实施,已取得较好的阻断效果.     

Prevention of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in the Netherlands, 2003-2007: children of Chinese mothers are at increased risk of breakthrough infection

Background

In the Netherlands, different hepatitis B vaccination schedules have been used for children born to HBV-infected mothers. All schedules included a birth dose of hepatitis B immunoglobuline (HBIg). We assessed determinants of perinatal HBV transmission and determinants of anti-HBs titers in infants born to HBsAg positive mothers.

Methods

We included infants born to HBV infected mothers between 1.1.2003 and 30.6.2007, using national databases and a separate database for Amsterdam. Risk factors for perinatal transmission and determinants of the anti-HBs titer were studied using logistic and linear regression, respectively.

Results

Of 2657 infants registered in the national database, 91% were registered to have received HBIg and at least three hepatitis B vaccinations. In Amsterdam, this coverage among 413 children at risk was higher (96%, p < 0.01). Serological test results for 2121 infants (80%) indicated that 13 (0.6%) were HBsAg positive. A mother of Chinese descent was the only risk factor for perinatal HBV infection identified (RR 9.1, 95% CI 3.1–26.8). Receiving a birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine later than in the first week of life was not associated with an increased risk of perinatal HBV infection. A shorter period between last vaccination and testing, and having received more doses of hepatitis B vaccine were independently associated with a higher anti-HBs titer.

Conclusions

Infants born to Chinese mothers were at increased risk of perinatal HBV infection. All HBsAg positive pregnant women of Chinese origin should be assessed to determine whether there is an indication for anti-viral treatment during pregnancy. Among infants who received HBIg at birth, we did not detect an increased risk of perinatal HBV infection when the first dose of hepatitis B vaccine was administered after the first week of life.     

Using data to guide policy: Next steps for preventing perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in Cambodia

Background

Cambodia is highly endemic for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Preventing perinatal HBV transmission should be prioritized in health facilities by providing hepatitis B vaccination to all infants within 24 h of birth (timely birth dose coverage).

Methods

Teams assessed birth dose policy, practices and coverage in hospitals and health facilities in 10 provinces in Cambodia.

Results

Fifty-one sites were assessed. Median (interquartile range) timely birth dose coverage was 66% (48–92%); coverage was 88% (range = 60–96%) in facilities vaccinating on-site and 48% (range = 20–52%) in those referring off-site (p < 0.0001). Overall, 5 (29%) of 16 hospitals that referred vaccination off-site did not tell mothers vaccination should take place within 24 h of birth, and 6 (35%) discharged mothers when no vaccination services were available for infants to receive the birth dose.

Conclusions

Newborns can miss a time-sensitive opportunity to be protected against perinatal HBV infection when they are referred for vaccination off-site rather than being vaccinated in the delivery facility. These data support the case to strengthen policies and practices to provide hepatitis B birth dose vaccination in the delivery facility.     

Cost-effectiveness analysis of an additional birth dose of Hepatitis B vaccine to prevent perinatal transmission in a medical setting in Mozambique

This study is the first to assess the cost-effectiveness of an additional birth dose of Hepatitis B (HBV) vaccine administered by professional birth attendants in medical settings in a sub-Saharan country (Mozambique). The WHO has recommended the birth dose to prevent perinatal transmission of HBV.     

Health economics of rotavirus immunization in Vietnam: potentials for favorable cost-effectiveness in developing countries

Introduction

Rotavirus is the most common cause of severe diarrhoea worldwide. Vietnam is situated in the region of high rotavirus infection incidence and eligible for financial support to introduce rotavirus vaccines into the Expanded Program of Immunization (EPI) from the GAVI. This study was designed to assess the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus immunization in Vietnam, explicitly the use of Rotateq^® and to assess the affordability of implementing universal rotavirus immunization based on GAVI-subsidized vaccine price in the context of Vietnamese healthcare system for the next 5 years.

Methodology

An age-structured cohort model was developed for the 2009 birth cohort in Vietnam. Two strategies were compared: one being the current situation without vaccination, and the other being mass universal rotavirus vaccination. The time horizon of the model was 5 years with time cycles of 1 month for children less than 1 year of age and annual analysis thereafter. Outcomes included mild, moderate, severe cases and death. Multiple outcomes per rotavirus infection are possible in the model. Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine the acceptability and affordability of the rotavirus vaccination. All costs were expressed in 2009 US$.

Results

Rotavirus vaccination would not completely protect young children against rotavirus infection due to partial nature of vaccine immunity, however, would effectively reduce severe cases of rotavirus by roughly 55% during the first 5 years of life. Under GAVI-subsidized vaccine price (US$ 0.3/dose), the vaccine cost would amount to US$ 5.5 million per annum for 3-dose of the Rotateq^® vaccine. In the base-case, the incremental cost per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) was US$ 665 from the health system perspective, much lower than per-capita GDP of ∼US$ 1150 in 2009. Affordability results showed that at the GAVI-subsidized vaccine price, rotavirus vaccination could be affordable for Vietnamese health system.

Conclusion

Rotavirus vaccination in Vietnam would be a cost-effective health intervention. Vaccination only becomes affordable if the country receives GAVI's financial support due to the current high market vaccine price. Given the high mortality rate of under-five-year children, the results showed that rotavirus immunization is the “best hope” for prevention of rotavirus-related diarrhoeal disease in Vietnam. In the next five years, Vietnam is definitely in debt to financial support from international organizations in implementing rotavirus immunization. It is recommended that new rotavirus vaccine candidates be developed at cheaper price to speed up the introduction of rotavirus immunization in the developing world in general.     

HBV pre-vaccination screening in hospital personnel: Cost-effectiveness analysis

The purpose of this study was to identify the most cost effective method for screening subjects for hepatitis B vaccination. Such a method would ideally permit detection of all susceptible individuals at the lowest possible cost.Two-hundred-five hospital workers from the Piedmont region of Italy participated in the study. The sero-epidemiological conditions of this group with regard to hepatitis B markers was representative of hospital workers in this region as a whole. All subjects, excluding carriers, persons with anti-HBs titers 10 mIU and subjects positive for anti-HBc at a 1/100 dilution, were vaccinated. Their responses were evaluated 15 days and 1 month after vaccination. The presence of a booster effect following vaccination was correlated with the immunological status of the subject at the time of pre-vaccination screening.In the light of the results obtained, 5 screening procedures and the procedure of vaccination without screening were evaluated. The most cost effective screening strategy proved to be that of sequential testing for anti-HBc, anti-HBs and finally HBsAg and vaccination of the following subjects: those who were negative for anti-HBc, those who were anti-HBc-positive with anti-HBs titers 10相似文献   

Cost-effectiveness of rotavirus immunization in Indonesia: Taking breastfeeding patterns into account

Objective

This study aims to assess the cost-effectiveness of rotavirus immunization in Indonesia, taking breastfeeding patterns explicitly into account.

Method

An age-structured cohort model was developed for the 2011 Indonesia birth cohort. Next, we compared two strategies, the current situation without rotavirus immunization versus the alternative of a national immunization program. The model applies a 5 year time horizon, with 1 monthly analytical cycles for children less than 1 year of age and annually thereafter. Three scenarios were compared to the base case reflecting the actual distribution over the different breastfeeding modes as present in Indonesia; i.e., the population under 2 years old with (i) 100% exclusive breastfeeding, (ii) 100% partial breastfeeding and (iii) 100% no breastfeeding. Monte Carlo simulations were used to examine the economic acceptability and affordability of the rotavirus vaccination.

Results

Rotavirus immunization would effectively reduce severe cases of rotavirus during the first 5 years of life of a child. Under the market vaccine price the total yearly vaccine cost would amount to US$ 65 million. The incremental cost per quality-adjusted-life-year (QALY) in the base case was US$ 174 from the societal perspective. Obviously, it was much lower than the 2011 Indonesian Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita of US$ 3495. Affordability results showed that at the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI)-subsidized vaccine price, rotavirus vaccination could be affordable for the Indonesian health system. Increased uptake of breastfeeding might slightly reduce cost-effectiveness results.

Conclusion

Rotavirus immunization in Indonesia would be a highly cost-effective health intervention even under the market vaccine price. The results illustrate that rotavirus immunization would greatly reduce the burden of disease due to rotavirus infection. Even within increased uptake of breastfeeding, cost-effectiveness remains favorable.     

Probabilistic cost-effectiveness analysis of the long-term effect of universal hepatitis B vaccination: An experience from Taiwan with high hepatitis B virus infection and Hepatitis B e Antigen positive prevalence

Aim

To assess cost-effectiveness of hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination strategies from health care payer and societal perspectives, focusing on the long-term effect, in Taiwan where prevalence of HBV and Hepatitis B e Antigen (HBeAg) is high.

Methods

A decision analysis was performed to compare total costs and effectiveness between two vaccination strategies: universal vaccination and no-vaccination. The Markov process was defined as a series of states including acute HBV infection, asymptomatic carrier, chronic hepatitis, compensated and decompensated liver cirrhosis, hepatoma, and death. Direct and indirect costs were also imputed based on estimates. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) per life-year gained and quality-adjusted life years gained were calculated at a 3% discount rate. By assigning a series of specific distributions to each parameter, a probabilistic cost-effective analysis using Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to yield 5000 ICER replicates.

Results

The effectiveness of a universal vaccination program for reducing hepatocellular carcinoma cases and deaths was approximately 86%. The average life years gained per subject as a result of such a universal vaccination was 3.9. The vaccination program dominated over a no-vaccination program (less cost and more effectiveness).

Conclusions

A universal vaccination program against hepatitis B infection is not only effective for reducing long-term sequelae but is also a cost-saving primary preventive strategy, which supports a universal infant immunization in endemic area with high prevalence of HBV and HBeAg.     

重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗加强免疫的研究

为探索乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后的加强接种的时间和剂量．对44例未达到乙肝抗体保护水平的儿童,进行加强免疫的研究。结果表明二种剂量均能取得令人满意的抗体水平。剂型Ⅰ抗-HBSGMT457．09mIu／ml,剂型Ⅱ398．11mIu／ml,剂型Ⅲ489．78mIu／ml。推荐双阳母亲的儿童加强接0、1月接种剂量10ug～10ug疫苗。阴性母亲的儿童加强接0、1接种剂量5ug～5ug疫苗。通过加强免疫从而有效的阻断乙肝病毒母婴间传播和水平传播。