应用捕获-标记-再捕获法评估2015 - 2017年安徽省死因漏报率

目的 评估安徽省死因漏报率及变化趋势,分析漏报特征及漏报调查工作中存在的问题。方法 采用多阶段整群抽样方法,从安徽24个国家疾病监测点所有乡镇中各抽取1个粗死亡率、人口数量和社会经济水平均接近相应监测点的乡镇（街道）开展漏报调查,收集2015 - 2017年期间所有常住居民死亡信息,采用捕获 - 再捕获法分析漏报情况,并与其同期常规监测资料进行比对。结果 2015 - 2017年安徽省死因漏报率分别为6.40%、6.25%和4.55%,呈逐年下降趋势（χ2 = 24.010,P = 0.001）,年均漏报率为5.73%。2015 - 2017年除新点、皖中地区外,其余分层指标漏报率均呈逐年下降趋势。年均漏报率表现为＜5岁组（16.05%）高于≥5岁组（5.62%）（χ2 = 21.885,P = 0.001）;城市（7.22%）高于农村（4.54%）（χ2 = 0.488,P = 0.485）。对比23个监测点各年度直接法与CMR法漏报率,仅39.13%的监测点两种方法结果相差不大,其余监测点两种漏报率结果均差异较大,最高达76.00%。 结论 安徽省死因漏报率逐年降低,但存在年龄组、城乡、地区等的不平衡,现阶段仍需定期开展漏报调查来弥补常规监测的不足。因各监测点调查工作质量不平衡,应用捕获 - 再捕获方法能获得更准确的漏报率结果。     

捕获-再捕获方法在济南市死因漏报调查中的应用

目的 了解济南市死亡个案的漏报情况,为制定卫生策略提供依据。方法 用捕获一再捕获方法(Capture - Mark - Recapture,CMR),采用分层整群随机抽样的方法,全市各县区根据2015年度各乡镇（街道）死因监测数据质量水平,随机抽取4个乡镇（街道）,每个抽中的乡镇（街道）的所有家庭均为调查家庭,调查对象包括调查家庭的所有成员。从当地公安、民政和村(居委会)搜集人口死亡情况,再与死因登记系统已报告的死亡资料进行比对,计算漏报率。结果 2015年济南市死因监测漏报率为9.21%。其中,农村死亡漏报率较城区高2.23%（95%CI:1.17%～3.29%）。0～4岁组较其他年龄组高18.99%（95%CI:9.58%～28.40%）。男性死亡率较女性高0.90%（95%CI:-5.28%～7.08%）,无统计学意义。根据死亡漏报率,调整后的2015年济南市居民粗死亡率为731.45/10万,调整后的人均期望寿命是78.33岁。结论 济南市死因监测系统死亡漏报情况不容忽视,应规范死因报告管理,逐步提高死因监测数据质量。同时,使用捕获一再捕获方法可以校正低估的粗死亡率和人均期望寿命,适时开展漏报调查,是有效弥补常规监测不足的方法之一。     

应用捕获再捕获方法评估山东省死因登记漏报率水平

目的应用捕获-再捕获方法(capture-mark-recapture,CMR)评价山东省居民2012-2013年死因登记漏报率水平,为制定卫生策略提供依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法,将全省所有县(市、区)按照2012年死因登记系统报告死亡率分成5层,分层按比例随机抽取14个调查县(区),从抽中的14个县(区)中各随机抽取3个乡镇(街道),每个乡镇(街道)随机抽取10个村(居委会)。从当地公安、民政和村(居委会)搜集人口死亡情况,再与死因登记系统已报告的死亡资料进行比对,计算漏报率。结果本次漏报调查共收集到6 929个死亡案例,其中漏报1 556例,CMR法估算死亡案例为7 622例(95%CI:7 593~7 651),2年合计漏报率为23.15%,2年合计漏报率差异有统计学意义(χ2=697.65,P0.01)。0~4岁组的2年合计漏报率为56.93%。男性合计漏报率为22.31%,女性合计漏报率为24.09%,两者差异无统计学意义(χ2=3.40,P0.05)。结论山东省死因登记存在明显漏报,且层间漏报水平不一致,低年龄段的漏报率较高,部分地区低年龄段的死因登记工作不够完善,应进一步加强死因监测工作质量,提高报告数据的完整性,同时需要分层调整死亡率,以更加准确客观地评价山东省居民死亡水平。     

应用倾向性评分加权法估计2012-2014年福建省疾病监测系统死亡病例漏报率

目的 了解福建省疾病监测系统死亡病例的漏报情况及其影响因素。方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,在福建省20个疾病监测点开展2012-2014年死亡病例的漏报调查。采用logistic回归方法对漏报率的影响因素进行分析,应用倾向性评分加权法对不同年份、城乡、性别、年龄别、死因别的漏报率进行计算。结果 经倾向性评分加权调整后,2012-2014年福建省总漏报率为9.21%（95%CI：9.06%～9.39%）,农村的漏报率（11.55%,95%CI：11.30%～11.81%）高于城市漏报率（6.64%,95%CI：6.50%～6.78%）。0～14岁人群死亡的漏报率最高（36.29%,95%CI：34.23%～38.67%）,≥65岁人群最低（7.91%,95%CI：7.78%～8.03%）。围生期疾病、先天性异常和损伤中毒的漏报率较高。结论 福建省城乡、年龄别和死因别的漏报率不同,倾向性评分加权法可以用于调整福建省人群死亡病例的漏报率。     

北京市2006-2015年5岁以下儿童先天发育异常死亡趋势分析

目的 调查2006-2015年北京市<5岁儿童先天发育异常死亡的变化趋势。方法 采用“北京市5岁以下儿童死亡监测网”实时收集的2006-2015年<5岁儿童死亡监测资料,应用χ²检验的统计方法计算其先天发育异常死亡率的地区和年龄分布,探讨死因构成的年龄、时间和空间变化趋势。结果 北京市≤5岁儿童先天发育异常死亡率由2006年的1.909‰下降到2015年的0.703‰,下降了63.17%;其中新生儿期的降幅最大为71.50%（χ²=57.993,P<0.01）;除城区（χ²=3.384,P>0.05）外,远郊和近郊地区<5岁儿童先天发育异常死亡率均呈下降趋势（χ²值分别为40.637、50.646,P<0.01）。先天发育异常死亡占<5岁儿童死亡的比例由2006年的32.97%下降至2015年的23.24%,主要发生在婴儿期和新生儿期（χ²值分别为9.395、4.345,P<0.05）。先天性心脏病、神经管畸形、呼吸系统畸形和其他畸形儿童死亡构成比显著下降（χ²值分别为13.478、7.358、7.912和10.074,P<0.01）,染色体异常、多发畸形和消化道畸形下降不明显（χ²值分别为1.004、2.534和0.437,P>0.05）。死因顺位前4位先天发育异常中,先天性心脏病、神经管畸形和消化道闭锁的儿童死亡率下降明显（χ²值分别为70.868、18.431和9.225,P<0.01）,胆道闭锁的儿童死亡率变化差异无统计学意义。先天性心脏病和神经管畸形的儿童死亡率地区差异明显,远郊儿童死亡率均高于近郊和城区（χ²值分别为45.783、6.649,P值均<0.05）。结论 尽管北京市先天发育异常儿童死亡率逐年下降,但仍为<5岁儿童主要死因,需进一步加强相关疾病的防控水平。     

应用捕获-再捕获法评估云南省疾病监测点居民死亡水平

目的 应用捕获-再捕获方法(CMR)评价居民死因登记报告质量,校正常规监测居民死亡率和婴儿死亡率.方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法,对抽取的37 538户居民逐户调查人口死亡情况,再与同期监测系统所报告的死亡资料进行核对,计算漏报率以及总体死亡率95%可信区间(CI).结果 云南省国家疾病监测点居民死亡漏报率和婴儿死亡漏报率分别为19.86%和44.74%;校正报告死亡率和校正报告婴儿死亡率分别为7.04‰和32.29%.;估计总体死亡率和总体婴儿死亡率95%CI分别为6.89%.～7.18%和23.02‰～41.57%.结论 使用捕获一再捕获方法可以校正低估的全死因死亡率和婴儿死亡率,适时开展漏报调查,是有效弥补常规监测不足的方法之一.     

2003-2014年北京协和医院就诊患者HIV检测结果分析

目的 了解2003-2014年北京协和医院就诊患者HIV检测的感染状况及流行病学特征。方法 收集2003-2014年北京协和医院门诊与住院就诊患者的HIV检测结果,利用SPSS 19.0软件进行描述性统计分析。结果 2003-2014年共进行HIV筛查715 421人次,HIV初筛阳性1 012例（0.14%）,HIV确证阳性776例（0.11%）。HIV检测阳性率逐年升高（趋势χ²=66.83,P=0.000）,2012-2014年间增幅明显,2014年的HIV检测阳性率是2003年的3.40倍（2014年为0.17%,2003年为0.05%）。776例感染者中,男性631例（81.31%）,女性145例（18.69%）,2003-2014年间男性感染者构成比从50.00%升高到90.26%（趋势χ²=58.41,P=0.000）,年龄范围18～50岁（84.66%）,M为36岁（Q_R：27～43）。经性途径感染634例（81.70%）,且逐年增加（趋势χ²=126.38,P=0.000）,男男同性性行为感染从2003年的0.00%升高到2014年的53.90%（趋势χ²=11.96,P=0.001）。未婚感染者构成比从18.75%升高到42.21%（趋势χ²=43.74,P=0.000）。HIV筛查阳性的主要来源科室分别为内科（51.03%）、急诊（18.30%）、皮肤科（13.53%）。妇产科来源下降（2003年为18.75%,2014年为2.60%）,外科、五官科及口腔科、体检中心有所增加,分别从2003年的零检出到2014年的14例（9.10%）,11例（7.14%）,4例（2.60%）。结论 北京协和医院就诊患者的HIV/AIDS检测阳性率逐年升高,提示需要加强对大型综合医院就诊患者的检测。MSM作为重点人群,应加强艾滋病防控宣传和咨询检测。     

捕获-再捕获方法在估计居民全死因死亡漏报率中的应用

目的应用捕获-再捕获方法(CMR)评价合肥市居民死因登记报告的质量,校正常规监测居民死亡率。方法采用分层随机抽样法,对抽取的51,504人调查人口死亡情况,再与同期监测系统所报告的死亡资料进行核对,计算漏报率以及总体死亡率的95%可信区间(CI)。结果 2007～2009年3年的报告死亡率分别为2.89%、3.34%、3.86%,校正报告死亡率分别为4.17%、4.76%和4.75%。结论使用捕获-再捕获方法可以校正死亡率,适时开展漏报调查可有效弥补常规监测的不足。     

深圳市1995-2014年因病住院及死亡原因分析

目的 通过对1995-2014年深圳市间因病住院及死亡的监测数据进行分析,了解深圳市因病住院、死亡疾病谱及变化情况,为疾病的科学防控提供决策依据。方法 采用《国际疾病分类ICD-9》和《国际疾病分类ICD-10》分类标准对住院患者及死亡监测数据进行分编,建立数据库并进行描述性分析和趋势性检验。结果 1995-2014年间,深圳市住院累计约630万人,住院病种前5位分别是妊娠分娩和产褥期并发症、呼吸系统疾病、损伤和中毒、消化系统疾病和循环系统疾病,占住院总人数的68.4%,住院人数呈逐年上升趋势,20年间增加11倍。妊娠分娩和产褥期并发症、循环系统疾病和泌尿生殖系统疾病住院构成比均呈逐年上升趋势（χ²=53 806.94、6 893.95和15 383.14,P<0.01）,损伤和中毒、呼吸系统疾病、消化系统疾病呈逐年下降趋势（χ²=131 480.09、1 711.84和11 367.66,P<0.01）。累计住院死亡约6万多人,死因构成前5位依次为恶性肿瘤、循环系统疾病、损伤和中毒、呼吸系统疾病和消化系统疾病,占住院患者82.28%。其中,循环系统疾病、损伤和中毒呈先升后降趋势,恶性肿瘤和呼吸系统疾病总体呈现上升趋势（χ²=1 546.48和309.55,P<0.01）。总体病死率呈现逐年下降趋势（χ²=4 378.63,P<0.01）,由1995年的2.23%下降至2014年的0.74%,肿瘤和循环系统疾病病死率下降幅度较大。结论 深圳市正逐渐步入老龄化,肿瘤等慢性非传染性疾病逐渐成为深圳市住院患者死亡的主要疾病。     

江苏省2014-2016年境外输入性疟疾病例诊断情况分析

目的 了解2014-2016年江苏省疟疾病例就诊及确诊情况,为制订消除疟疾的防控对策提供参考依据。方法 数据来源于中国疾病预防控制信息系统的寄生虫病防治信息系统,收集整理2014-2016年江苏省报告的所有疟疾病例,收集其就诊、确诊及治疗等相关信息。采用SPSS 16.0和Stata 12.0软件分析,采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法进行描述性统计分析。结果 2014-2016年江苏省共报告疟疾病例1 068例,除1例为输血感染外,其余均为境外输入性疟疾病例,绝大部分为赴非洲务工归国人员。基层医疗卫生机构对卵形疟、间日疟、三日疟和混合感染虫种判定正确率偏低,分别为79.3%（107/135）、29.5%（18/61）、52.9%（18/34）和0.0%（0/2）。2015年疟疾病例的当天就诊率高于2014年和2016年（χ²=18.6,P=0.001）。3年间确诊情况的差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.4,P=0.246）,疟疾病例就诊后当天确诊者占65.4%（699/1 068）。CDC初诊正确率和当天诊断能力均高于医疗机构（χ²=13.2,P=0.000;χ²=5.4,P=0.020）。72.7%（32/44）的重症恶性疟病例在发病后均未能在当天就诊。结论 在消除疟疾阶段,疟疾高流行区归国务工人员的就诊意识仍偏低,基层医务人员的疟疾诊断能力也需提高。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.