重庆市部分地区50岁及以上中老年人非婚性行为及HIV感染状况调查

目的 了解重庆市中老年人非婚性行为及HIV感染状况,为中老年人的艾滋病防治提供参考依据。方法 采用多阶段抽样方法,2017年10－12月在重庆市大足区与合川区,招募在当地居住≥1年且年龄≥50岁中老年人,样本量410人,开展面对面问卷调查和HIV抗体检测。结果 调查对象408人中,男性313人,女性95人,年龄50～88（64.93±9.03）岁,HIV感染率为1.47%（6/408）,其中男性HIV感染率为1.28%（4/313）、女性HIV感染率为2.11%（2/95）,艾滋病知识知晓率为37.50%（153/408）。曾发生非婚性行为的比例为18.87%（77/408）,最近6个月发生非婚性行为的比例为7.60%（31/408）,最近6个月非婚性行为中安全套坚持使用率为19.35%（6/31）。多因素logistics回归分析结果显示,发生非婚性行为相关影响因素中,男性是女性的39.51倍（OR=39.51,95% CI：5.03～310.30）,未婚、离异或丧偶者是已婚或同居者的4.60倍（OR=4.60,95% CI：1.50～14.05）,休闲活动方式为个体活动是外出活动的2.03倍（OR=2.03,95% CI：1.08～3.81）,生活状态自我评价较空虚者是较充实者的3.94倍（OR=3.94,95% CI：1.86～8.36）。结论 重庆市部分地区中老年人发生非婚性行为的比例较高,性别、婚姻状况、休闲活动方式、生活状态自我评价等是发生非婚性行为的影响因素,非婚性行为的安全套使用比例低,应积极探索中老年人的有效干预措施。     

重庆市50岁及以上男性HIV感染者艾滋病知识知晓与非婚性行为调查

目的 了解重庆市≥50岁男性HIV感染者的艾滋病知识知晓情况及非婚性行为现状，为制定疫情防控措施提供科学依据。方法 采用横断面研究，于2021年7-12月，在重庆市渝北区、开州区、江津区和沙坪坝区招募≥50岁男性HIV感染者进行面对面问卷调查，样本量800例。采用logistic回归模型分析研究对象艾滋病知识知晓与最近1年非婚性行为的相关因素。使用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 在≥50岁男性HIV感染者698例中，年龄（62.5±8.6）岁。艾滋病知识总体知晓率为66.91%（467/698），最近1年发生非婚性行为的比例为6.73%（47/698），安全套坚持使用率为61.70%（29/47）。多因素logistics回归分析结果显示，年龄≥70岁（aOR=0.60，95%CI：0.40~0.91）、年龄≥60岁（aOR=0.61，95%CI：0.41~0.90）和丧偶/离异/未婚者（aOR=0.70，95%CI：0.50~0.98）艾滋病知识知晓率较低；初中及以上文化程度者（aOR=5.90，95%CI：3.34~10.44）艾滋病知识知晓率较高。丧偶/离异/未婚者（aOR=13.01，95%CI：6.11~27.71）和最近1年使用过助性剂者（aOR=8.72，95%CI：2.76~27.55）发生非婚性行为的比例较高。结论 重庆市≥50岁男性HIV感染者艾滋病知识知晓率较低，存在一定比例的非婚性行为，安全套使用率较低。建议加强性健康知识教育，持续推广使用安全套。     

重庆市中老年社区居民安全套使用现状及相关因素分析

目的 了解重庆市中老年社区居民安全套使用情况及相关因素。方法 2020年6月至2022年12月在重庆市开展1项多阶段抽样的横断面调查，样本量估计数为735名。调查员以面对面询问的方式开展问卷调查，收集研究对象的社会人口学信息、性行为特征、艾滋病防治知识知晓情况等信息。采用多因素logistic回归分析中老年社区居民最近1次性行为安全套使用情况的相关因素。结果 共纳入研究对象761名（男性和女性分别为476名和285名），年龄（63.8±8.2）岁，以60~69岁（44.5%）为主。中老年社区居民最近1次性行为安全套使用率为9.7%。多因素logistic回归结果显示，中老年社区居民最近1次性行为安全套使用的相关因素包括居住在城镇（aOR=2.34，95%CI：1.12~4.89）、月均收入为1 000~4 999元和≥5 000元（aOR=4.49，95%CI：1.31~15.41；aOR=16.33，95%CI：4.30~62.00）、性行为风险自评为很危险/比较危险（aOR=3.97，95%CI：1.40~11.31）、知晓艾滋病防治知识（aOR=0.36，95%CI：0.21~0.62）。结论 重庆市中老年社区居民安全套使用率较低。应结合中老年社区居民的特点和需求采取综合的干预措施，提高艾滋病防治知识的知晓率和艾滋病的风险感知，以提高安全套的使用。     

杭州市同性恋浴池MSM人群既往HIV检测行为相关因素分析

目的 了解杭州市同性恋浴池MSM人群HIV既往检测行为的相关影响因素。方法 2015年10月至2016年1月,在杭州市同性恋浴池开展时间-场所抽样调查,招募最近6个月与同性发生口交或肛交性行为的同性恋浴池MSM,主要收集最近6个月HIV检测行为及相关信息。运用SPSS 22.0软件分析HIV最近6个月HIV检测行为、性行为和安全套使用情况等相关因素,数据分析采用χ²检验、logistic回归法分别进行单因素和多因素分析。结果 共招募480人,实际调查465名MSM。最近6个月接受HIV检测的比例为47.3%（220/465）。多因素logistic分析结果表明,已婚（OR=0.35,95% CI：0.18~0.69）,接受同伴教育（OR=4.31,95% CI：1.32~14.09）,最近6个月有同性肛交性行为（OR=1.85,95% CI：1.08~3.14）,最近6个月有非婚异性性行为（OR=4.12,95% CI：2.45~6.91）可能是促进检测的相关因素。结论 已婚、最近6个月发生过同性肛交性行为、非婚异性性行为、接受过同伴教育可能是促进浴池MSM人群进行检测的相关因素。因此,需加强对浴池MSM的同伴教育,提高其高危行为后的检测意识,促进其进行检测。     

浙江省台州市2013-2015年男男性行为者人群同性群交行为调查

目的 了解浙江省台州市MSM同性群交行为特征及其相关因素。方法 2013年3月至2015年9月,经浴室、酒吧等场所招募MSM,通过问卷调查收集其性行为等信息,并进行HIV检测。使用logistic回归模型分析群交行为相关因素。结果 共调查1 435名MSM,HIV阳性率为12.5%（179/1 435）。16.1%（231/1 435）报告在最近1年曾有群交行为。最近1年有群交行为的MSM与最近1年无群交的MSM相比,一生同性性伴数≥10个（53.7%比19.0%,χ²=125.527,P<0.01）、有异性性伴（86.6%比68.2%,χ²=31.935,P<0.01）、最近1年与女性发生性行为未使用安全套（28.1% 比19.8%,χ²=6.540,P<0.05）的比例更高。多因素logistic回归模型分析显示,与MSM群交行为相关因素包括年龄（≥50岁比≤24岁,aOR=2.25,P=0.027）,与女性婚姻（离异或丧偶比未婚,OR=0.29,P=0.001）,户籍（本地比外地,aOR=1.56,P=0.023）,一生同性性伴数（≥21个比2~5个,aOR=8.06,P<0.001;11~20个比 2~5个,aOR=3.25,P<0.001）,一生异性性伴数（≥6个比0个,aOR=2.63,P=0.005;2~5个比0个,aOR=2.58,P=0.001;1个比0个,aOR=2.01,P=0.010）。结论 台州市MSM人群群交行为比例较高、安全套使用率低、性行为关系复杂,HIV感染率高、传播风险较大。     

云南省部分县(市)50岁及以上HIV感染者高危行为现状调查分析

目的 了解≥50岁HIV感染者高危行为的现状和影响因素。方法 2015年6月采用随机抽样方法,抽取云南省疫情较重的红河州建水县、个旧市、蒙自市≥50岁HIV感染者进行一对一问卷调查,样本量450人。结果 41.2%(122/296)的感染者最近1年曾发生婚内性行为,婚内性行为安全套使用率为66.4%(81/122)。8.9%(28/313)的男性感染者在最近1年有商业性行为,商业性行为坚持使用安全套比例为17.9%(5/28)。7.1%(32/450)的感染者最近1年有临时性行为,临时性行为坚持使用安全套的比例为18.7%(6/32)。城镇感染者商业性行为比例为13.4%(19/115),高于农村的4.5%(9/198)差异有统计学意义(χ²=11.715,P=0.001)。男性、50~59岁、城镇居民、收入相对较高、缺乏家庭社会支持为发生商业和临时性行为的危险因素;文化程度较低、居住在农村、收入相对较高、缺乏家庭社会支持为感染者不坚持使用安全套的危险因素。结论 仍有一定比例的≥50岁感染者继续发生高危性行为,成为HIV二代传播的推动因素。应进一步加强对感染者的艾滋病知识教育和安全性行为促进,提高家庭成员和社会的支持力度,进一步加强低档暗娼行为干预。     

乌鲁木齐市2010-2014年男男性行为兼异性性行为者HIV感染状况及相关因素分析

目的 了解乌鲁木齐市（乌市）男男性行为兼异性性行为者（MSMW）人口学、行为特征及HIV感染因素。方法 按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》,通过哨点监测系统获取乌市某区2010-2014年MSM一般人口学、性行为及血清学等资料,按其是否近6个月内与异性发生过性行为分MSMW、仅为男男性行为者（MSMO）两个亚组人群对比分析。结果 共监测MSM 2 073人,其中MSMW 216人（10.4%）,MSMO 1 857人（89.6%）。MSMW年龄集中在>30岁为115人（53.2%）,与MSMO相比,MSMW倾向于与同性发生商业性行为（OR=2.09,95%CI：1.35～3.21）;且最近一次同性性行为安全套使用率较低（OR=0.58,95%CI：0.40～0.85）。MSMW和MSMO人群HIV感染率分别为7.4%和9.0%,差异无统计学意义（χ²=0.604,P>0.05）。多因素logistic回归分析显示,MSMW感染HIV的影响因素为最近一次同性肛交性行为时使用安全套（OR=0.24,95%CI：0.09～0.71）、最近一周同性肛交性行为次数（OR=6.63,95%CI：1.47～29.90）;MSMO人群感染HIV的影响因素为非汉族（OR=6.40,95%CI：1.62～25.36）、本地居住时间短（OR=7.47,95%CI：1.98～28.20）、同性商业性行为从未/有时使用安全套（OR=6.14,95%CI：1.93～19.52）。结论 乌市MSMW亚人群HIV感染状况与其影响因素较MSMO差异较大,应制定针对不同亚群体的预防策略。     

武汉市年轻男男性行为者偶遇性行为及相关因素分析

目的 了解年轻男男性行为人群（YMSM）偶遇性行为及相关危险行为状况,并分析影响偶遇性行为的因素,为降低该人群感染和传播艾滋病的风险提出针对性的措施。方法 2013年5－11月在武汉市通过互联网宣传、外展活动的组织以及艾滋病自愿咨询检测服务招募年龄≤25岁的YMSM参加匿名式问卷调查,招募403名YMSM,收集其人口学、性行为等相关信息,分析YMSM偶遇性行为的相关因素。结果 实际调查398名YMSM中,48.99%（195/398）报告最近6个月发生过偶遇性行为。与未报告偶遇性行为的YMSM比较,报告偶遇性行为的YMSM肛交、口交坚持使用安全套的比例均较低［34.29%（60/175）比49.08%（80/163）（χ²=7.61,P=0.01）、38.85%（61/157）比28.65%（49/171）（χ²=3.82,P=0.05）］。报告偶遇性行为的YMSM中,多性伴的比例高于未报告偶遇性行为的YMSM［76.80%（149/194）比33.15%（60/181）（χ²=77.36,P<0.01）］。多因素logistic回归分析显示,经常使用互联网、存在吸毒行为是YMSM发生偶遇性行为的影响因素（OR=4.89,95% CI：1.90～12.54;OR=2.72,95% CI：1.60～4.63）。结论 YMSM有过偶遇性行为者更容易发生无保护性行为和多性伴等高危行为,应加强互联网针对YMSM的行为干预。     

天津市男男性行为人群随访干预的效果评价

目的 评价天津市MSM人群随访干预效果,为后续研究的开展提供参考依据。方法 2013年4月至2017年9月,在天津市通过MSM活动场所和移动互联网招募MSM,建立前瞻性开放队列,并每6个月施加随访干预,评价随访干预效果。结果 基线共招募MSM 1 822人,符合纳入标准1 007人,累积随访干预时间为2 216.96人年,HIV共阳转39例,HIV阳转密度为1.76/100人年。梅毒阴性934人,累计随访观察时间为1 959.94人年,梅毒阳转100例,梅毒阳转密度为5.10/100人年。艾滋病知识知晓率随着宣传和干预活动很快发生改善;与同性性伴、同性固定性伴、同性临时性伴发生肛交的比例在干预后增加,但肛交安全套的使用率也有所增加;随访干预超过3次后安全套使用率有所下降。广义估计方程（GEE）分析结果显示,大专及以上文化程度（aOR=0.81,95% CI：0.68～0.98）,艾滋病知识知晓（aOR=0.52,95% CI：0.36～0.75）,最近6个月曾接受过安全套宣传（aOR=0.60,95% CI：0.49～0.74）,样本来源为移动互联网（aOR=0.85,95% CI：0.73～1.00）,累计干预1次（aOR=0.55,95% CI：0.45～0.66）、2次（aOR=0.38,95% CI：0.30～0.49）、3次（aOR=0.26,95% CI：0.20～0.35）、≥4次（aOR=0.24,95% CI：0.17～0.33）是无保护肛交的保护因素;最近6个月曾被诊断为性病（aOR=1.43,95% CI：1.06～1.96）,最近6个月使用过助性剂（aOR=1.22,95% CI：1.02～1.47）是无保护肛交的危险因素。结论 经过随访干预后,天津市MSM队列HIV和梅毒感染处于低水平;艾滋病知识知晓率发生改善,肛交安全套使用率有所提升;但MSM人群发生无保护肛交的影响因素很多,建议专门开展MSM人群无保护肛交的持续干预。     

河南省部分地区新报告经异性性传播HIV/AIDS病例确诊前后高危性行为变化及影响因素分析

目的 为了解河南省部分地区新近发现并报告的经异性性传播感染的HIV感染者/艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)在确诊前后的高危性行为变化情况,评估其二代传播HIV风险。方法 2015年1－5月使用自制的调查问卷,对随访到的经异性性传播的HIV/AIDS病例进行面对面的问卷调查。结果 361名调查对象中,有商业异性性行为和临时性伴性行为的比例分别由确诊前的77.3%(279/361)和28.5%(103/361)下降至确诊后的13.6%(49/361)和2.5%(9/361),差异均具有统计学意义(χ²=16.66,P<0.001; χ²=4.80,P=0.03);确诊感染前后,调查对象商业异性性行为发生地较多的省份均是河南、广东和浙江,寻找商业性伴的途径均以场所内等待为主;确诊感染后,与商业性伴、固定性伴和临时性伴使用安全套的比例分别是51.0%(25/49)、88.5%(184/208)和88.9%(8/9);多因素非条件logistic回归分析显示,商业异性性行为史、既往接受过HIV检测、35岁以上人群是发生二代传播高危性行为的危险因素。结论 非婚异性性传播成为艾滋病防制的重点和难点,强化HIV检测结果告知及干预技巧,加强对既往商业异性接触人群和35岁以上人群的行为干预和安全套使用等综合措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.