饮酒与男性肺癌发病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的 研究我国男性饮酒与肺癌发病风险之间的关联。方法 对开滦集团队列（2006－2015年）男性人群每两年随访一次,收集饮酒相关信息及肺癌发病资料;此外,检索开滦附属医院医疗信息系统、开滦集团社保系统、唐山市医疗保险系统,补充收集随访过程中可能遗漏的肺癌新发病例。以不饮酒人群为参比组,利用Cox风险比例回归模型分别分析饮酒频率、饮酒类型与男性肺癌发病风险的关联,计算发病风险比（HR）及其95% CI。按照吸烟状况对研究人群分层,分别分析从不吸烟与既往吸烟/现在吸烟人群中饮酒与肺癌发病的关联。结果 共纳入101 751名男性,总随访808 146.56人年,中位随访时间8.88年,共收集肺癌新发病例913名。调整年龄、吸烟状态、吸烟量、文化程度、粉尘暴露、BMI等潜在的混杂因素后,既往饮酒、现在饮酒频率<1次/d、现在饮酒频率≥1次/d人群肺癌发病风险HR值（95% CI）分别为1.30（0.90～1.88）、0.80（0.64～1.01）和1.04（0.85～1.27）。饮用啤酒/红酒（HR=0.91,95% CI：0.69～1.20）和饮用白酒（HR=0.99,95% CI：0.83～1.19）与肺癌发病无统计学关联。依据吸烟状况分层分析,所得结果类似。结论 本研究结果尚不支持饮酒与男性肺癌发病风险存在关联。     

基线体质指数与男性胃癌发病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的 研究基线BMI与男性胃癌发病风险之间的关联。方法 基于开滦队列（2006-2015年）男性人群,收集身高、体重等流行病学信息。每两年随访1次,收集胃癌发病结局资料;检索开滦附属医院医疗信息系统、开滦集团保险系统、唐山市医疗保险系统,补充收集随访过程中可能遗漏的胃癌新发病例。以体重正常（18.5 kg/m² ≤ BMI<24.0 kg/m²）人群为参照组,利用Cox风险比例模型分析基线BMI与男性胃癌发病风险的关联,计算发病风险比（HR）及其95% CI。结果 共纳入109 600名男性,共随访860 399.79人年,中位随访时间8.8年,收集胃癌新发病例272例。和正常体重人群相比,调整年龄、文化程度、吸烟状态、饮酒频率、粉尘暴露、食盐习惯、饮茶习惯等潜在的混杂因素后,体重过轻人群（BMI<18.5 kg/m²）胃癌发病风险升高（HR=2.11,95% CI：1.23~3.62）,超重/肥胖与胃癌发病风险无统计学关联。按照年龄、文化程度、吸烟、饮酒、饮茶、粉尘暴露等进行分层分析,结果显示,高年龄组、高文化程度、不吸烟、不饮酒、不饮茶、有粉尘暴露人群中,低体重与胃癌发病关联依然有统计学意义。结论 体重过轻可能增加男性胃癌发病风险,且该关联受年龄、文化程度、吸烟、饮酒、饮茶、粉尘暴露等因素影响。     

农村男性人群体质指数与心血管疾病死亡关系的前瞻性随访研究

目的 探究农村男性人群体质指数和心血管疾病死亡风险的关系。方法 以唐河、凤凰县农村地区纳入“影响成年人死亡相关危险因素的前瞻性研究”项目的22 282名≥40岁的男性人群为研究对象,应用Cox比例风险回归模型计算基线不同BMI分组的人群在随访期间的心血管疾病（CVD）死亡的风险（HR）值。结果 研究对象人群随访年限为（19.1±8.7）年,随访期间共死亡10 828人,死亡比例为48.6%,有4 504例死亡归因于心血管疾病。其中1 279例死于缺血性心脏病（IHD）,1 201例死于缺血性卒中（IS）,1 317例死于出血性卒中（HS）,707例死于其他心血管疾病。用Cox比例风险回归模型（调整地区、年龄、民族、文化程度、职业、吸烟、饮酒、血压等因素）进行多因素分析显示,以BMI<18 kg/m²为参照,当20 kg/m²≤BMI<22 kg/m²时患CVD的死亡风险最低,HR=0.95（95% CI：0.83~1.09）,但从统计学分析,各组BMI的死亡风险差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;当20 kg/m²≤BMI<22 kg/m²时人群患IHD的死亡风险最低,HR=0.64（95% CI：0.52~0.80）（P<0.05）,当BMI≥24 kg/m²时人群IHD死亡风险与BMI<18 kg/m²人群的风险之间差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;IS死亡风险与人群BMI变化无显著性差异（P>0.05）;当18 kg/m²≤BMI<24 kg/m²时人群患HS的死亡风险高于BMI<18 kg/m²组人群（P<0.05）,其中26 kg/m²≤BMI<28 kg/m²时人群患HS死亡风险最高,HR=1.88（95% CI：1.18~2.99）。结论 偏瘦或正常体重人群的CVD、IHD的死亡风险最低,超重人群的HS死亡风险较高,保持合理体重可降低心血管疾病患者的死亡风险。     

基线BMI水平对急性胰腺炎发病风险影响的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨不同BMI水平对新发急性胰腺炎（AP）发病风险的影响。方法 观察人群来自开滦研究队列,按基线BMI水平分为：正常体重组（BMI<24 kg/m²）,超重组（BMI 24~28 kg/m²）和肥胖组（BMI ≥ 28 kg/m²）,观察不同BMI组人群新发AP发病密度。经Kaplan-Meier法绘制生存曲线,计算累积发病率,以log-rank法进行检验,并采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析基线BMI水平对新发AP事件的影响。结果 共纳入统计分析者123 841人,随访（11.94±2.13）年,共发生AP 395例,总人群AP发病密度为2.67例/万人年,正常体重组、超重组和肥胖组AP发病密度分别为2.20、2.72和3.58例/万人年,累积发病率分别为0.32%、0.40%和0.49%。经log-rank检验,累积发病率的组间比较差异有统计学意义（χ²=13.17,P<0.01）。校正多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析显示,与正常体重组比较,肥胖组AP发病风险增加,HR=1.45（95%CI：1.10~1.92）。对年龄及性别进行分层,年龄<60岁时,肥胖组发生AP的HR=1.58（95%CI：1.14~2.19）;男性肥胖组发生AP的HR=1.40（95%CI：1.03~1.90）。排除随访2年内发生的AP病例,肥胖组发生AP的HR=1.60（95%CI：1.18~2.15）。结论 肥胖是新发AP的危险因素,中青年男性肥胖人群发病风险更高。     

腰围与男性肺癌发病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨腰围与男性肺癌发病风险的关系。方法 以开滦集团全体在职及离退休男性职工为调查对象,自2006年5月建立开滦集团男性动态队列并随访。基线调查时收集研究对象身高、体重、腰围等信息,并在随访时收集结局事件信息。腰围按五分位数进行分组：<80、80~、85~、90~、≥95 cm,并以腰围80~cm组为参比组,采用多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析腰围与男性肺癌发病的风险比（HR）和95%CI。结果 截止2014年12月31日,共有105 386名研究对象进入队列,共随访739 651.13人年,平均随访7.00年,共收集肺癌新发病例707例。以80~cm组为参比组,调整年龄、文化程度、吸烟状态、累计吸烟量、饮酒情况、体育锻炼、工作环境、糖尿病史后,腰围<80及85~、90~、≥95 cm组发生肺癌的HR值（95%CI）分别为1.17（0.90~1.52）及0.96（0.74~1.23）、0.94（0.72~1.21）、0.80（0.63~1.03）,趋势检验P=0.005。按吸烟、饮酒状态分层分析显示,腰围与肺癌发病风险在吸烟（腰围≥95 cm组与80~cm组相比：HR=0.69,95%CI：0.48~0.99）、饮酒（腰围≥95 cm组与80~cm组相比：HR=0.65,95%CI：0.45~0.94）者中呈负相关。结论 腰围可能与男性肺癌的发病风险之间有负相关关系。     

高血压人群中体质指数与全死因死亡风险的队列研究

目的 探讨高血压队列人群中BMI和全死因死亡风险的关系。方法 研究对象为河南省某农村地区高血压队列人群,应用Cox风险比例回归模型计算基线时不同BMI水平人群随访期间的全死因死亡比例HR值及其95% CI,并采用限制性立方样条模型拟合BMI与全死因死亡风险的剂量-反应关系。结果 5 461名高血压队列人群累积随访31 048.38人年,平均随访6年,随访期间死亡589人。控制潜在的混杂因素后,以基线正常体重组（18.5 kg/m² < BMI < 24.0 kg/m²）为参照,低体重组（BMI<18.5 kg/m²）、超重组（24.0 kg/m² < BMI < 28.0 kg/m²）和肥胖组（BMI≥28 kg/m²）人群发生死亡的HR值（95% CI）分别为0.83（0.37～1.87）、0.81（0.67～0.97）和0.72（0.56～0.91）。限制性立方样条模型分析结果显示,在高血压队列人群中,基线BMI和全死因死亡风险关联强度呈现倒“S”形非线性剂量反应关系（非线性检验P<0.001）。结论 超重和肥胖可能是高血压人群死亡风险的保护因素,与“肥胖悖论”一致。     

中国成年人体质指数与主要慢性病死亡风险的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨BMI与全死因死亡和缺血性心脏病、脑血管病、恶性肿瘤、呼吸系统疾病等死因别死亡的前瞻性关联。方法 利用中国慢性病前瞻性研究队列的10个地区人群数据,剔除基线时自报患有冠心病、脑卒中、恶性肿瘤、慢性阻塞性肺病和糖尿病的个体后,纳入基线时30~79岁的研究对象共428 593人。利用Cox比例风险模型计算9组BMI人群死亡风险比值（HR）及其95%CI。结果 研究人群累计随访3 085 054人年（平均随访7.2年）。随访期间男性7 862人、女性6 315人死亡。多因素调整后,与BMI（kg/m²）为20.5~22.4的人群相比,BMI<18.5（HR=1.40,95%CI：1.31~1.50）、BMI为18.5~20.4（HR=1.11,95%CI：1.05~1.17）和BMI≥35.0（HR=2.05,95%CI：1.60~2.61）的人群全死因死亡风险升高。各疾病死亡风险相对较低的BMI（kg/m²）范围：缺血性心脏病为18.5~23.9,脑血管病为<26.0,恶性肿瘤为26.0~34.9,呼吸系统疾病为24.0~25.9。结论 低体重和肥胖人群的全死因死亡与死因别死亡风险升高。人群队列更长期的随访以及更多关于BMI与主要慢性病发病风险的评估,将有助于全面了解BMI对人群健康的影响。     

山西营养与慢性病家庭队列人群体质指数与死亡率的关系

目的 分析山西营养与慢性病家庭队列人群BMI与总死亡率的关系。方法 以"2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查"山西省调查人群为基线建立队列，于2015年12月至2016年3月对研究对象进行随访调查，对逝者进行死因回顾调查。2002年基线信息完整的≥ 18岁研究对象7 007人，随访到5 360人，随访率为76.5%。将研究对象按BMI分为8组，计算死亡率，以死亡率最低组作为参照，采用Cox比例风险回归模型估计全人群、分性别、年龄（≥ 60岁、<60岁）的各组死亡风险比（HR）及95% CI，模型调整基线年龄、性别、吸烟、饮酒、文化程度等因素，并进行敏感性分析。结果 共随访67 129人年，平均随访12.5年，死亡615人，队列总死亡率为916/10万人年。BMI为26.0~27.9 kg/m²组死亡率最低，以该组为参照组，多因素调整后，BMI<18.5、18.5~19.9、22.0~23.9和≥ 30.0 kg/m²组的死亡风险明显升高，调整HR值（95% CI）分别为1.90（1.26~2.86）、1.68（1.15~2.45）、1.49（1.08~2.06）和1.72（1.07~2.76）。对于≥ 60岁老年人，BMI<18.5 kg/m²组的死亡风险明显升高，调整HR值（95% CI）为1.94（1.20~3.15）。结论 BMI ≤ 19.9、22.0~23.9及≥ 30.0 kg/m²均会增加全因死亡风险。除关注肥胖外，低体重营养不良造成的老年人高死亡风险应特别引起重视。     

总胆固醇与男性肺癌发病关系的前瞻性队列研究

目的 探讨基线TC与中国男性肺癌发病风险的关联及其强度。方法 自2006年5月,以开滦集团全体在职及离退休男性职工为调查对象,建立开滦集团男性动态队列并随访。基线调查时收集研究对象的社会人口学、个人疾病史、身体测量指标和TC等基线信息,并利用随访收集肺癌发病结局信息。参考《中国成人血脂异常防治指南》与研究人群TC分布特征,TC按照五分位数进行分组：<160、160～、180～、200～、≥240 mg/dl,以TC 160～mg/dl组为参比组,利用Cox比例风险模型分析基线TC与男性肺癌发病风险的关联性、限制性立方样条曲线分析其非线性关系。结果 截至2014年12月31日,109 884名男性进入队列,共计随访763 819.25人年,随访时间M=7.88年,收集肺癌新发病例808例。调整年龄、文化程度、收入、吸烟、饮酒、粉尘暴露史、FPG、BMI后,以160～mg/dl组为对照,TC偏低（<160 mg/dl）和TC升高（≥240 mg/dl）组男性肺癌发生风险分别升高34%（HR=1.34,95% CI：1.04～1.72）和45%（HR=1.45,95% CI：1.09～1.92）。剔除随访2年内肺癌新发病例及有高血脂病史者后,结果无显著变化。结论 TC与男性肺癌发生相关,TC过高或过低男性的肺癌发病风险均升高,保持适当的TC水平可能是预防和控制肺癌的有效措施之一。     

体质指数动态变化与2型糖尿病发病关系的前瞻性研究

目的 探讨BMI动态变化对队列人群2型糖尿病（T2DM）发病的影响。方法 以2006年开展的浙江省德清县农村社区成年人群健康队列为基础,随机抽取3 043名基线未患T2DM对象构建亚队列,于2015年7-11月进行随访,共1 867名调查对象纳入研究,进行问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检测。以中国标准对基线BMI（kg/m²）分类：<24.0为正常,24.0～27.9为超重,≥28.0为肥胖;BMI每年变化<0.05 kg/m²表示基本无变化。用Cox回归模型分析基线BMI及其变化与T2DM发生的关系。结果 随访人时为（8.68±1.25）年,新发T2DM为213例,其中女性125例,发病密度为13.14/1 000人年。Cox回归模型分析显示,在调整其他可能影响因素后,与基线BMI<24.0 kg/m²人群相比,基线BMI≥28.0 kg/m²的人群发生T2DM的风险较高（aHR=2.12,95% CI：1.22～3.68）;在基线BMI<24.0 kg/m²的人群中,与BMI基本无变化的人群相比,BMI增加的人群发生T2DM的风险较高（aHR=2.21,95% CI：1.17～4.17）。结论 基线BMI和BMI改变均可增加T2DM的发病风险,尤其是基线BMI正常的人群,其BMI改变对T2DM的发生影响较大。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.