烟盒上健康警语及其在控烟中的作用

烟盒上的健康警语是烟草控制工作的重要组成部分。《烟草控制框架公约》对烟草制品的健康警语做出了具体的规定，并要求各缔约方在《公约》生效后3a内，根据其国内法采取和实施有效措施，以确保该条款的实行。笔者通过查阅相关文献，描述健康警语的发展过程，并介绍实行健康警语的依据，部分国家实行健康警语的基本情况、特点，及其效果，以期为今后烟草制品的健康警语的进一步健全与完善提供有益的借鉴。     

关于做好履行《烟草控制框架公约》有关准备工作的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市卫生厅局、爱卫会、新疆生产建设兵团卫生局、爱卫会、中国疾病预防控制中心 :烟草危害是当今世界严重的公共卫生问题之一。目前全球有 1 1亿吸烟者 ,每年导致近 5 0 0万例死亡。我国是世界上烟草生产和消费量最大的国家 ,分别占全球总量的 1 /3以上 ,也是世界上少数吸烟率继续上升的国家。目前 ,全国约有 3 5亿吸烟者 ,每年死于吸烟相关疾病的人数近 1 0 0万。2 0 0 0年 4月 ,国务院批准成立了由 1 2个部 (委、局 )组成的《烟草控制框架公约》 (以下简称《公约》)政府间谈判协调机构。经过 3年多的工作 ,…     

控烟条例实施1年对北京市15岁及以上人群二手烟暴露情况的影响

目的 监测北京市≥ 15岁人群在公共场所、工作场所、公共交通工具和家庭的二手烟暴露情况,评价《北京市控制吸烟条例》实施效果。方法 数据源于2014年和2016年北京市成人烟草调查。两次调查均覆盖北京市16个区。每次调查均采用多阶段整群概率抽样法,采用面对面询问调查方式,应用电子化问卷收集相关数据。2014年和2016年分别获得100个监测点的有效个人问卷8 484份和9 372份。采用SPSS 20.0软件和R 3.4.4软件对样本进行复杂抽样加权后,估计≥ 15岁人群在各类场所中的二手烟暴露率,并进行χ²检验。结果 北京市≥ 15岁人群在医疗机构、政府大楼、大学、中小学校（室内外）和餐馆的二手烟暴露率分别由2014年的12.8%、19.7%、24.3%、32.8%和65.7%下降到2016年的6.2%、10.8%、12.5%、19.1%和32.5%;酒吧/夜总会的二手烟暴露率分别为89.5%和80.3%;室内工作场所的二手烟暴露率从35.7%下降到20.0%;公共交通工具的二手烟暴露率由3.9%下降到2.5%;家庭二手烟暴露率分别为39.8%和37.6%。结论 《北京市控制吸烟条例》规定的禁止吸烟场所中二手烟暴露率明显下降,实施的效果已经显现。     

2015中国成人烟草调查:15岁及以上成年人群二手烟暴露及其对公共场所禁烟政策支持现状

目的 了解中国≥15岁成年人群二手烟暴露及其对公共场所禁烟政策支持情况,为公共场所禁烟提供科学证据。方法 参照全球成人烟草调查所设定的抽样原则及调查形式。使用全球烟草监测系统标准问卷,采用分层多阶段整群概率抽样法,在全国共抽取16800个家庭户;采用入户调查形式进行电子数据采集,每户家庭随机抽取一名合格的调查对象。对数据加权后,数据分析采用SAS 9.3和SUDAAN 10.0.1软件的复杂调查数据分析程序。结果 在过去30 d内调查对象在室内公共场所和工作场所看到有人吸烟的比例由高到低依次为酒吧/夜总会(93.1%,60128千人/64575千人)、餐馆(76.3%,455473千人/596782千人)、在家中(57.1%,621793千人/1089582千人)、工作场所(54.3%,218792千人/402732千人)、政府大楼(38.1%,61208千人/160574千人)、医疗机构(26.9%,119783千人/444679千人)、大学(23.8%,17598千人/73993千人)、中小学校(室内和室外;17.2%,41099千人/239022千人),以及公共交通工具(16.4%,102153千人/623015千人)。经标化,与5年前相比,在餐馆、政府大楼、医疗机构、中小学(室内和室外)、公共交通工具以及在家中的二手烟暴露情况下降幅度的差异均有统计学意义。此外,公众对室内公共场所和工作场所全面禁烟的支持度很高。尽管餐厅二手烟暴露率依然很高,但是有近70%的人支持在餐厅全面禁烟。结论 近年来我国室内公共场所、工作场所、公共交通工具及家中的二手烟暴露情况明显改善,公众支持公共场所禁烟政策。     

无烟奥运 健康随行

中国是世界第一烟民大国,烟民数字超过3.5亿,由于在全球烟草生产和消费中居于龙头地位,中国的控烟立场自然会引起极大的关注。把中国推向控烟舞台中央的,还有即将于2008年夏天在北京举行的第29届奥林匹克运动会。早在2004年4月,国务院总理温家宝就公开承诺,将把"无烟奥运"纳入"绿色奥运"之中。那么,在2008年北京奥运会离开幕已不到1年时间的今天,我国的"无烟奥运"工作做得怎么样了呢?     

禁烟健康经济

公共场所禁止吸烟，不仅能够挽救生命，减少疾病发生，而且有助于经济发展。     

从消极控烟国到积极控烟国——关于"十二五"时期全面控烟的建议

从2006年1月起世界卫生组织<烟草控制框架公约>在中国正式生效,"十一五"时期中国为履行该<公约>采取了一系列控烟行动,但是吸烟人数和烟草消费量仍在上升,烟草行业仍在不断"上水平",实际控烟效果甚微.烟草已成为威胁中国人群健康的最大"杀手",烟草业是中国最大的健康危害型产业.维护公众健康安全是中国政府履行公共安全服务...     

中国疾病预防控制中心健康教育所下发《无烟学校标准》

为了规范无烟学校的评估标准 ,更好地推动无烟学校的创建工作 ,中国疾病预防控制中心健康教育所和中国吸烟与健康协会在总结若干省份评估无烟学校所使用标准的基础上 ,根据学校控烟工作的基本要求和各地的意见 ,筛选整理出若干条标准 ,并经有关专家讨论研究 ,拟定出适用于中小学校的《无烟学校标准》。该标准具体内容如下 :1 学校将控烟工作纳入学校工作计划 ;2 学校制定控烟规章制度 ,并有明确的奖惩办法 ;制度中应至少包括以下 3条 :1 )任何人 (包括外来人员 )都不在校园内吸烟 ,2 )将“遵守学校控烟规章”作为教职工评优的一项指标 ,3 …     

从《〈烟草控制框架公约〉主席文本》看中国控烟工作面临的挑战

1<烟草控制框架公约>及其主席文本的由来 世界卫生组织(WHO)自1969年起就开始关注烟草问题,1970年第二十三届世界卫生大会(World Health Assembly,WHA)通过了WHA23.32号决议,首次较全面地提出控烟.此后WHA又陆续就烟草问题通过了16项决议.鉴于烟草消费及其危害的全球性,WHO认识到控制烟草蔓延也必须在世界范围内采取统一行动.为了限制全球烟草制品的无节制消费,1995年第四十八届WHA提出了制订<烟草控制框架公约>(Framework Convention of Tobacco Control,FCTC)的动议,并获联合国秘书长授权.     

烟盒包装有效健康警示形式的发展

包装是消费品市场营销中关键的环节之一。良好的包装设计有助于在市场竞争中树立品牌形象,是消费者购买产品与使用产品时有效的促销形式。对于吸烟者而言,卷烟包装具有很高的暴露频率,如果烟草制品的包装上能够有健康警示,每天吸1包烟的人每年看到这些健康警示高达7200多次。我们不仅可以利用包装为烟草使用者提供信息,对看到包装的非吸烟者也能带来一定的宣传效果。在限制烟草广告之后,烟盒包装更成为烟草公司重要的交流工具和促销手段,     

Perceived justice and popular support for public health laws: A case study around comprehensive smoke-free legislation in Mexico City

The World Health Organization's Framework Convention on Tobacco Control promotes comprehensive smoke-free laws. The effective implementation of these laws requires citizen participation and support. Risk communication research suggests that citizens' perceptions of the fairness of smoke-free laws would help explain their support for the law. This study aimed to assess the factors that correlate with citizens' perceptions of the distributive, procedural and interpersonal justice of smoke-free laws, as well as how these perceptions are related to support for and intention to help enforce these laws. Study data came from a cross-sectional, population-based survey of 800 Mexico City inhabitants before a comprehensive smoke-free policy was implemented there in 2008. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the bivariate and multivariate adjusted paths relating study variables. In the final multivariate model, the three justice concepts mediated the influence of smoking status, perceived dangers of secondhand smoke exposure, strength of home smoking ban, and perceived rights of smokers on the two distal constructs of support for smoke-free policy and intention to help enforce it. Statistically significant paths were estimated from distributive and procedural justice to support for the law and intention help enforce it. The path from interpersonal justice to support for the law was not significant, but the path to intention to help enforce the law was. Finally, the path from support for the law to the intention to enforce it was statistically significant. These results suggest that three distinct dimensions of perceived justice help explain citizen support for smoke-free policies. These dimensions of perceived justice may explain the conditions under which smoke-free policies are effectively implemented and could help shape the focus for communication strategies that aim to ensure effective implementation of this and other public health policies.     

提高香烟消费税的全球背景和国际经验

进入二十一世纪后全球反烟呼声高涨,特别是《烟草控制框架公约》的生效,强有力的推动了各国的控烟进程。提高香烟税是国际公认的一项非常有效的控烟措施。本文对香烟消费税的水平进行了国际比较,并对各国提高香烟消费税产生效果的经验证据进行总结,从而为中国政府考虑增收香烟税提供借鉴。     

提高烟草税的必要性和可行性研究

第56届世界卫生大会通过的《烟草控制框架公约》提出提高烟草税以遏制烟草流行。针对关于是否要提高烟草税的争论,本文从烟草税的国内外比较、提高烟草税的预期效果和相关研究等方面进行论证,提出提高烟草税是必要、有效且可行的。     

Tobacco use among youth and adults in Mainland China: the China Seven Cities Study

OBJECTIVE: The China Seven Cities Study (CSCS) monitors geographic and temporal trends in tobacco use among adolescents and adults in seven cities throughout Mainland China: Harbin, Shenyang, Wuhan, Chengdu, Kunming, Hangzhou, and Qingdao. This article presents the methodology and prevalence data from the baseline survey of the CSCS, conducted in 2002. METHODS: Stratified random samples of middle schools, high schools, and colleges were selected within each city. Students and their parents completed self-report surveys of their tobacco use. Data were obtained from 6138 middle school students, 5848 academic high school students, 2448 vocational high school students, 2556 college students, and 25 697 parents. RESULTS: Smoking prevalence varied across age groups, school types, genders, and cities. Past-month smoking prevalence was 9% among middle school students, 8% among academic high school students, 26% among vocational high school students, 21% among college students, and 40% among parents. Smoking prevalence was higher among males than among females, with larger gender disparities among adults than among youth. Smoking also varied across cities, with higher smoking prevalence in southwestern cities and lower prevalence in coastal cities. Intraclass correlations of students within schools are presented to inform statistical power estimates for further research in China. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide a baseline for future longitudinal studies of smoking in these cities and identify demographic groups at risk for tobacco-related disease. Effective smoking prevention programmes for youth and smoking cessation programmes for adults are needed in China, especially in the lower-income southwestern cities and in vocational high schools throughout the country.     

The effect of the United Kingdom smoking ban on alcohol spending: Evidence from the Living Costs and Food Survey

The effect of smoking bans on alcohol consumption is unclear, and this is especially true of the differing effect on smokers and non-smokers. This paper uses spending survey data to examine the effect of the United Kingdom smoking bans on alcohol spending. It finds the introduction of a smoking ban decreased alcohol expenditure, specifically in the on-trade (pubs and restaurants) and amongst smoking households. Smoking households are estimated to have reduced their weekly on-premise alcohol expenditure by £1.70 (approximately 15–20%), whilst non-smoking households do not significantly change their expenditure. The smoking ban may therefore have affected on-premise outlets through a reduction in revenue. This study provides further evidence that tobacco policies affect drinking behaviour.     

对《广告法（征求意见稿）》禁止烟草广告有关条款的评议及修订建议

有效遏制现有的直接或间接烟草广告,贯彻世界卫生组织《烟草控制框架公约》第13条及其实施准则是修订《广告法》的基本原则。本文通过《广告法》（征求意见稿）与原《广告法》、《烟草广告管理暂行办法》和《公约》第13条及实施准则进行比较,发现《广告法》（修订意见稿）未能全面禁止所有的烟草广告,对变相烟草广告没有做明确的界定,对虚假烟草广告的限制规定不明确,对涉及烟草的促销和赞助也没有进行限制,因此无法遏制在中国大势泛滥的烟草广告、促销和赞助活动,无法满足我国履行《公约》的要求,也不能履行负责任大国对国际社会的庄严承诺。本文将对《广告法》（征求意见稿）提出具体修改建议,以实现全面禁止烟草广告、促销和赞助的目标。     

British American Tobacco's partnership with Earthwatch Europe and its implications for public health

Abstract

This paper explores a partnership between British American Tobacco (BAT) and the environmental organisation Earthwatch Europe (EE) and considers its implications for countries implementing Article 5.3 of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. We reviewed approximately 100 internal BAT documents, interviewed EE's former executive director and examined media accounts and BAT and EE websites. We analysed materials by reviewing them iteratively, identifying themes, constructing a timeline of events and assembling a case study. BAT sought a partnership with EE to gain a global ally that could provide entrée into the larger non-governmental organisation (NGO) community. EE debated the ethics of working with BAT, resolving them in BAT's favour and taking a narrow view of its own overall organisational mission. To protect its reputation, EE delayed public disclosure of the partnership. Instead, EE promoted it to policy-makers and other NGOs, extending BAT's reputation and reach into influential circles. The potential for normalising the tobacco industry presence within government through NGO partnerships and the benefits that accrued to BAT even when the partnership was not being publicised show why governments seeking to protect effective tobacco control policies from industry influence need to consider ways to identify and discourage ‘hidden’ NGO partnerships.     

中国健康预期寿命指标体系构建

健康预期寿命(HLE)研究是老龄化社会和健康中国建设需求, 但我国尚未制定具体政策目标值, 也未官方公布过HLE。需建立HLE指标体系, 指导HLE测算和研究。根据WHO对健康的定义, 融入联合国可持续发展目标、全健康和主动健康理念, 在梳理国际现有HLE指标体系基础上, 基于WHO的国际功能、残疾和健康分类和国际疾病分类框架, 提出了多维度HLE指标体系概念框架和指标结构。概念框架包括基本的身体、心理、行为、社会和环境健康5个维度, 同时增加测量残障程度的综合指标失能指数。以此为基础, 提出HLE主要健康测量指标的框架, 包括行为因素、生理和病理原因、残障、功能受限、失能和死亡, 并进一步讨论了HLE指标体系的构建思路、数据类型和来源。本文有助于促进HLE研究和实践, 助力老龄化应对和健康中国建设。     

南昌市办公场所吸烟与二手烟暴露现况调查

目的了解南昌市办公场所吸烟和二手烟暴露情况,为政府决策提供依据,促进"无烟工作场所"立法。方法采用现场观察,问卷拦截调查和对工作场所空气中PM2.5浓度进行监测等方法,分析南昌市办公场所吸烟和二手烟暴露情况。结果现场观察了29家办公场所,禁烟场所2家,16家场所划分了吸烟区和非吸烟区;全面禁烟场所吸烟现象比例在(10,50]的分布为50%。被调查工作人员中,有51.9%在工作单位受到二手烟的侵害;有60.7%的吸烟者在工作场所的非吸烟区内吸烟,工作人员劝阻率仅为5.9%。全面禁烟的场所,其空气中PM2.5的平均浓度为49.7μg/m3,而部分禁烟场所和不禁烟场所空气中PM2.5的平均浓度分别为67.6μg/m3和66.0μg/m3。结论南昌市办公场所吸烟现象严重,二手烟暴露率高,禁烟措施不完善,控烟执行力度不够。需要加强对吸烟者吸烟和二手烟危害的宣传教育,同时出台相应的"无烟工作场所"地方法规。