积雪草苷在大鼠体内的药动学研究

目的:研究积雪草苷在大鼠体内的药动学特点。方法:用高效液相色谱法,以葫芦素B为内标,甲醇为血浆蛋白沉淀剂,水-乙腈(24∶76)为流动相,测定一次性给大鼠尾静脉注射积雪草苷(42或126mg·kg-1)后SD大鼠血浆中积雪草苷的浓度。采用3p97程序计算药动学参数。结果:积雪草苷在SD大鼠体内的药动学符合二室开放模型,2个剂量组的t1/2α分别为1.89和1.73min,t1/2β分别为27.08和26.81min,K21分别为0.24和0.20min,K10分别为0.039和0.031min,K12分别为0.11和0.13min,AUC分别为1442.11和5749.78mg·min·L-1,CL分别为0.029和0.022mL·g-1·min-1,MRT分别为39.08和38.70min。结论:积雪草苷在SD大鼠体内的分布消除较快,呈一级动力学特征。     

平衡透析法测定具栖冬青苷和毛冬青酸的大鼠血浆蛋白结合率

目的建立测定具栖冬青苷、毛冬青酸血药质量浓度的方法,并测定其大鼠体外血浆蛋白结合率。方法采用高效液相色谱法和平衡透析法测定具栖冬青苷、毛冬青酸在大鼠体外血浆中的血浆蛋白结合率。结果低、中、高3种质量浓度,具栖冬青苷在大鼠体外血浆中的蛋白结合率分别为39.72%±2.68%,52.05%±3.35%和52.32%±0.76%;毛冬青酸在大鼠体外血浆中的蛋白结合率分别为55.18%±3.66%,60.79%±2.20%和47.00%±1.59%。结论建立HPLC法对具栖冬青苷和毛冬青酸进行分离,方法简便。体外实验,具栖冬青苷和毛冬青酸与大鼠血浆属中等结合型药物,且蛋白结合率与药物质量浓度无关。     

HPLC法测定毛冬青胶囊中具栖冬青苷和毛冬青酸的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定毛冬青胶囊中具栖冬青苷和毛冬青酸含量的方法,并对3个批次毛冬青胶囊中上述两种化合物进行定量分析。方法：Zorbax SB-C18（4.6 mm×150mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱,检测波长215 nm,柱温40℃,流速1.0 mL·min-1,进样量20μL。结果：具栖冬青苷和毛冬青酸的线性范围分别为1.22-521.1μg·mL-1（r=0.9995）、1.23-289.6μg·mL-1（r=0.9991）,加样回收率分别为99.24%（RSD=0.68%）、99.53%（RSD=0.85%）。结论：该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可为毛冬青胶囊提供质量控制依据。     

口服丁香酚在大鼠体内药动学研究

目的 建立大鼠血浆中丁香酚含量测定的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。 方法 丁香酚大鼠灌胃给药后,应用HPLC测定其在大鼠血浆中的含量,色谱柱：Allsphere ODS-2 RP-18(4.6 mm×250 mm,5 μm),流动相：甲醇-0.5%冰醋酸=63∶37 (pH=4.78);检测波长：280 nm;柱温：30 ℃;流速：0.8 mL·min^-1。 结果 丁香酚经口服 14.25 mg·kg^-1的剂量后在体内药动学特征符合二室开放模型。 结论 所建方法简单、灵敏、准确可靠,可用于丁香酚的药动学研究。     

中枢神经兴奋剂莫达非尼在大鼠体内的药动学

目的:研究SD大鼠单剂量口服莫达非尼后,莫达非尼在大鼠体内的药动学特征.方法:SD大鼠单剂量4.0 mg·kg-1灌胃莫达非尼混悬液,于各时间点,心脏取血,分离血清,用高效液相色谱法测定莫达非尼的浓度,所得血药浓度-时间数据用3P87药动学软件处理,求得药动学参数.结果:莫达非尼药-时曲线符合二室模型,T1/2α为(0.48±0.09) h,T1/2β为(3.55±0.27) h,Tmax为(0.79±0.06) h,Cmax为(3.53±0.05) mg·L-1,AUC0～∞为(14.32±0.30 )mg·h·L-1.结论:莫达非尼在大鼠体内分布较快,消除较慢,具有良好的药代动力学特征.     

黄豆苷元对卡马西平及其代谢产物在大鼠体内药动学的影响

目的:研究黄豆苷元对卡马西平及其代谢产物10,11-环氧卡马西平(CBZ-E)在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法:16只大鼠随机分为实验组和对照组,实验组大鼠连续10 d灌胃给予黄豆苷元100 mg.kg-1,对照组大鼠则灌胃给予等体积的生理盐水,两组大鼠第11天分别灌胃给予卡马西平10 mg.kg-1,于给药后不同时间点采血,采用HPLC法测定血浆中卡马西平及其代谢产物CBZ-E的浓度,计算药动学参数。结果:与对照组相比,实验组大鼠血浆中卡马西平的AUC0-24h、AUC0-∞、Cmax和t1/2显著增加(P<0.05),代谢产物CBZ-E的AUC0-24h、AUC0-∞和Cmax显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:黄豆苷元连续给药后改变了卡马西平在大鼠体内的药动学特征,可能与抑制CYP3A4的活性有关。     

萘哌地尔在家犬体内的药动学

目的 建立家犬血浆中萘哌地尔浓度的高效液相色谱分析方法,研究萘哌地尔普通片和缓释片在家犬体内的药动学规律。方法 采用内标法,以Shim-Pack ODS C18柱为固定相,甲醇-乙腈-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾(25:25:50)为流动相,维拉帕米为内标,检测波长为240 nm,流速为0.8 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,血药浓度一时间数据采用3P97程序处理并计算药动学参数。结果 血浆中内源性物质对萘哌地尔与维拉帕米均无干扰,萘哌地尔与内标的峰面积之比同萘哌地尔浓度间有良好的线性关系,线性范围为13.6-868 ng·mL-1,最低定量浓度为13.6 ng·mL-1,方法回收率和提取回收率分别为101.2％±7.8％(n=3)、74.6％±3.6％(n=3),日内RSD≤6.9％,日间RSD≤8.4％;家犬口服100 mg萘哌地尔普通片与缓释片后,血药浓度时间曲线符合一室模型,Cmax分别为(635.1±129.8)、(63.7±163.1)ng·mL-1,tmax分别为(1.28±0.57)、(6.67±1.63)h,AUC0-t分别为(3 562±1 265)、(3 297±937)ng·mL-1·h,T1/2(Ke)分别为(3.35±0.68)、(4.01±3.14)h。结论 所建立的血浆中萘哌地尔浓度测定方法灵敏、准确,能较好地满足萘哌地尔药动学研究的需要;萘哌地尔缓释片具有明显的缓释特征。     

新型钙离子拮抗剂DY-9836在大鼠体内的药动学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中新型钙离子拮抗剂DY-9836浓度的高效液相色谱-荧光检测(HPLCFl)法,研究DY-9836在大鼠体内的药动学。方法以维拉帕米为内标,色谱柱:Extend C18(4.6 mm×150 mm,5μm);流动相:乙酸钠(pH=6.5)-乙腈(50∶50,V/V);流速:1 mL·min-1;柱温:35℃;λex=304 nm,λem=335 nm。大鼠灌胃后,测定血浆中DY-9836的浓度,采用WinNonLin 5.2软件计算药动学参数。结果 DY-9836的血药浓度线性范围为0.327～4.083μg·mL-1;方法回收率分别为93.35%～98.08%;DY-9836在大鼠体内的主要药动学参数:Ke为(0.05±0.01)h-1、t1/2为(14.20±0.92)h、tmax为(1.25±0.42)h、ρmax为(2.98±0.56)μg·mL-1、AUC0-t为(37.74±2.00)μg·h·mL-1、AUC0-∞为(41.71±1.90)μg·h·mL-1、CL为(480.3±22.0)mL·h-1·kg-1、MRT0-t为(19.30±0.60)h。结论本实验所建立的测定血浆中DY-9836的HPLC-Fl方法简便、快速、灵敏、准确、可靠。     

大豆苷元对氨茶碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响

摘 要 目的:研究大豆苷元对氨茶碱在大鼠体内药动学的影响。方法: 采用HPLC方法测定大豆苷元和氨茶碱合并给药组与氨茶碱单独给药组茶碱在大鼠体内的血药浓度,比较两者的药动学参数。结果:①茶碱在0.2～20.0 μg·ml^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好,定量下限为0.2μg·ml^-1,低中高3个浓度的绝对回收率分别为（86.7±4.2）%、（90.5±3.4）%和（92.4±4.6）%,相对回收率均大于90%,日间和日内精密度RSD分别小于8.94%、9.01%;②大豆苷元和氨茶碱合并给药组和单独给药组药动学参数分别为：半衰期（t_{1/2）为(123.63±18.23)和(133.94±11.20)min,曲线下面积（AUC(0-∞)）为(1 861.03±511.23)和(2 075.41±720.96) μg·min·ml^-1,AUC(0-8)为（1 749.71±376.68）和（1 963.34±475.84）μg·min·ml^-1,达峰浓度Cmax为(10.35±0.95)和(10.23±0.82)μg·ml^-1;③合并给药组较单独给药组的主要药动学参数峰值Cmax相似,t1/2、AUC有一定降低,但差异无统计学意义。结论:大豆苷元对氨茶碱在大鼠体内的药动学无明显影响。}     

HPLC法研究SQ0801023在大鼠体内的药动学

目的建立测定大鼠血浆中SQ0801023的高效液相色谱法,并研究其在大鼠体内的药动学特征。方法 Sprague-Dawley大鼠尾静脉注射SQ0801023(30 mg·kg-1)后,于不同时间点采血,HPLC法测定血浆中SQ0801023的浓度,并计算药动学参数。结果大鼠血浆中的SQ0801023在0.2⁵0.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r>0.9991),定量下限为0.2 mg·L-1,提取回收率为75.2%50.0 mg·L-1内线性关系良好(r>0.9991),定量下限为0.2 mg·L-1,提取回收率为75.2%⁸7.2%,日内和日间精密度均小于13.7%。SQ0801023在大鼠体内的主要药动学参数:AUC0-t为(3.66±0.70)mg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞为(3.78±0.70)mg·h·L-1,t1/2为(0.22±0.10)h,ρmax为(17.3±3.90)mg·L-1。结论静注SQ0801023后,SQ0801023在大鼠体内快速代谢和消除。     

Pharmacokinetics of ursodeoxycholic acid in rat

The pharmacokinetic behaviour and metabolism of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) have been studied in the rat. After oral administration of both 3H-labelled (4 muCi/kg body wt) and unlabelled (20 mg) UDCA, UDCA appeared in serum almost entirely in conjugated form (taurine conjugated); UDCA was present in bile mostly as taurine conjugated; the more relevant metabolite is 3 alpha,6 alpha, 7 beta-trihydroxycholanoic acid which represents 10% of the total bile acid pool. UDCA increased bile flow and selectively decreased biliary cholesterol secretion, while phospholipid secretion was unaffected. Faecal UDCA excretion was 15-20% while the urinary extraction was 1.5% during 24 h. The data show that UDCA, when administered in high dose, is promptly secreted into bile almost entirely metabolized to tauroursodeoxycholic acid, where it (1) desaturates the cholesterol in bile, (2) exerts choleretic properties.     

Pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim in the rat

The pharmacokinetics of trimethoprim was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats following the intravenous administration of trimethoprim at a dose of 25 mg/kg. Plasma and tissue levels of trimethoprim, as a function of time, were determined by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The disposition of trimethoprim was described by both a two-compartment open model with elimination from a central compartment and a noncompartmental method. For the compartmental analysis, the terminal elimination rate constant, elimination half-life, apparent volume of distribution in the central compartment, apparent volume of distribution in the central compartment based on the area under the plasma concentration-time curve, and volume of distribution at steady state, were determined to be 0.007 min-1, 99 min, 2059 mL/kg, 5729 mL/kg, and 2473 mL/kg, respectively. Noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained by the statistical moment theory. The estimates for mean residence time, clearance, and volume of distribution at steady state of trimethoprim were calculated to be 52 min, 40 mL.min-1kg-1, and 2097 mL, respectively. Tissue distribution of trimethoprim followed a biphasic phenomenon with a maximum concentration at 30 min for heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, seminal vesicles, and muscle, and at 45 min for testicles, 20 min for prostate gland, and less than 10 min for brain. The data show that compared with the plasma concentration, higher levels of trimethoprim were found in heart, lung, spleen, liver, kidney, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles; a similar concentration was found for muscle, but lower levels of trimethoprim were found for brain and testicles.     

人参皂苷Re大鼠体内药物动力学研究

目的研究人参皂苷Re在大鼠体内的经时过程并计算药物动力学参数。方法采用HPLC法测定大鼠静脉注射给药后血浆中人参皂苷Re的血药质量浓度,用3P87药动学程序求算其药物动力学参数。结果静脉注射3种不同剂量(20、30、40 mg.kg-1)的人参皂苷Re后,3组大鼠的药物动力学特点成双隔室模型。t1/2(α)分别为6.505、6.817、4.499 min,t1/2(β)分别为28.96、30.49、27.57 min,AUC分别为599.31、1025.65、1415.7 min.mg.L-1。结论主要动力学参数十分相近,且AUC随剂量增加而成比例增加,说明在此剂量范围内Re的消除为线性动力学。     

Pharmacokinetics of vinyl chloride in the rat

When rats are exposed to [¹⁴C]vinyl chloride in a closed system, the vinyl chloride present in the atmosphere equilibrates with the animals' organism within 15 min. The course of equilibration could be determined using rats which had been given 6-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole. This compound completely blocks metabolism of vinyl chloride. The enzymes responsible for metabolism of vinyl chloride are saturated at an atmospheric concentration of vinyl chloride of 250 ppm. Pharmacokinetic analysis shows that no significant cumulation of vinyl chloride or its major metabolites is to be expected on repeated administration of vinyl chlorides. This may be consistent with the theory that a reactive, shortly living, metabolite which occurs in low concentration only, may be responsible for the toxic effects of vinyl chloride.     

Pharmacokinetics of cyanamide in dog and rat

A pharmacokinetic study of cyanamide, an inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.2.1.3) has been made in the beagle dog and Sprague-Dawley rat. Cyanamide plasma levels were determined by a sensitive high performance liquid chromatographic assay, specific for cyanamide. In the dog, i.v. administration of cyanamide at 1, 2 and 4 mg kg-1, produced a dose-dependent pharmacokinetic behaviour. Statistically significant changes were observed in plasma clearance values (12.6 to 19.7 mL kg-1 min-1), half life values (39 to 61 min) and mean residence times (50 to 79 min). Peak plasma concentrations, after oral administration of 4 mg kg-1 were achieved at 30 min and oral bioavailability was about 65%. In the rat after i.v. or oral administration, cyanamide (2 mg kg-1) had a half life of 30 min, a total plasma clearance of 117 mL kg-1 min-1 and a mean residence time of 26 min. Oral bioavailability was about 69%.     

Pharmacokinetics of droxicam in rat and dog

A study was made of the oral absorption of droxicam in the rat. Five minutes after administration of 1 mg/kg droxicam, only piroxicam levels (its active metabolite) were detected at the portal vein and caudal vena cava. The transformation of droxicam into piroxicam takes place in the gastrointestional tract. A pharmacokinetic test to compare the plasma levels of piroxicam obtained in rat and dog was then made after oral administration of droxicam and piroxicam. In both animal species the oral absorption of droxicam was not dose-related. However, droxicam given at therapeutic doses (0.2-0.3 mg/kg) was bioequivalent to piroxicam. The elimination half-life of piroxicam after oral administration of droxicam and piroxicam was 8 +/- 2 h in the male rat, 27 +/- 12 h in the female rat and 38 +/- 18 h in the male dog, whilst the half-life of oral absorption of piroxicam did not vary from one animal species to another. In the case of droxicam, however, this value was higher than that after oral administration of piroxicam, as a consequence of the process of transformation of droxicam into piroxicam. It is concluded that droxicam is a prodrug of piroxicam with a slower rate of absorption, but with the same bioavailability within the range of therapeutic doses.     

Pharmacokinetics of cysteine ethyl ester in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the mucolytic compound 35S-cysteine ethyl ester in rat show that it is completely absorbed after oral administration, with a bioavailability of 0.59. 2. By autoradiography, tissue distribution of 35S-cysteine ethyl ester showed a high affinity for the lung, different to that observed with 35S-cysteine. 3. Unchanged cysteine ethyl ester, cysteine and inorganic sulphates were present in the lung. 4. After oral or i.v. administration of 35S-cysteine ethyl ester the total radioactivity excreted in the urine amounted to 16% dose and 40% was excreted in the faeces, following biliary excretion. It was metabolized to inorganic sulphate, cysteine and taurine, which were excreted in the urine.     

酮洛芬大鼠在体肠吸收药物动力学研究

目的考察酮洛芬在大鼠各肠段的吸收动力学特征。方法采用大鼠在体单向灌流法进行肠吸收实验,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定酮洛芬的含量,从药物浓度、吸收部位、灌流速度3个方面考察酮洛芬的各肠段吸收动力学特征,利用质量法计算动力学参数。结果酮洛芬浓度在1.4~9.8 mg/L范围内,吸收速率常数K_a和表观吸收系数P_(app)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);小肠段和结肠段的K_a和P_(app)值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),结肠段的K_a和P_(app)值较小,但小肠各段(十二指肠、空肠、回肠)K_a和P_(app)值差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);不同灌流速度下,K_a和P_(app)值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论酮洛芬主要以被动扩散机制吸收进入体循环,在全肠道吸收均较好。随着灌流速度的增加,K_a和P_(app)值均明显增加。     

Pharmacokinetics of 8-phenyltheophylline in the rat

The pharmacokinetics of the adenosine antagonist 8-phenyltheophylline (8-PT) have been investigated in the rat. After intravenous administration to male rats with normal renal function, 8-PT was rapidly cleared from plasma with a t1/2 of about 14 min. Its apparent volume of distribution was some 76 mL/100 g and plasma clearance was 3.5 mL min-1/100 g. Injection via the carotid artery did not alter the kinetics of 8-PT, but when given through the portal vein a first-pass effect was observed. Moreover, 8-PT could not be detected in plasma following intraperitoneal injection. The kinetics of 8-PT were not altered in male rats with acute renal failure and no difference was noted between male and female animals with respect to the kinetics of 8-PT following intravenous injection. It is concluded that the pharmacokinetic properties of 8-PT are likely to complicate its use in-vivo.     

酮咯酸氨丁三醇在大鼠体内药动学

目的:比较研究大鼠尾静脉注射与局部皮肤给予酮咯酸氨丁三醇的药动学行为。方法:采用HPLC法,色谱柱:Dia-monsil C18柱(200mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-水-三乙胺-冰醋酸(80∶19.9∶0.02∶0.08);流速:1.0mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:313nm。结果:酮咯酸氨丁三醇在0.2~100mg.L-1范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 0),日内RSD为2.3%~5.1%,日间RSD为2.2%~12.2%,萃取回收率为86.8%~96.2%,注射剂和凝胶剂的T1/2α分别为(0.4±0.3)h,(2.9±2.6)h;T1/2β分别为(2.7±2.0)h,(9.0±8.5)h。结论:本试验建立的方法操作简单,方法灵敏、特异,结果准确。酮咯酸在大鼠体内药动学行为符合二房室模型;外用给药透皮吸收良好。