Vegetable and Fruit Consumption among Chinese Adults and Associated Factors: A Nationally Representative Study of 170,847 Adults

Objective This study examined vegetable and fruit (VF) consumption rate and its associated factors among Chinese adults. Methods Nationally representative data from the 2013 China Chronic Disease Surveillance survey were used. Dietary intake data, including VF consumption during the last 12 months, were collected. All analyses were weighted to obtain nationally representative estimates. Associations between VF consumption and other factors (e.g., meal frequency and physical activity) were examined through logistic regression analysis. Results The average fruit consumption was 102.3 g/day (95% CI: 97.0-107.6) and the average vegetable consumption was 350.6 g/day (95% CI: 339.3-361.8). Over half (53.2%, 95% CI: 50.9-55.4) of Chinese adults met the VF consumption of 400 g/day recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Rural residents had a higher prevalence of low VF consumption rate than urban residents [49.20% (95% CI: 46.2%-52.2%) vs. 44.0% (95% CI: 41.7%-46.3%) P lt; 0.01]. Old age (OR = 1.01, 95% CI: 1.00-1.01), low educational level, low income, minority ethnicity (OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.15-1.74), underweight (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03-1.33), single marital status (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08-1.33), low health literacy, irregular breakfast (OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04-1.38) or lunch (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.26-1.99) habits, and no leisure-time physical activity were associated with low VF consumption. Conclusion Only half of Chinese adults met the VF consumption recommended by the WHO. Low socio-economic status, irregular diet, and poor health literacy were likely associated with low VF consumption. National efforts and programs are needed to promote VF consumption.     

Vegetable and Fruit Consumption among Chinese Adults and Associated Factors: A Nationally Representative Study of 170,847 Adults

Objective This study examined vegetable and fruit(VF) consumption rate and its associated factors among Chinese adults.Methods Nationally representative data from the 2013 China Chronic Disease Surveillance survey were used. Dietary intake data, including VF consumption during the last 12 months, were collected. All analyses were weighted to obtain nationally representative estimates. Associations between VF consumption and other factors(e.g., meal frequency and physical activity) were examined through logistic regression analysis.Results The average fruit consumption was 102.3 g/day(95% CI: 97.0‐107.6) and the average vegetable consumption was 350.6 g/day(95% CI: 339.3‐361.8). Over half(53.2%, 95% CI: 50.9‐55.4) of Chinese adults met the VF consumption of 400 g/day recommended by the World Health Organization(WHO). Rural residents had a higher prevalence of low VF consumption rate than urban residents[49.20%(95% CI: 46.2%‐52.2%) vs. 44.0%(95% CI: 41.7%‐46.3%) P 0.01]. Old age(OR = 1.01, 95% CI:1.00‐1.01), low educational level, low income, minority ethnicity(OR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.15‐1.74),underweight(OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03‐1.33), single marital status(OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.08‐1.33), low health literacy, irregular breakfast(OR = 1.20, 95% CI: 1.04‐1.38) or lunch(OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.26‐1.99)habits, and no leisure‐time physical activity were associated with low VF consumption.Conclusion Only half of Chinese adults met the VF consumption recommended by the WHO. Low socio‐economic status, irregular diet, and poor health literacy were likely associated with low VF consumption. National efforts and programs are needed to promote VF consumption.     

膳食宏量营养素摄入量与年龄相关白内障危险性分析

目的探讨中老年人膳食宏量摄入量与年龄相关白内障(ARC)危险性之间的关系。方法选取2009年9月—2011年3月45～85岁的白内障患者360例为病例组,对照组为同期入院的360例非白内障患者。采用标准调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式以及既往疾病史等,同时采用一份有效的半定量化食物频率调查表(FFQ),获取研究对象膳食营养素的摄入情况。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计各种宏量营养素摄入量与3种类型白内障关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。结果调整多种潜在性混杂因素后,总碳水化合物摄入量与皮质性白内障呈正相关,与摄入量为最低四分位数的患者相比,摄入量为最高四分位数的患者发生皮质性白内障的OR=2.471〔95%CI(1.348,6.043),P=0.027〕。蛋白质摄入量增加对后囊膜下白内障(PSC)具有预防作用〔OR=0.528,95%CI(0.148,0.869),P=0.023〕。总脂肪摄入量与任一类型白内障均无相关性,但多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量为最高四分位数者发生核性白内障的危险性是最低四分位数者的2.7倍〔OR=2.742,95%CI(1.790,4.200),P=0.033〕。结论大量摄入碳水化合物和多不饱和脂肪酸可分别使发生皮质性和核性白内障的危险性升高,而蛋白质,尤其是动物蛋白摄入量增加能够预防PSC,调整中老年人群膳食习惯可能有助于预防ARC。     

广州市社区老年人慢性病共病与营养状况相关性研究

  目的  探索广州市社区老年人慢性病共病与营养状况相关性及其影响因素。  方法  采用便利抽样方法,选择广州市某社区卫生服务中心参加2019年度健康体检的2 127名65岁及以上老年人为研究对象。营养状况包括营养不良和超重/肥胖。采用Spearman相关分析研究慢性病共病现状、营养状况的相关性;采用多因素logistic回归分析研究老年人营养状况的影响因素。  结果  老年人慢性病共病患病率为38.08%(810/2 127),营养不良患病率为10.81%(230/2 127),超重/肥胖率为46.26%(984/2 127)。老年人慢性病共病与超重/肥胖存在正相关关系(r=0.144,P＜0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,年龄每增加5岁,患营养不良的风险增加(OR=1.369,95% CI:1.205~1.555),超重/肥胖的风险降低(OR=0.885,95% CI:0.813~0.965)。未婚、离婚和丧偶是老年人营养不良的危险因素(OR=1.791,95% CI:1.164~2.754)。吸烟是老年人超重/肥胖的保护因素(OR=0.558,95% CI:0.408~0.764)。在校正一般资料及健康相关因素后,缺齿的老年人营养不良发生风险是不缺齿的1.337倍,慢性病共病的老年人超重/肥胖发生风险是未患共病的1.849倍。  结论  广州市社区老年人慢性病共病、营养不良、超重/肥胖检出率较高。缺齿与营养不良之间,共病与超重/肥胖之间存在关联。      

安徽省金寨县成人高血压现状及影响因素分析

目的 分析安徽省金寨县成人高血压患病、知晓、治疗和控制现状,并探索本地区高血压影响因素。方法 采用多阶段整群随机抽样抽取金寨县18岁及以上常住成年居民进行问卷调查和测量血压,运用多因素logistics回归分析方法分析高血压影响因素。结果 有效调查2 729人,高血压患病率、知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为38.9%、64.6%、48.8%和21.1%,均随着年龄增长而增高,且男性高血压患病率大于女性（P<0.05）。多因素logistics回归分析结果显示年龄越大（OR：2.75,95%CI：2.40~3.15）、BMI越大（OR：1.14,95%CI：1.11~1.16）、患有糖尿病（OR：2.34,95%CI：1.76~3.11）、患有血脂异常（OR：1.51,95%CI：1.26~1.80）以及水果摄入不足（OR：1.36,95%CI：1.04~1.80）是高血压的危险因素。结论 金寨县高血压患病率高,且知晓率、治疗率和控制率较低,老年人、超重肥胖者、糖尿病和血脂异常患者,以及水果摄入不足的人群应作为重点人群进行干预。     

Influence of dietary patterns on the risk of acute myocardial infarction in China population: the INTERHEART China study

Background Some dietary patterns are risk factors for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).Chinese traditional food and habits vary from other cultures.The present study determined whether different dieta...     

The Status and Associated Factors of Successful Aging among Older Adults Residing in Longevity Areas in China

Objective This study aims to assess the status of successful aging(SA) in longevity areas in China and explore multiple factors associated with SA among the young-old and oldest-old. Methods A total of 2296 elderly people aged 65 and older were interviewed in the longevity areas sub-sample of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey(CLHLS) in 2012. Baseline assessments included a researcher-administered questionnaire, physical examination, and laboratory testing. A logistic regression model was used to identify factors associated with SA. Results The prevalence of SA was 38.81% in the CLHLS in 2012. There were significant differences between ages groups, with SA compromising 56.85% among ≥65 years group and 20.31% among ≥100 years group(χ_(trend)~2=126.73, P0.01). The prevalence of SA among females was 33.59%, which was significantly lower than that among males(45.58%)(χ2gender=33.65, P0.05). In the regression analysis, having anemia(OR=0.744, 95% CI: 0.609-0.910), poor lifestyle(OR=0.697, 95% CI: 0.568-0.854), poor sleep quality(OR=0.558, 95% CI: 0.456-0.682), and central obesity(OR=0.684, 95% CI: 0.556-0.841) were the main factors associated with SA. The promoting SA rate decreased as age increased, and the group of 65-79 years had higher odds than the other age group. Conclusion Preventing central obesity, improving sleep quality and promoting healthy lifestyle may contribute to achieve SA among the elderly.     

膳食钠盐、体质量指数与良性前列腺增生关系的研究

目的 探讨老年男性膳食钠盐、体质量指数(BMI)与良性前列腺增生(BPH)危险性之间的关系.方法 采取以医院为基础的病例对照研究.研究组由经组织学检查证实患BPH的男性患者组成,对照组由因患其他疾病入住与研究组患者相同医院的同期患者组成.研究组与对照组各360例,1∶1匹配.采用标准调查表对全部研究对象进行问卷调查,同...     

饮食习惯、生活方式与结直肠癌关系的配对病例对照研究

目的 探讨饮食习惯、生活方式与结直肠癌的关系,为预防结直肠癌的发生提供科学依据。方法 采用1∶1匹配的病例对照研究方法,对四川省肿瘤医院400例经病理学确诊的新发、原发结直肠癌患者和400例同期未患结直肠癌的健康体检者(对照组)进行问卷调查。采用单因素及多因素条件Logistic回归、非条件Logistic回归分析结直肠癌的相关因素。结果 多因素条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,每日静坐时间≥8h(OR=2.01,95%CI: 1.15～3.50)、食用腌泡菜≥3次/周(OR=2.19,95%CI: 1.48～3.23)、食用腊制食品≥2个月/年(OR=4.12,95%CI: 2.59～6.55)、经常食用脂肪及糖类食物(1～2种OR=1.97,95%CI: 1.03～3.76;3～5种OR=3.41,95%CI: 1.68～6.93)和结直肠癌家族史(OR=3.46,95%CI: 1.37～8.75)是结直肠癌的危险因素,而经常饮茶(OR=0.61, 95%CI: 0.40~0.94)、经常运动(OR=0.36,95%CI: 0.23～0.56)、食用豆类及豆制品≥3次/周(OR=0.46,95%CI: 0.28～0.75)是结直肠癌的保护因素。经常食用脂肪及糖类食物在结肠癌的发生中作用突出(1～2种OR=7.53,95%CI: 1.75～32.34;3～5种OR=10.57,95%CI: 2.38～46.95),未发现在直肠癌发生中起作用。结论 饮食习惯、生活方式可能与结直肠癌的发生有关,应通过开展健康教育等方式进行干预,积极倡导群众适当运动,平衡膳食,以预防结直肠癌的发生。     

Association of Dietary Pattern during Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Cohort Study in Northern China

Objective To examine the association of maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in northern China. Methods The dietary intakes of pregnant women were recorded twice by 24-hour dietary recalls for three days prior to having been diagnosed with GDM, at 5-15 and 24-28 gestational weeks, respectively. GDM was diagnosed, and serum glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1c) was measured at 24-28 weeks. Dietary patterns were assessed by factor analysis. The association of the dietary pattern with GDM and Hb A1c was examined by multiple logistic models. Results Of 753 participants, 64 (8.5%) were diagnosed with GDM. Four dietary patterns were identified: Western pattern (dairy, baked/fried food and white meat), traditional pattern (light-colored vegetables, fine grain, red meat and tubers), mixed pattern (edible fungi, shrimp/shellfish and red meat) and prudent pattern (dark-colored vegetables and deep-sea fish). Compared with the prudent pattern, both the Western pattern and the traditional pattern were associated with an increased risk of GDM (a OR = 4.40, 95% CI: 1.58-12.22; a OR = 4.88, 95% CI: 1.79-13.32) and a high level of Hb A1c (a OR = 12.37, 95% CI: 1.47-103.91; a OR = 26.23, 95% CI: 2.54-270.74). Compared to the lowest quartile (Q), Q3 of the Western pattern scores and Q3-Q4 of the traditional pattern scores were associated with a higher risk of GDM. Conclusion The consumption of the Western pattern or the traditional pattern during pregnancy may increase the risk of GDM.     

Environmental and Psycho-social Factors Related to Prostate Cancer Risk in the Chinese Population:a Case-control Study

Objective To study the risk environmental and psycho-social factors associated to prostate cancer （PCa） in Chinese population. Methods 250 PCa patients and 500 controls were enrolled in this case-control study. Information was collected and logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratios （OR） and 95% confidence intervals （95% CI） for relationship between lifestyle, eating habits and psycho-social factors with PCa risk. Results Green vegetables and green tea were associated with a decreased risk of PCa （0R=0.39, 95% CI： 0.28-0.53; 0R=0.59, 95% Cl： 0.40-0.87, respectively）. Family history of PCa （0R=7.16, 95% CI： 2.01-25.49）, history of prostate diseases （0R=2.28, 95% Cl： 1.53-3.41）, alcohol consumption （0R=1.97, 95% CI： 1.33-2.90）, red meat consumption （0R=1.74, 95% CI： 1.20-2.52）, barbecued （0R=2.29, 95% CI： 1.11-4.73） or fried （0R=2.35, 95% CI： 1.24-4.43） foods were related with increased PCa risk. Negative psycho-social factors including occupational setbacks （0R=1.61, 95% CI： 2.00-2.59）, marital separation （0R=1.94, 95% CI： 1.29-2.91）, self-contained suffering {0R=2.37, 95% CI： 1.58-3.55）, and high sensitivity to the personal comments （0R=1.73, 95% CI： 1.18-2.54） were related to PCa. Conclusion Regular consumption of green vegetables and green tea may suggest protective effects on PCa. Alcohol consumption, red meat consumption and barbecued or fried foods were associated with PCa. Negative psycho-social factors may also play a role in the incidence of PCa in Chinese population.     

Dietary sodium intake and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease in overweight adults

CONTEXT: Dietary sodium is positively associated with blood pressure, and ecological and animal studies both have suggested that high dietary sodium intake increases stroke mortality. OBJECTIVE: To examine the risk of cardiovascular disease associated with dietary sodium intake in overweight and nonoverweight persons. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The first National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Epidemiologic Follow-up Study, conducted in 1982-1984, 1986, 1987, and 1992. PARTICIPANTS: Of those aged 25 to 74 years when the survey was conducted in 1971 -1975 (14407 participants), a total of 2688 overweight and 6797 nonoverweight persons were included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Dietary sodium and energy intake were estimated at baseline using a single 24-hour dietary recall method. Incidence and mortality data for cardiovascular disease were obtained from medical records and death certificates. RESULTS: For overweight and nonoverweight persons, over an average of 19 years of follow-up, the total number of documented cases were as follows: 680 stroke events (210 fatal), 1727 coronary heart disease events (614 fatal), 895 cardiovascular disease deaths, and 2486 deaths from all causes. Among overweight persons with an average energy intake of 7452 kJ, a 100 mmol higher sodium intake was associated with a 32% increase (relative risk [RR], 1.32; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.64; P = .01) in stroke incidence, 89% increase (RR, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.31-2.74; P<.001) in stroke mortality, 44% increase (RR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.14-1.81; P = .002) in coronary heart disease mortality, 61% increase (RR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.32-1.96; P<.001) in cardiovascular disease mortality, and 39% increase (RR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.23-1.58; P<.001) in mortality from all causes. Dietary sodium intake was not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease risk in nonoverweight persons. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis indicates that high sodium intake is strongly and independently associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in overweight persons.     

高尿酸血症在北京地区1997人中的患病情况及相关因素分析

目的调查人群中高尿酸血症的患病率并对其相关因素进行分析。方法对1997名体检人群进行横断面调查,通过Logistic多元回归模型分析与高尿酸血症相关的人口学特征、饮食和生活习惯及临床指标。结果该人群中男性高尿酸血症的患病人数163例,占13．8％;女性46例,占6．0％。Logistic多元回归模型显示男性、少数民族（回族）、肾功能重度受损、使用利尿剂、超重／肥胖、高血压、高甘油三脂血症与高尿酸血症的危险性升高相关,而退休与高尿酸血症的危险性降低相关。结论男性、少数民族（回族）、肾功能重度受损、使用利尿剂、超重／肥胖、高血压、高甘油三酯血症可能是高尿酸血症的危险因素;退休可能是保护因素。     

Prevalence of smoking and drinking habits among Form Six students in Petaling District, Selangor

Smoking and alcohol intake patterns may persist from adolescence to adulthood. The aims of this study are to determine the prevalence and factors associated with smoking and drinking habits among Form Six students. This was a cross-sectional study conducted in January 2003 among Form Six students from government schools in the Petaling District, Selangor. A hundred and thirty six self-administered questionnaires were distributed to students selected through multistage stratified sampling. Response rate in this study was 90.1% (136/151). The respondents were mainly Chinese 60 (44.1%) and female 88 (64.7%). The prevalence of smoking was 22.8%, whereas the prevalence of alcohol intake was 47.8%. Only 33.1% of the respondents practiced undetermined activities and 1.5% have undetermined characters. There were significant associations between smoking and males (Adjusted OR 2.56, 95% CI 1.02-6.43) and smoking and alcohol intake (Adjusted OR 2.74, 95% CI 1.11-6.78). Alcohol intake has significant negative association with Malays (Adjusted OR 0.83, 95% CI 0.03-0.27). Smoking habits among adolescents were associated with males and alcohol intake. However, only alcohol intake was negatively associated with Malays. Program interventions to reduce behavioral problems, particularly smoking and alcohol intake should be emphasized.     

江苏省一般人群口腔扁平苔藓的临床特征及危险因素

目的：探讨江苏省一般人群口腔扁平苔藓（oral lichen planus,OLP）的临床特征及相关的危险因素,为OLP的诊断和预防提供理论依据。方法：采用病例对照的研究设计,在2017年1月—2018年6月于南京医科大学附属口腔医院纳入177例OLP患者为病例组,同时于体检中心招募207例健康体检者为对照组。收集所有研究对象的流行病学资料并对其进行口腔检查。逐步Logistic回归分析OLP的相关危险因素。结果：177例OLP患者中,36.72%（65/177）为糜烂型,颊黏膜（86.44%,153/177）是最主要的累及部位,最常见的症状为进食辛辣食物疼痛感（77.84%,137/176）。逐步Logistic回归分析结果显示,既往伤心事史（OR=2.81,95%CI：1.30~6.04）、失眠（OR=3.49,95%CI：1.56~7.79）、内分泌/代谢紊乱（OR=3.27,95%CI：1.22~8.80）和牙齿尖锐边缘（OR=56.04,95%CI：6.16~509.65）是OLP发生的独立危险因素,高学历是OLP的保护因素（高中：OR=0.42,95%CI：0.18~0.99;大专及以上：OR=0.08,95%CI：0.03~0.18）。结论：OLP最主要的累及部位是颊黏膜,最常见的症状为进食辛辣食物疼痛感。应重点监测失眠患者、内分泌/代谢紊乱患者、受教育程度较低人群和具有牙齿尖锐边缘人群的OLP患病情况。     

上海市长宁区学龄儿童消化不良症状发生情况及其与膳食模式的关联研究

为调查上海市长宁区学龄儿童消化不良症状的发生情况,研究膳食模式对其影响,于2019年9月采用整群抽样方法从长宁区5所小学选择304名7～11岁健康儿童,使用问卷调查基本信息、生活习惯、食物消费情况和消化不良症状的发生情况.采用因子分析提取膳食模式,通过Logistic回归分析膳食模式与学龄儿童消化不良症状的关系.半年内...     

孕期进餐频率与孕期过度增重及新生儿出生体质量关系的队列研究

目的探讨孕期进餐频率与孕期过度增重及新生儿出生体质量的关系。 方法采用前瞻性队列研究,选取2015年4～10月就诊于四川大学华西第二医院的578例健康孕早期孕妇作为调查对象,并追踪随访至分娩。分别于孕早、中、晚期通过问卷调查收集孕妇的膳食摄入和体力活动资料,孕妇增重情况和新生儿胎龄、体质量等信息。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析孕期孕妇进餐频率与孕期过度增重及适龄胎龄儿的关系,采用多重线性回归模型分析孕期孕妇进餐频率与新生儿出生体质量的关系。 结果最终纳入503例孕妇。在调整年龄、教育年限、家庭人均月收入、体力活动、怀孕次数、生产次数和膳食摄入（蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物）后,与孕早期进餐总次数和加餐次数低值相比,孕早期进餐总次数和加餐次数高值可增加孕期过度增重的发生风险（进餐总次数:OR=2.03;95%CI:1.18~3.47;加餐次数:OR=1.84;95%CI:1.08~3.15）;与孕早期正餐次数为3次相比,孕早期正餐次数多于或少于3次可增加不适龄胎龄儿（小于胎龄儿和大于胎龄儿）的发生风险（多于3次:OR=2.83;95%CI:1.07~4.58;少于3次:OR=1.92;95%CI:1.08~3.61）。孕早期正餐次数与新生儿出生体质量呈正相关（β=236.17;P<0.001）。孕中期、孕晚期均未发现相关性。结论孕早期孕妇进餐频率与孕期过度增重和新生儿出生体质量有关,孕早期每日3次正餐有利于正常新生儿体质量。     

中国0～18岁人群特应性皮炎患病率及影响因素的meta分析

目的:系统评价我国0～18岁人群特应性皮炎患病情况。方法:计算机检索数据库(中国知网、万方、维普、SinoMed、PubMed、Embase、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library),搜集我国0～18岁人群特应性皮炎患病率及影响因素相关的文献至2022年3月8日。由两位研究者独立筛选文献、提取资料及质量评价,对符合标准的文献采用Stata 16.0及Revman 5.4.1软件进行Meta分析。结果:共纳入29篇研究,包括182 656例研究对象,男66 502人,女63 437人。Meta分析结果显示,中国0～18岁人群特应性皮炎总患病率11%[95%CI(9%,12%)]。各影响因素合并值为：家族过敏史[OR=2.6, 95%CI(2.41,2.8)]、年龄[OR=0.89,95%CI(0.85,0.94)]、性别[OR=1.63,95%CI(1.12,2.3)]、父母文化程度高[OR=1.62,95%CI(1.39,1.90)]、孕期母亲吸烟[OR=1.72,95%CI(1.49,2.00)]、怀孕前或孕期装修房屋[OR=0.92,95%CI(0....     

Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in elderly Chinese population in Shenyang of China

Objective The paper aims to evaluate the risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) in elderly Chinese population in Shenyang,a northeast city of China.Methods A case‐control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for the prevalence of AMD.Ninety three AMD patients diagnosed by a complete ophthalmic examination were recruited as cases from the outpatient departments of two eye hospitals in Shenyang,while 108 normal subjects of similar age and sex were recruited as controls.A questi...     

Epidemics of overweight and obesity among growing childhood in China between 1997 and 2009: Impact of Family Income,Dietary Intake,and Physical Activity Dynamics

Background:Obesity has become a major health problem among children and adolescents worldwide.This study aimed to examine the trends of overweight and obesity among childhood in China and assess their ...