The Role of Sintering Temperature and Dual Metal Substitutions (Al3+, Ti4+) in the Development of NASICON-Structured Electrolyte

The aim of this study is to synthesize Li_1+xAl_xTi_xSn_2−2x(PO₄) sodium super ion conductor (NASICON) -based ceramic solid electrolyte and to study the effect of dual metal substitution on the electrical and structural properties of the electrolyte. The performance of the electrolyte is analyzed based on the sintering temperature (550 to 950 °C) as well as the composition. The trend of XRD results reveals the presence of impurities in the sample, and from Rietveld Refinement, the purest sample is achieved at a sintering temperature of 950 °C and when x = 0.6. The electrolytes obey Vegard′s Law as the addition of Al³⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ provide linear relation with cell volume, which signifies a random distribution. The different composition has a different optimum sintering temperature at which the highest conductivity is achieved when the sample is sintered at 650 °C and x = 0.4. Field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) analysis showed that higher sintering temperature promotes the increment of grain boundaries and size. Based on energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, x = 0.4 produced the closest atomic percentage ratio to the theoretical value. Electrode polarization is found to be at maximum when x = 0.4, which is determined from dielectric analysis. The electrolytes follow non-Debye behavior as it shows a variety of relaxation times.     

Molybdenum Oxide Nanoparticle Aggregates Grown by Chemical Vapor Transport

In this study, the advanced chemical vapor transport (CVT) method in combination with the quenching effect is introduced for creating molybdenum oxide nanoparticle arrays, composed of the hierarchical structure of fine nanoparticles (NPs), which are vertically grown with a homogeneous coverage on the individual carbon fibers of carbon fiber paper (CFP) substrates. The obtained molybdenum oxide NPs hold a metastable high-temperature γ-Mo₄O₁₁ phase along with a stable α-MoO₃ phase by the quenching effect. Furthermore, such a quenching effect forms thinner and smaller nanoparticle aggregates by suppressing the growth and coalescence of primary particles. The molybdenum oxide nanoparticle aggregates are prepared using two different types of precursors: MoO₃ and a 1:1 (mol/mol) mixture of MoO₃ and activated carbon. The results characterized using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy show that the relative amount of α-MoO₃ to γ-Mo₄O₁₁ within the prepared NPs is dependent on the precursor type; a lower amount of α-MoO₃ to γ-Mo₄O₁₁ is obtained in the NPs prepared using the mixed precursor of MoO₃ and carbon. This processing–structure landscape study can serve as the groundwork for the development of high-performance nanomaterials in various electronic and catalytic applications.     

New Solid Solution and Phase Equilibria in the Subsolidus Area of the Three-Component CuO–V2O5–Ta2O5 Oxide System

The results of the study of the three-component system of CuO–V₂O₅–Ta₂O₅ oxides showed, inter alia, that in the air atmosphere in one of its cross-sections, i.e., in the CuV₂O₆–CuTa₂O₆ system, a new substitutional solid solution with the general formula CuTa_2−xV_xO₆ and homogeneity range for x > 0.0 and x ≤ 0.3 is formed. The influence of the degree of incorporation of V⁵⁺ ions into the CuTa₂O₆ crystal lattice in place of Ta⁵⁺ ions on the unit cell volume, thermal stability and IR spectra of the obtained solid solution was determined. Moreover, the value of the band gap energy of the CuTa_2−xV_xO₆ solid solution was estimated in the range of 0.0 < x ≤ 0.3, and on this basis, the new solid solution was classified as a semiconductor. On the basis of the research results, the studied system of CuO–V₂O₅–Ta₂O₅ oxides was also divided into 12 subsidiary subsystems.     

Detailed Inspection of γ-ray,Fast and Thermal Neutrons Shielding Competence of Calcium Oxide or Strontium Oxide Comprising Bismuth Borate Glasses

For both the B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-CaO and B₂O₃-Bi₂O₃-SrO glass systems, γ-ray and neutron attenuation qualities were evaluated. Utilizing the Phy-X/PSD program, within the 0.015–15 MeV energy range, linear attenuation coefficients (µ) and mass attenuation coefficients (μ/ρ) were calculated, and the attained μ/ρ quantities match well with respective simulation results computed by MCNPX, Geant4, and Penelope codes. Instead of B₂O₃/CaO or B₂O₃/SrO, the Bi₂O₃ addition causes improved γ-ray shielding competence, i.e., rise in effective atomic number (Z_eff) and a fall in half-value layer (HVL), tenth-value layer (TVL), and mean free path (MFP). Exposure buildup factors (EBFs) and energy absorption buildup factors (EABFs) were derived using a geometric progression (G–P) fitting approach at 1–40 mfp penetration depths (PDs), within the 0.015–15 MeV range. Computed radiation protection efficiency (RPE) values confirm their excellent capacity for lower energy photons shielding. Comparably greater density (7.59 g/cm³), larger μ, μ/ρ, Z_eff, equivalent atomic number (Z_eq), and RPE, with the lowest HVL, TVL, MFP, EBFs, and EABFs derived for 30B₂O₃-60Bi₂O₃-10SrO (mol%) glass suggest it as an excellent γ-ray attenuator. Additionally, 30B₂O₃-60Bi₂O₃-10SrO (mol%) glass holds a commensurably bigger macroscopic removal cross-section for fast neutrons (Σ_R) (=0.1199 cm⁻¹), obtained by applying Phy-X/PSD for fast neutrons shielding, owing to the presence of larger wt% of ‘Bi’ (80.6813 wt%) and moderate ‘B’ (2.0869 wt%) elements in it. 70B₂O₃-5Bi₂O₃-25CaO (mol%) sample (B: 17.5887 wt%, Bi: 24.2855 wt%, Ca: 11.6436 wt%, and O: 46.4821 wt%) shows high potentiality for thermal or slow neutrons and intermediate energy neutrons capture or absorption due to comprised high wt% of ‘B’ element in it.     

The Dielectric Constant of Ba6−3x(Sm1−yNdy)8+2xTi18O54 (x = 2/3) Ceramics for Microwave Communication by Linear Regression Analysis

The electronics related to the fifth generation mobile communication technology (5G) are projected to possess significant market potential. High dielectric constant microwave ceramics used as filters and resonators in 5G have thus attracted great attention. The Ba_6−3x(Sm_1−yNd_y)_8+2xTi₁₈O₅₄ (x = 2/3) ceramic system has aroused people’s interest due to its underlying excellent microwave dielectric properties. In this paper, the relationships between the dielectric constant, Nd-doped content, sintering temperature and the density of Ba_6−3x(Sm_1−yNd_y)_8+2xTi₁₈O₅₄ (x = 2/3) ceramics were studied. The linear regression equation was established by statistical product and service solution (SPSS) data analysis software, and the factors affecting the dielectric constant have been analyzed by using the enter and stepwise methods, respectively. It is found that the model established by the stepwise method is practically significant with Y = −71.168 + 6.946x₁ + 25.799x₃, where Y, x₁ and x₃ represent the dielectric constant, Nd content and the density, respectively. According to this model, the influence of density on the dielectric constant is greater than that of Nd doping concentration. We bring the linear regression analysis method into the research field of microwave dielectric ceramics, hoping to provide an instructive for the optimization of ceramic technology.     

Mechanical and Thermal Dehydrogenation of the Mechano-Chemically Synthesized Calcium Alanate (Ca(AlH4)2) and Lithium Chloride (LiCl) Composite

LiAlH₄ and CaCl₂ were employed for mechano-chemical activation synthesis (MCAS) of Ca(AlH₄)₂ and LiCl hydride composite. After short ball milling time, their X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks are clearly observed. After ball milling for a longer duration than 0.5 h, the CaAlH₅ diffraction peaks are observed which indicates that Ca(AlH₄)₂ starts decomposing during ball milling into CaAlH₅+Al+1.5H₂. It is estimated that less than 1 wt % H₂ was mechanically dehydrogenated in association with decomposition reaction. After 2.5 h of ball milling, no Ca(AlH₄)₂ diffraction peaks were observed on XRD patterns which suggests that Ca(AlH₄)₂ was decomposed. Thermal behavior of ball milled powders, which was investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicates that a certain fraction of Ca(AlH₄)₂ could have been disordered/amorphized during ball milling being undetectable by XRD. The apparent activation energy for the decomposition of Ca(AlH₄)₂ and CaAlH₅ equals 135 kJ/mol and 183 kJ/mol, respectively.     

Oxide Formation during Transpassive Material Removal of Martensitic 42CrMo4 Steel by Electrochemical Machining

The efficiency of material removal by electrochemical machining (ECM) and rim zone modifications is highly dependent on material composition, the chemical surface condition at the break through potential, the electrolyte, the machining parameters and the resulting current densities and local current density distribution at the surfaces. The ECM process is mechanistically determined by transpassive anodic metal dissolution and layer formation at high voltages and specific electrolytic compositions. The mechanisms of transpassive anodic metal dissolution and oxide formation are not fully understood yet for steels such as 42CrMo4. Therefore, martensitic 42CrMo4 was subjected to ECM in sodium nitrate solution with two different current densities and compared to the native oxide of ground 42CrMo4. The material removal rate as well as anodic dissolution and transpassive oxide formation were investigated by mass spectroscopic analysis (ICP-MS) and (angle-resolved) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ((AR)XPS) after ECM. The results revealed the formation of a Fe_3−xO₄ mixed oxide and a change of the oxidation state for iron, chromium and molybdenum, e.g., 25% Fe (II) was present in the oxide at 20.6 A/cm² and was substituted by Fe (III) at 34.0 A/cm² to an amount of 10% Fe (II). Furthermore, ECM processing of 42CrMo4 in sodium nitrate solution was strongly determined by a stationary process with two parallel running steps: 1. Transpassive Fe_3−xO₄ mixed oxide formation/repassivation; as well as 2. dissolution of the transpassive oxide at the metal surface.     

Chemical and Structural Characterization of Amorphous and Crystalline Alumina Obtained by Alternative Sol–Gel Preparation Routes

Aluminum oxide is one of the most commonly used materials in the industry. It is used in the field of catalysis, refractories, and optics. Despite the fact that there are many techniques available, there is still a great challenge in obtaining a material with desired and designed properties. Nevertheless, there is a great flexibility in making customized alumina materials with desired physicochemical properties synthesized by sol–gel methods. This work consists in characterizing the physicochemical properties of sol–gel synthesized aluminum oxide using different sol–gel preparation routes. Three different sols were obtained by using organic precursors and underwent thermal treatment. The structure (Middle Infrared Spectroscopy, Diffused Reflectance Infrared Spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction, Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and microstructure (Scanning Electron Microscopy with Electron Dispersive Spectroscopy) tests of the materials were carried out. The specific surface area was determined by using the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method. Thermal analysis was performed for all the powders, in order to analyze the specific temperature of materials transformation.     

Preparation and Characterization of Magnetite Talc (Fe3O4@Talc) Nanocomposite as an Effective Adsorbent for Cr(VI) and Alizarin Red S Dye

In this work, the adsorption of Cr(VI) ions and the organic dye Alizarin Red S (ARS) was investigated using magnetite talc (Fe₃O₄@Talc) nanocomposite. Different characterization techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to demonstrate the physical and chemical properties of the fabricated Fe₃O₄@Talc nanocomposite. In addition, the adsorption isothermic, kinetic, and thermodynamic properties were illustrated. The results demonstrate that the investigated adsorption processes obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model for Cr(VI) and the Freundlich isotherm model for ARS dye, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 13.5 and 11.76 mg·g⁻¹, respectively, controlled by pseudo second-order kinetics. Regeneration and reusability studies demonstrated that the prepared Fe₃O₄@Talc nanocomposite is a promising and stable adsorbent with considerable reusability potential.     

The Effect of Ca Dopant on the Electrical and Dielectric Properties of BaTi4O9 Sintered Ceramics

The current research examines the impact of Ca²⁺ substitution on the phase and electrical properties of (Ba_1−xCa_x)Ti₄O₉, (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9) sintered pellets synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The as-synthesized samples were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and impedance spectroscopy. The emergence of orthorhombic phase fit into space group Pnmm was revealed by XRD, and the addition of Ca resulted in a considerable shift in grain size. Dielectric properties were determined using an impedance spectroscopy in a wide frequency range from 1MHz to 3 GHz. The dielectric properties i.e., dielectric constant (ε_r) and dielectric loss (tanσ), were measured at 3 GHz frequency. The frequency-dependent parameters such as conductivity, dielectric constant, and dielectric loss indicated that the relaxation process is a Maxwell–Wagner type of interfacial polarization. The improved dielectric properties and low energy loss have made (Ba_1−xCa_x)Ti₄O₉ a prominent energy storage material. This study provides the possibility to improve its dielectric properties and reduce energy loss, making it an excellent energy storage material.     

Two-Dimensional Cs3Sb2I9−xClx Film with (201) Preferred Orientation for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

All-inorganic Sb-perovskite has become a promising material for solar cell applications owing to its air stability and nontoxic lead-free constitution. However, the poor morphology and unexpected (001) orientation of Sb-based perovskite films strongly hinder the improvement of efficiency. In this work, two-dimensional Cs₃Sb₂Cl_xI_9−x with (201) preferred orientation has been successfully fabricated by introducing thiourea (TU) to the precursor solution. The presence of the C=S functional group in TU regulates the crystallization dynamics of Cs₃Sb₂I_9−xCl_x films and generates the (201) preferred orientation of Cs₃Sb₂Cl_xI_9−x films, which could effectively improve the carrier transport and film morphology. As a result, the Cs₃Sb₂I_9−xCl_x perovskite solar cells (PSCs) delivered a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.22%. Moreover, after being stored in nitrogen at room temperature for 60 days, the devices retained above 87.69% of their original efficiency. This work demonstrates a potential pathway to achieve high-efficiency Sb-based PSCs.     

Preparation and Characterization of Cu and Ni on Alumina Supports and Their Use in the Synthesis of Low-Temperature Metal-Phthalocyanine Using a Parallel-Plate Reactor

Ni- and Cu/alumina powders were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and N₂ physisorption isotherms were also determined. The Ni/Al₂O₃ sample reveled agglomerated (1 μm) of nanoparticles of Ni (30–80 nm) however, NiO particles were also identified, probably for the low temperature during the H₂ reduction treatment (350 °C), the Cu/Al₂O₃ sample presented agglomerates (1–1.5 μm) of nanoparticles (70–150 nm), but only of pure copper. Both surface morphologies were different, but resulted in mesoporous material, with a higher specificity for the Ni sample. The surfaces were used in a new proposal for producing copper and nickel phthalocyanines using a parallel-plate reactor. Phthalonitrile was used and metallic particles were deposited on alumina in ethanol solution with CH₃ONa at low temperatures; ≤60 °C. The mass-transfer was evaluated in reaction testing with a recent three-resistance model. The kinetics were studied with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood model. The activation energy and Thiele modulus revealed a slow surface reaction. The nickel sample was the most active, influenced by the NiO morphology and phthalonitrile adsorption.     

Development of Efficient Photocatalyst MIL-68(Ga)_NH2 Metal-Organic Framework for the Removal of Cr(VI) and Cr(VI)/RhB from Wastewater under Visible Light

Severe environmental pollution is caused by the massive discharge of complex industrial wastewater. The photocatalytic technology has been proved as an effective way to solve the problem, while an efficient photocatalyst is the most critical factor. Herein, a new photocatalyst MIL-68(Ga)_NH₂ was obtained by hydrothermal synthesis and were characterized by PXRD, FTIR, ¹H NMR, and TGA systematically. The result demonstrates that MIL-68(Ga)_NH₂ crystallized in orthorhombic system and Cmcm space group with the unit cell parameters: a = 36.699 Å, b = 21.223 Å, c = 6.75 Å, V = 5257.6 ų, which sheds light on the maintenance of the crystal structure of the prototype material after amino modification. The conversion of Cr(VI) and binary pollutant Cr(VI)/RhB in wastewater under visible light stimulation was characterized by the UV-vis DRS. Complementary experimental results indicate that MIL-68(Ga)_NH₂ exhibits remarkable photocatalytic activity for Cr(VI) and the degradation rate reaches as high as 98.5% when pH = 2 and ethanol as hole-trapping agent under visible light irradiation with good reusability and stability. Owing to the synergistic effect between Cr(VI) and RhB in the binary pollutant system, MIL-68(Ga)_NH₂ exhibits excellent catalytic activity for both the pollutants, the degradation efficiency of Cr(VI) and RhB was up to 95.7% and 94.6% under visible light irradiation for 120 min, respectively. The possible removal mechanism of Cr(VI)/RhB based on MIL-68(Ga)_NH₂ was explored. In addition, Ga-based MOF was applied in the field of photocatalytic treatment of wastewater for the first time, which broadened the application of MOF materials in the field of photocatalysis.     

Characterization of Al2O3 Samples and NiAl–Al2O3 Composite Consolidated by Pulse Plasma Sintering

The paper describes an investigation of Al₂O₃ samples and NiAl–Al₂O₃ composites consolidated by pulse plasma sintering (PPS). In the experiment, several methods were used to determine the properties and microstructure of the raw Al₂O₃ powder, NiAl–Al₂O₃ powder after mechanical alloying, and samples obtained via the PPS. The microstructural investigation of the alumina and composite properties involves scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The relative densities were investigated with helium pycnometer and Archimedes method measurements. Microhardness analysis with fracture toughness (K_IC) measures was applied to estimate the mechanical properties of the investigated materials. Using the PPS technique allows the production of bulk Al₂O₃ samples and intermetallic ceramic composites from the NiAl–Al₂O₃ system. To produce by PPS method the NiAl–Al₂O₃ bulk materials initially, the composite powder NiAl–Al₂O₃ was obtained by mechanical alloying. As initial powders, Ni, Al, and Al₂O₃ were used. After the PPS process, the final composite materials consist of two phases: Al₂O₃ located within the NiAl matrix. The intermetallic ceramic composites have relative densities: for composites with 10 wt.% Al₂O₃ 97.9% and samples containing 20 wt.% Al₂O₃ close to 100%. The hardness of both composites is equal to 5.8 GPa. Moreover, after PPS consolidation, NiAl–Al₂O₃ composites were characterized by high plasticity. The presented results are promising for the subsequent study of consolidation composite NiAl–Al₂O₃ powder with various initial contributions of ceramics (Al₂O₃) and a mixture of intermetallic–ceramic composite powders with the addition of ceramics to fabricate composites with complex microstructures and properties. In composites with complex microstructures that belong to the new class of composites, in particular, the synergistic effect of various mechanisms of improving the fracture toughness will be operated.     

Oxygen Vacancy Formation and Migration within the Antiphase Boundaries in Lanthanum Scandate-Based Oxides: Computational Study

The atomic structure of antiphase boundaries in Sr-doped lanthanum scandate (La_1−xSr_xScO_3−δ) perovskite, promising as the proton conductor, was modelled by means of DFT method. Two structural types of interfaces formed by structural octahedral coupling were constructed: edge- and face-shared. The energetic stability of these two interfaces was investigated. The mechanisms of oxygen vacancy formation and migration in both types of interfaces were modelled. It was shown that both interfaces are structurally stable and facilitate oxygen ionic migration. Oxygen vacancy formation energy in interfaces is lower than that in the regular structure, which favours the oxygen vacancy segregation within such interfaces. The calculated energy profile suggests that both types of interfaces are advantageous for oxygen ion migration in the material.     

Th(IV) Adsorption onto Oxidized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Presence of Hydroxylated Fullerene and Carboxylated Fullerene

The adsorption of Th(IV) onto the surface of oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (oMWCNTs) in the absence and presence of hydroxylated fullerene (C₆₀(OH)_n) and carboxylated fullerene (C₆₀(C(COOH)₂)_n) has been investigated. C₆₀(OH)_n, C₆₀(C(COOH)₂)_n and oMWCNTs have been chosen as model phases because of their representative in carbon nano-materials family. Adsorption experiments were performed by batch procedure as a function of contact time, pH, ionic strength, and temperature. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of Th(IV) was rapidly reached equilibrium and the kinetic process could be described by a pseudo-second-order rate model very well. Th(IV) adsorption on oMWCNTs was dependent on pH but independent on ionic strength. Adsorption isotherms were correlated better with the Langmuir model than with the Freundlich model. The thermodynamic parameters calculated from temperature-dependent adsorption isotherms suggested that Th(IV) adsorption on oMWCNTs was spontaneous and endothermic. Compared with the adsorption of Th(IV) on the same oMWCNTs free of C₆₀(OH)_n or C₆₀(C(COOH)₂)_n, the study of a ternary system showed the inhibition effect of C₆₀(OH)_n at high concentration on the adsorption of Th(IV) in a pH range from neutral to slightly alkaline; whereas the promotion effect of C₆₀(C(COOH)₂)_n, even at its low concentration, on Th(IV) adsorption was observed in acid medium.     

(Cr1−xAlx)N Coating Deposition by Short-Pulse High-Power Dual Magnetron Sputtering

The paper deals with the (Cr_1−xAl_x)N coating containing 17 to 54 % Al which is deposited on AISI 430 stainless steel stationary substrates by short-pulse high-power dual magnetron sputtering of Al and Cr targets. The Al/Cr ratio in the coating depends on the substrate position relative to magnetrons. It is shown that the higher Al content in the (Cr_1−xAl_x)N coating improves its hardness from 17 to 28 GPa. Regardless of the Al content, the (Cr_1−xAl_x)N coating manifests a low wear rate, namely (4.1–7.8) × 10⁻⁹ and (3.9–5.3) × 10⁻⁷ mm³N⁻¹m⁻¹ in using metallic (100Cr6) and ceramic (Al₂O₃) counter bodies, respectively. In addition, this coating possesses the friction coefficient 0.4–0.7 and adhesive strength quality HF1 and HF2 indicating good interfacial adhesion according to the Daimler-Benz Rockwell-C adhesion test.     

Synthesis of Nano-Oxide Precipitates by Implantation of Ti,Y and O Ions in Fe-10%Cr: Towards an Understanding of Precipitation in Oxide Dispersion-Strengthened (ODS) Steels

The properties of oxide dispersion-strengthened steels are highly dependent on the nature and size distribution of their constituting nano-oxide precipitates. A fine control of the processes of synthesis would enable the optimization of pertinent properties for use in various energy systems. This control, however, requires knowledge of the precise mechanisms of nucleation and growth of the nanoprecipitates, which are still a matter of debate. In the present study, nano-oxide precipitates were produced via the implantation of Y, Ti, and O ions in two different sequential orders in an Fe-10%Cr matrix that was subsequently thermally annealed. The results show that the oxides that precipitate are not necessarily favoured thermodynamically, but rather result from complex kinetics aspects related to the interaction between the implanted elements and induced defects. When Y is implanted first, the formation of nanoprecipitates with characteristics similar to those in conventionally produced ODS steels, especially with a core/shell structure, is evidenced. In contrast, when implantation starts with Ti, the precipitation of yttria during subsequent high-temperature annealing is totally suppressed, and corundum Cr₂O₃ precipitates instead. Moreover, the systematic involvement of {110} matrix planes in orientation relationships with the precipitates, independently of the precipitate nature, suggests matrix restriction effects on the early stages of precipitation.     

Development of Calcium Carbonate-Based Coatings by the Carbonation of Gamma-C2S (γ-C2S)

A calcium carbonate (CaCO₃)-based coating with gamma-C₂S (γ-C₂S) as the main carbonatable binder is proposed to protect the metal substrate against corrosion in this paper. Here, the morphology and phase assemblage of the coatings are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and the corrosion resistance of the coating is evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Results show that the carbonated coating has excellent properties in terms of ultraviolet (UV) aging resistance, salt fog resistance, and electrochemical corrosion resistance. The porosity of deposited coating on steel substrates decreases by 47.1% after carbonation due to the compacted calcium carbonate formation, which is recognized as a self-compacting process during carbonation. The coating also exhibits rapid strength development within the first 2 h of carbonation; both the CO₂ uptake efficiency and degree of carbonation (DOC) can reach more than 95% of the total CO₂ uptake efficiency and final DOC values. This study provides a novel insight to extend the category of inorganic coating with additional benefits of CO₂ solidification.