Prognostic Significance of ST Segment Shift Early After Resolution of ST Elevation in Patients With Myocardial Infarction Treated With Thrombolytic Therapy: The GUSTO-I ST Segment Monitoring Substudy

Objectives. We sought to study the relation between recurrent ST segment shift within 6 to 24 h of initial resolution of ST elevation after thrombolytic therapy and 30-day and 1-year mortality.Background. Rapid and stable resolution of ST segment elevation in relation to thrombolytic therapy in patients with an acute myocardial infarction is an indicator of culprit artery patency. Whether recurrence of ST segment shift during continuous ST monitoring after initial resolution is related to poor prognosis has not been studied.Methods. ST segment monitoring was performed within 30 min after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The predictive value of a new ST segment shift (assessed as ≥0.1-mV deviation from the baseline) 6 to 24 h after thrombolytic therapy was studied with respect to 30-day and 1-year mortality.Results. Of 734 patients, 243 had a new ST segment shift (33%). The 30-day mortality rate in patients with an ST shift (7.8%) was significantly higher than that in patients without an ST shift (2.25%, p = 0.001), as was the 1-year mortality rate (10.3% vs. 5.7%, respectively, p = 0.025). Multivariable analysis revealed an independent predictive value of ST shift with respect to 30-day mortality (p = 0.008), even after consideration of multiple clinical risk factors in the overall Global Utilization of Streptokinase and TPA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO)-I mortality model (p = 0.0001). Moreover, the duration of the ST shift bore a direct relation with 1-year mortality (p = 0.008).Conclusions. Detection of ST segment shift early after thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction is a simple, noninvasive means of identifying patients at high risk and is superior to other commonly assessed clinical risk factors. Thus, patients with a new ST shift after the first 6 h, but within 24 h, represent a high risk group that may benefit from more aggressive intervention, whereas patients without evidence of an ST shift represent a low risk subgroup.     

Assessment of Holter ST monitoring for risk stratification in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis.

OBJECTIVES--To evaluate the role of Holter ST monitoring for identifying patients at risk of recurrent ischaemic events after acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis. BACKGROUND--The natural history of myocardial infarction has changed with the introduction of thrombolytic treatment. There is now a lower mortality but a higher incidence of recurrent thrombotic events (reinfarction, unstable angina). Preliminary evidence indicates that Holter ST monitoring may be of prognostic value in patients with acute myocardial infarction, but there are limited data available in patients treated by thrombolysis. METHODS--Prospective observational study of 256 consecutive patients who presented with acute myocardial infarction treated by thrombolysis. All underwent 48 hour Holter ST monitoring early after thrombolysis (mean 83, range 48-180 hours) and were followed up for eight (range three to 12) months. RESULTS--Recurrent ischaemic events occurred in 45 patients (fatal reinfarction 17, non-fatal reinfarction 12, unstable angina 16). Also four patients died as a result of progressive heart failure, and a further 15 patients required revascularisation. Analysis of the Holter data showed that 32% of patients had at least one episode of isolated ST depression (> or = 0.1 mV) and 41% either ST depression or elevation (> or = 0.2 mV). Ischaemic episodes were silent in 95% of cases. Event free survival analysis showed a significant association between Holter findings and recurrent ischaemic events (ST depression: p = 0.009; ST depression or elevation: p = 0.002). The association remained significant when the end point was restricted to fatal or non-fatal reinfarction (ST depression: p = 0.005; ST depression or elevation p = 0.001), the period of greatest risk for patients with an abnormal recording occurred early after investigation. An abnormal Holter recording identified patients at risk of early (within 30 days) reinfarction with 79% sensitivity and 60% specificity. Although positive predictive accuracy was low (11%), a normal Holter recording was associated with 98% negative predictive accuracy. CONCLUSIONS--In patients treated by thrombolysis, ST change on Holter monitoring may be useful for identifying patients at increased risk of recurrent ischaemic events, and in particular early reinfarction.     

Recurrent ischemia after acute myocardial infarction: clinical profile and significance of electrocardiographic ST changes during the attacks]

This study investigated the clinical characteristics of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) complicated by recurrent ischemia, especially relating to the electrocardiographic ST changes during the attacks. Fifty-six patients with AMI were complicated by recurrent ischemia (ischemia group), and 238 were not (non-ischemia group). The ischemia group was preceded by prior episodes of angina or myocardial infarction in 88%, as compared with 65% in the non-ischemia group (p less than 0.05). There were non Q wave infarction in 45% of the ischemia group, and 24% of the non-ischemia group (p less than 0.05). The overall in-hospital mortality rate was similar in the ischemia group (13%) and in the non-ischemia group (17%), although the causes were predominantly pump failure in the former and cardiac rupture in the latter. ST segment elevation occurred in 29 patients and ST depression occurred in 26 patients of the ischemia group during the attacks. Multivessel coronary arterial lesions were more frequently present in the latter subgroup than the former (38% vs 79%, p less than 0.05). The in-hospital cardiac deaths were also more frequently noted in the latter subgroup. Recurrent ischemia after AMI with concomitant electrocardiographic ST depression is a high risk subgroup, and, therefore, aggressive revascularization procedures may be indicated in such cases if suitable.     

墓碑样ST段抬高的急性心肌梗死的再分析

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）墓碑形”段抬高的临床意义。方法根据临床资料将28例心电图呈“墓碑样”改变的AMI患者作为观察组（A组）,选取心电图ST段呈常态改变的AMI患者43例作为对照组（B组）。将两组患者的临床资料进行分析并作统计学处理。结果病变多发于前降支,除天门冬氨酸转氨酶（AST）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）外,心源性休克、AMI后心绞痛、严重心律失常、心力衰竭、≥3个并发症及病死率、肌酸激酶（CK）、肌酸激酶同功酶（CK—MB）A组与B组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论ST段呈墓碑样改变的AMI患者近期预后较凶险。     

Mortality and morbidity of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the current era

BACKGROUND: The mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction has come down considerably in the past three decades. In view of paucity of literature on this issue, present study was done to find out the in-hospital mortality and 30-day event rate in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction presenting to a tertiary care hospital in India. METHODS AND RESULTS: Consecutive patients (n=1320) with the diagnosis of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction admitted in our institution were included in this study. The in-hospital mortality and 30-day event rates (mortality, reinfarction, recurrent angina and heart failure) were analyzed. The mean age of study population was 56+/-13 years. There were 1106 (83.8%) males and 214 (16.2%) females; 569 (43.1%) patients were smokers, 504 (38.2%) patients had hypertension, 531 (40.2%) patients were diabetic and 154 (11.7%) patients had past history of myocardial infarction. Anterior wall infarction was present in 752 (57%) patients, 517 (39.1%) patients had inferior wall infarction, 324 (62.7%) patients had associated right ventricular or posterior wall infarction and 51 (3.9%) patients had antero-inferior infarction; 1093 patients (82.8%) received thrombolytic therapy while 227 patients were not thrombolyzed due to various reasons. Of the total 1320 patients, 223 (16.9%) patients died during in-hospital stay while 1097 patients were discharged from the hospital in stable condition after a mean stay of 5.3+/-3.4 days. Thirty-day event rates of death, reinfarction and recurrent angina following hospital discharge was 18.8% (134/715 patients) and 36 (5%) patients presented with heart failure. CONCLUSIONS: The in-hospital mortality rate of acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in a tertiary care hospital is 16.9%, which is higher compared to reports from the West.     

The influence of the resolution of reciprocal ST segment changes on in-hospital complications of acute myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary angioplasty

We studied 120 patients (M:F 105:15, mean age 57.5 ± l0.l years) with acute myocardial infarction (MI) successfully treated with percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PTCA) to analyze the influence of the resolution of the ST segment elevation and depression after intervention to 1 month composite endpoints of reinfarction or reocclusion, development of congestive heart failure (CF) and death. Sum of preintervention and postintervention ST segment elevation and depression and the rate of resolution of these ST segment elevations and depressions were recorded for every patient. A total of 17 (14.2 %) composite endpoint events (events group) were recorded (7 reocclusion or recurrent MI, 9 CF, and 1 death). On univariate analysis, events group patients were older (53.3 ± 9.9 vs. 58.8 ± 9.1 years, P = 0.032), had lesser resolution of ST segment elevations (85 ± 24 % vs. 44 ± 55%, P = 0.017) and depression (72 ± 26% vs. 52 ± 30%, P = 0.009), had greater preintervention ST segment elevation (17.49 ± 12.95 mm vs. 28.38 ± 20.41 mm, P = 0.045), had lower ejection fraction (59.3 ± 10.2% vs. 43.6 ± 9.4%, P < 0.001), and had more frequent multivessel disease (71% vs. 47%, P = 0.048) compared to the nonevents group. Time from angina to reperfusion, residual stenosis, sex, infarct location and infarct-related vessel distribution were similar. On multivariate analysis (logistic regression with backward likelihood ratio) only older age (P = 0.0752), lesser rate of resolution of ST segment depression (P = 0.0262) and lower ejection fractions (P = 0.0014) were retained as predictors of the composite endpoints. Relative risk conferred by less than 50% resolution of ST segment depressions for composite endpoints were 3.78 (95% CI 1.63–8.73). We conclude that the lack of resolution of the sum of reciprocal ST segment depressions identifies a subgroup of acute MI patients with greater morbidity after primary PTCA. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Diagn. 45:240–245, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

急性心肌梗死墓碑形ST段抬高的临床意义

目的探讨急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction，AMI）墓碑形ST段抬高的临床意义。方法将86例AMI患者以ST段抬高的特征分为两组，墓碑形抬高组36例、其他形抬高组50例。观察两组的一般临床资料（年龄、有否合并糖尿病），并比较两组AMI的发生部位、PCI前心梗后心绞痛、并发症及死亡的发生率、首次CK值、各项心电指标及PCI后心肌缺血再灌注损伤的发生率。结果两组各项临床指标及心电图指标差异均有统计学意义；墓碑形ST段抬高组PCI后心肌缺血再灌注损伤的发生率亦明显高于其他形ST段抬高组。结论墓碑形ST段抬高患者梗死部位特殊而广泛、并发症多、死亡率高、易出现心肌缺血再灌注损伤，对此类患者应高度重视并积极预防心肌缺血再灌注损伤的发生。     

ST segment shifts are poor predictors of subsequent Q wave evolution in acute myocardial infarction. A natural history study of early non-Q wave infarction

Acute ST segment elevation is regarded generally as the sine qua non of evolving Q wave myocardial infarction (MI) because such electrocardiographic (ECG) injury is believed to be a marker of transmural ischemia and a forerunner of transmural necrosis. Alternatively, ST segment depression with or without T wave inversion is viewed as the dominant ECG feature of non-Q wave MI. However, this hypothesis has not been assessed prospectively in an acute MI population. We analyzed 2,304 serial ECGs at study entry (admission), day 2, day 3, and predischarge (mean, 10.2 +/- 2 days) from 576 patients with creatine kinase MB confirmed acute non-Q wave MI to determine what percentage of patients with early ST segment elevation culminated in subsequent Q wave development. Of this group, 187 patients (32%) exhibited 1 mm or greater ST segment elevation in two or more contiguous entry ECG leads. Of those patients whose non-Q wave MI could be localized on the basis of diagnostic admission ST segment shifts, the prevalence of early ST segment elevation was 43% (187 of 439). The sum total mean (+/- SD) peak ST segment elevation by lead group (anterior, inferior, lateral) was 4.0 +/- 2.4, 4.5 +/- 2.4, and 2.5 +/- 0.6 mm, respectively. Despite this, only 20% of patients with ST segment elevation (37 of 187) developed Q waves. Of 252 patients who exhibited early ST segment depression or T wave inversion or both, 39 (15%) evolved subsequent Q waves. Thus, while the prevalence of early ST segment elevation in acute evolving non-Q wave MI was higher than previously reported, 80% of patients with and 85% of patients without ST segment elevation and absent Q waves on the admission ECG did not develop subsequent Q waves during a 2-week period of observation (p = NS). In addition, when patients with ST segment elevation were compared with patients with ST segment depression or T wave inversions or both, there were no between-group differences in log peak creatine kinase (404 vs. 383 IU), reinfarction (6% vs. 8%), postinfarction angina (50% vs. 42%), or early recurrent ischemia (49% vs. 45%), defined as postinfarction angina with transient ECG changes. Thus, in patients who present with initial acute non-Q wave MI, ST segment shifts on admission are unreliable predictors of subsequent Q wave evolution and do not discriminate significant differences in postinfarction outcome. In particular, ST segment elevation during the early hours of evolving infarction is not an invariable harbinger of subsequent Q wave development.     

Risk stratification of patients with non-Q wave myocardial infarction. The critical role of ST segment depression. The Diltiazem Reinfarction Study Research Group

One-year follow-up data on 515 patients who survived hospitalization with MB-creatine kinase-confirmed, acute non-Q wave myocardial infarction were analyzed for factors related to mortality (n = 57) and late reinfarction (n = 64). Twelve of 24 analyzed variables were significantly associated with mortality. Those factors, which were independently predictive of mortality by Cox regression analysis, were persistent ST depression (p = 0.0009), a history of congestive heart failure (CHF) (p = 0.0069), older age (p = 0.0128), and ST elevation at hospital discharge (p = 0.0173). In-hospital reinfarction achieved borderline significance (p = 0.0512). Mortality during the follow-up period was 5.5% in patients with no ST depression, 10.1% in those with ST depression at baseline or discharge, and 22.2% in patients with ST depression at baseline and discharge (i.e., "persistent" ST depression). The age-adjusted risk of mortality for patients with persistent ST depression, discharge-ST elevation, and CHF was 13.99 times as high as was the risk for patients with no ST depression, no discharge-ST elevation, and no CHF. Of the 483 patients with complete electrocardiographic data at both baseline and discharge, 203 (42%) could be stratified into a high risk population with a risk ratio for 1-year mortality more than sevenfold that of patients with no risk factors. Although persistent ST depression was significantly associated with several measures of structural left ventricular damage, the independent significance of ST depression persisted even after adjusting for these factors. The independent predictors of late reinfarction (persistent ST depression, p = 0.0058; Killip class II or III, p = 0.0106; and left ventricular hypertrophy, p = 0.0470) permitted a similar risk stratification. We conclude that 1) easily identified clinical and electrocardiographic factors permit stratification of patients with non-Q wave infarction into high-risk subsets who may benefit from aggressive therapy; 2) ST depression is a highly significant and independent predictor of poor prognosis; and 3) the powerful predictive value of persistent ST depression suggests that non-Q wave myocardial infarction patients with this depression should be viewed as potentially high-risk patients who may be candidates for additional noninvasive testing or early coronary angiography.     

Influence of thrombolytic therapy on inferior acute myocardial infarction with concomitant anterior ST segment depression.

The purposes of this study were to analyze the prognostic significance of precordial ST segment depression and to determine whether thrombolytic therapy is effective for all patients with inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or whether there is a different effectiveness for patients with concomitant anterior ST segment depression persisting for 24 hours or longer. Medical charts of 176 patients were studied. On the basis of ECG the patients were subclassified into three groups according to the presence, persistence, or absence of significant ST segment depression: Group 1: anterior ST segment depression persisting for less than 24 hours (45.4%); Group 2: anterior ST segment depression persisting for more than 24 hours (17.6%); Group 3: no anterior ST segment depression (37%). Age, Killip class, peak creatine kinase, hospital deaths, left ventricular ejection fraction, regional wall motion score, postinfarction angina, and ventricular/supraventricular arrhythmia of all patients were studied. Parameters of the three groups were compared: worse results were found in group 1 and the worst in group 2. This result is independent of thrombolytic therapy. Finally, the same parameters of thrombolyzed and nonthrombolyzed groups were compared: no statistically significant difference was observed. Among thrombolyzed patients the number of those with ST depression lasting more than 24 hours is lower than in nonthrombolyzed patients. It can be assumed that thrombolytic therapy in inferior AMI determines a shifting of patients from a worse prognosis group (ST segment depression persisting for more than 24 hours) to a better prognosis group (ST segment depression persisting for less than 24 hours).     

Adverse Prognosis of ST Depression on the Resting Electrocardiogram in Stable Patients Following Acute Myocardial Infarction

Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the characteristics of stable patients with resting ST segment depression on the resting electrocardiogram (ECG) following an acute ischemic event (i.e., infarction or unstable angina) to better understand its association with subsequent cardiac death and nonfatal infarction. The recent Multicenter Study of Myocardial Ischemia (MSMI) demonstrated that the resting ST segment depression had an independent prognostic value. Methods: We studied clinical features, noninvasive test results and coronary arteriography findings in 99 patients with ST depression on the resting ECG and 837 patients without ST segment depression with respect to endpoints of cardiac death and hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction or unstable angina. Results: Our results showed that patients with resting ECG ST depression were significantly older with a higher incidence of hypertension, angina, claudication, and tobacco use. ST depression on the resting ECG correlated closely with ST segment depression on the 24-hour ambulatory ECG and the exercise ECG but not with redistribution on the thallium perfusion scan. Left ventricular diastolic pressure was higher and exercise duration less in patients with ST depression. Although not achieving statistical significance, patients with ST depression did show more extensive coronary disease and a lower ejection fraction. Conclusions: ECG ST depression was associated with cardiac death and nonfatal reinfarction over the follow-up period only in patients originally admitted with an acute infarction but not in patients hospitalized for unstable angina. The reason for this appears to be an association of ST depression with increased age, the presence of hypertension, the presence of more severe coronary disease, and more extensive myocardial damage.     

急性心肌梗死再灌注后心电图ST段抬高的意义

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者接受经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）治疗心电图ST段持续高与临床预后的关系。方法：AMI患者共30例,比较PTCA前及术后1h12导联心电图抬高ST的总和,按ST段下降幅度分为两组,A组：AT段下降≥50％,B组：ST段下降＜50％。行小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图检查并随访复查超声心动图。结果：AMI发病早期基础状态和负荷状态及发病后第1、2、3个月左室射血分数（LVEF）A组均明显大于B组。多巴酚丁胺负荷状态下主动脉峰值血流加速度、每搏输出量及每搏指数A组明显大于B组。基于状态和负荷状态下总室壁运动积分指数（GWMSI）和梗死区室壁运动积分指数（IWMSI）A组均明显小于B组,AMI发病后1、2、3个月GWMSI A组均明显小于B组。发病第1、2个月IWMSI两组间差异无统计学意义。发病第3个月IWMSI A组明显小于B组。AMI直接PTCA后心电图ST段持续抬高的患者左室收缩功能及收缩储备功能以及梗死区室壁运动的恢复明显低于ST段迅速下降者。     

ST段早期恢复反映急性心肌梗死溶栓治疗后心肌再灌注

目的 比较溶栓再通后早期ST段恢复与未恢复者住院期间临床结局的差异，探讨ST段早期恢复在心肌再灌注中的作用。方法 108例溶栓经酶学等指标临床判定再通的急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者，按照有无早期（溶栓后2h)ST段恢复分为两组。连续测定血清肌酸激酶（CK）水平，了解心肌酶峰出现时间及峰值；放射性核素评估左心室功能。观察4周住院期间充血性心力衰竭（CHF）、室壁瘤、心肌梗死后心绞痛发生情况及病死率。结果 无论是前壁MI还是下壁MI，ST段早期恢复组左心室射血分数均高于未恢复组（P＜0．05）；CK峰值则低于未恢复组（P＜0．05）。住院期间ST段恢复组核素心肌显像充盈缺损、CHF及室壁瘤发生率低，心肌梗死后心绞痛发生率高（P值均小于0.05)。结论 同ST段未恢复组相比，溶栓再通后ST段早期恢复者临床预后好。心电图模式可以反映再灌注程度。     

Significance of initial ST segment changes for thrombolytic treatment in first inferior myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the benefit to risk ratio of thrombolytic treatment in patients with small inferior acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Controlled studies relating the benefit from thrombolysis with initial electrocardiographic features are scarce and of limited sample size. DESIGN: Retrospective study of 728 patients with a first inferior AMI of six hours' duration from the Intravenous Streptokinase in Acute Myocardial Infarction (ISAM) study comparing streptokinase with placebo stratified by the initial sum ST segment elevation (sigma ST) of 0.8 mV or less and greater than 0.8 mV, and 636 patients from the International Joint Efficacy Comparison of Thrombolytics (INJECT) trial comparing double blind streptokinase with reteplase stratified by either sigma ST or the presence of precordial ST segment depression. RESULTS: ISAM study patients with an sigma ST of greater than 0.8 mV had a significant mortality benefit from streptokinase throughout six years, while those with an sigma ST of 0.8 mV or less showed a trend to higher mortality at six months (6.3% streptokinase v 5.1% placebo). Despite significantly smaller infarcts and fewer clinical complications in patients with an sigma ST of 0.8 mV or less (ISAM and INJECT) or the absence of precordial ST segment depression (INJECT) thrombolytic treatment was associated with higher early mortality than in those with initially larger ST segment deviations. CONCLUSION: Thrombolytic treatment in patients with inferior AMI presenting with larger ST segment deviations is associated with improved survival throughout six years. The risk to benefit ratio, however, in terms of early mortality in patients who have an sigma ST of 0.8 mV or less and no precordial ST segment depression may be unfavourable.     

墓碑形ST段抬高对心肌梗死范围及近期预后的影响

目的　探讨心电图墓碑形 ST段抬高对心肌梗死范围及预后的影响。方法　根据心电图 ST段抬高形式 ,将170例急性 ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者分为墓碑形组 5 2例 ,非墓碑形组 118例 ,比较两组心电图 ST段抬高振幅、QRS记分、血清肌酸激酶 (CK )及其同工酶 (CK - MB)峰值 ,并对其 4周内心脏事件进行分析。结果　墓碑形组 ST段抬高的振幅、QRS记分、CK和 CK- MB峰值均显著高于非墓碑形组 (P<0 .0 1)。墓碑形组心源性休克、心力衰竭、心室颤动和病死率分别为 11.5 4 %、4 2 .31%、2 6 .92 %和 19.2 3%,均高于非墓碑形组 2 .5 4 %、2 4 .5 8%、12 .71%和6 .78%(P<0 .0 5 )。 L ogistic回归分析结果显示 ,墓碑形 ST段抬高与心源性休克、心力衰竭、心室颤动和死亡危险独立相关 (OR分别为 1.880、1.5 73、2 .2 75和 3.0 6 4 ;均 P<0 .0 5 )。结论　墓碑形 ST段抬高提示心肌梗死范围大 ,是预后不良的独立预测指标。     

The effect of tirofiban on ST segment resolution in patients with non-ST elevated myocardial infarction

ST segment resolution in ST elevated myocardial infarction has independent predictive value for congestive heart failure and death at 30 days. ST segment depression in unstable angina pectoris (UAP) and non-ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) predicts high risk of MI and death and may discriminate patients likely to have greater benefit from aggressive antithrombotic and interventional therapy. This study assessed the effect of tirofiban added to conventional treatment on ST segment resolution in NSTEMI patients. Sixty-four patients were randomized to one of the two groups: 32 patients received conventional treatment while tirofiban was added in the second group of 32 patients. In the first group, 6 patients refused to participate further after giving initial informed consent while 1 patient in the tirofiban group dropped out. We had 26 patients (mean age, 59 years) in the conventional treatment group and 31 patients (mean age, 59 years) received also tirofiban. Tirofiban was administered by intravenous infusion over a 72 hour period. More than 50% regression of depression was considered to be ST segment resolution. The characteristics of the two groups were comparable (Table I). The ST segment resolution evolution did not differ at the 4th and 24th hours between the two groups. Significant differences occurred in the 72nd hour ECG (Table III). ST resolution was present in 67.9% of the tirofiban patients and in 32.1% of the conventional treatment group (P < 0.05). Tirofiban treatment was not associated with an increase in major bleeding even though there was a trend toward an increase in minor bleeding cases and did not influence the occurrence of refractory angina pectoris.     

Submaximal exercise testing early after myocardial infarction. Prognostic importance of exercise induced ST segment elevation

Seventy four patients (66 men, eight women; mean age 54.3 years) underwent submaximal exercise testing 7-23 days (mean 10.7) after acute myocardial infarction. Follow up was a mean period of 11.3 months. When compared with patients with no exercise induced abnormality, ST segment elevation, ST shift (depression or elevation or both), ST depression, inability to complete five metabolic equivalents, and inadequate blood pressure response to exercise were predictive of subsequent cardiac events (cardiac death, left ventricular failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, angina). When the presence or absence of specific variables was assessed, only ST elevation and ST shift predicted subsequent cardiac events. The presence of exercise induced ST elevation was the only exercise test variable which predicted cardiac death. ST segment elevation was, therefore, the exercise induced abnormality which best predicted the risk of future complications.     

Submaximal exercise testing early after myocardial infarction. Prognostic importance of exercise induced ST segment elevation.

Seventy four patients (66 men, eight women; mean age 54.3 years) underwent submaximal exercise testing 7-23 days (mean 10.7) after acute myocardial infarction. Follow up was a mean period of 11.3 months. When compared with patients with no exercise induced abnormality, ST segment elevation, ST shift (depression or elevation or both), ST depression, inability to complete five metabolic equivalents, and inadequate blood pressure response to exercise were predictive of subsequent cardiac events (cardiac death, left ventricular failure, recurrent myocardial infarction, angina). When the presence or absence of specific variables was assessed, only ST elevation and ST shift predicted subsequent cardiac events. The presence of exercise induced ST elevation was the only exercise test variable which predicted cardiac death. ST segment elevation was, therefore, the exercise induced abnormality which best predicted the risk of future complications.     

The significance of persistent ST elevation versus early resolution of ST segment elevation after primary PTCA

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of early ST segment elevation resolution after primary percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI).

BACKGROUND

Despite angiographically successful restoration of coronary flow early during AMI, adequate myocardial reperfusion might not occur in a substantial portion of the jeopardized myocardium due to microvascular damage. This phenomenon comprises the potentially beneficial effect of early recanalization of the infarct related artery (IRA).

METHODS

Included in the study were 117 consecutive patients who underwent angiographically successful [Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI III)] primary PTCA. The patients were classified based on the presence or absence of reduction ≥50% in ST segment elevation in an ECG performed immediately upon return to the intensive cardiac care unit after the PTCA in comparison with ECG before the intervention.

RESULTS

Eighty-nine patients (76%) had early ST segment elevation resolution (Group A) and 28 patients (24%) did not (Group B). Group A and B had similar clinical and hemodynamic features before referring to primary PTCA, as well as similar angiographic results. Despite this, ST segment elevation resolution was associated with better predischarge left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (44.7 ± 8.0 vs. 38.2 ± 8.5, p < 0.01). Group B patients, as compared with those of Group A, had a higher incidence of in-hospital mortality (11% vs. 2%, p = 0.088), congestive heart failure (CHF) [28% vs. 19%, odds ratio (OR) = 4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1 to 15, p = 0.04], higher long-term mortality (OR = 7.3, 95% CI 1.9 to 28, p = 0.004 with Cox proportional hazard regression analysis) and long-term CHF rate (OR = 6.5, 95% CI 1.3 to 33, p = 0.016 with logistic regression).

CONCLUSIONS

Absence of early ST segment elevation resolution after angiographically successful primary PTCA identifies patients who are less likely to benefit from the early restoration of flow in the IRA, probably because of microvascular damage and subsequently less myocardial salvage.     

前列地尔对稳定性心绞痛患者介入治疗术中无复流的影响

目的探讨前列地尔对稳定性心绞痛患者PCI中无复流患者心功能的影响。方法将患稳定性心绞痛、且行PCI术中出现TIMI血流<3级及术中ST段抬高或下移的患者共44例,分为治疗组25例和对照组19例,治疗组(前列地尔脂微球载体制剂10μg);对照组(硝酸甘油200μg)。2组在给药前后记录心电图,比较相关导联ST段的变化;观察术后1个月内心血管事件的发生率。结果治疗组ST段回落≥50%为92.5%,对照组为70.0%;治疗组临床有效率为70.0%,对照组为40.0%(P<0.05)。治疗组心血管事件发生率较对照组降低(P<0.05)。结论前列地尔可改善PCI术中无复流患者左心室功能,减少术后1个月内心血管事件的发生率。