种植体直径对骨界面应力分布影响的三维有限元分析

目的：种植直径对种植体骨界面应力的影响,引起了许多学者的关注,国内外研究报告的观点不一。本研究是为了进一步探讨种植体直径对种植体骨界面应力的影响。方法：采用三维有限元的方法对6种不同直径的种植体在受垂直和侧向力时骨界面的应力进行分析。结果：种植体受垂直和水平加载时,随着种植体直径的增加,种植体骨界面的应力值和应和集中值下降,应力趋向均布。结论：增加种植体的直径可以提高种植牙的轴向和侧向的承受力,临床上在选择种植体时,应昼地选择粗直径的种植体。     

支抗种植体外形对骨界面应力分布的影响

目的：探讨三种圆柱状支抗种植体外形差异对骨界面应力分布的影响，以筛选最佳支抗种植体。方法：用三维有限元方法给种植体施加150g近远中方向的载荷，分别对刃状螺纹型、矩形螺纹型及光滑型支抗种植体-骨界面进行应力和位移分析。结果：三种种植体颈部的Von-Mises应力值分别为0．5330MPa、1．1600MPa、0．8900MPa；位移分别为0．1630μm、0．1690μm、0．1460μm。结论：刃状螺纹种植体做支抗时，其颈部应力值最低，而三种种植体颈部的齿槽骨位移差异不显著，敌刃状螺纹型种植体比较适合做支抗种植体。     

正畸力作用方向对支抗种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响

目的：研究正畸力不同作用方向对种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响，以指导临床选择合适方向的正畸载荷。方法：用三维有限元方法给种植体施加150g近远中向、颊舌向及轴向载荷。对支抗种植体一骨界面进行应力分析。结果：三种方向载荷下种植体颈部，(1）Von—Mises应力值分别为：(a)近远中向——0．5330MPa；(b)颊舌向——颊侧为0．51520MPa，舌侧为0．6470MPa；(c)龈he向——颊侧为0．0702MPa，舌侧为0．0791MPa，近远中向为0．0517MPa。(2)位移值分别为：(a)近远中向——0．1630μm；(b)颊舌向——颊侧为0．2070μm，舌侧为0．1950μm；(c)龈he向——颊侧为0．0496μm，舌侧为0．0467μm，近远中向为0．0484μm。结论：在植入支抗种植体时。应根据正畸载荷力的形式．适当调整种植体的部位，尽量不要过于偏颊、舌侧，以免造成应力的过分集中，导致骨组织损伤。     

支抗种植体直径对骨界面应力分布的影响

目的 :研究不同直径支抗种植体对骨界面应力分布的影响 ,以供临床筛选合适的种植体。方法 :用三维有限元方法给种植体施加 1.47N(150 g)近远中方向的载荷 ,分别对直径为 3 .0、3 .75、5.0mm的支抗种植体 骨界面进行应力分析。结果 :3种直径种植体颈部的Von Mises应力值分别为 0 .80 7、0 .53 3、1.0 80 ;位移值分别为 0 .2 3 2、0 .163、0 .111μm。结论 :在选择正畸支抗种植体时 ,直径为 3 .75mm的种植体较适宜作正畸支抗体     

种植体杨氏模量变化对下颌骨应力分布影响的有限元分析

种植义齿具有传统活动和固定义齿无法比拟的优势,近十几年来得到了长足发展,保证种植义齿成功的前提是种植体必须具备良好的生物力学相容性,其中种植体骨界面的应力传导与分布是需要考虑的一个重要方面。目前种植体杨氏模量的变化与种植体骨界面力学之间的关系尚未明晰,特别是对低杨氏模量种植的生物力学方面的系统研究还比较缺乏。本研究应用三维有限元法研究静态载荷下不同杨氏模量种植体的应力分布,分析种植体杨氏模量变化对周围支持组织的生物力学影响,为种植体材料优化设计提供参考。     

皮质骨厚度对支抗种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响

目的：研究皮质骨厚度改变对支抗种植体-骨界面应力分布的影响，供临床参考。方法：用三维有限元方法，对分别种植于皮质骨厚度为0．5mm、1．0mm、2．0mm颌骨模型中的种植体施加150g近远中方向的载荷，分析支抗种植体-骨界面应力分布情况：结果：三者种植体颈部的Von-Mises应力值分别为0．6040MPa、0．5330MPa、0．5380MPa；位移值分别为0．2110μm、0．1630μm、0．1250μm：结论：皮质骨在一定厚度内，植入体颈部皮质骨越薄，骨界面应力值就越大：但皮质骨超过一定厚度后，骨界面应力并不随其厚度的增加而做相应递减。皮质骨的厚度与界面骨的位移成反比.     

支抗种植体不同螺纹顶角对骨界面应力分布的影响

目的 研究刃状螺纹型支抗种植体的螺纹顶角改变对骨界面应力分布的影响,以供临床筛选合适的支抗种植体。方法 用三维有限元方法给种植体施加150g近远中方向的载荷,分别对螺纹顶角为60°、75°、120°的三种支抗种植体-骨界面进行应力分析。结果 三种螺纹顶角种植体颈部的Von-Mises应力值分别为0.533 0 MPa、0.632 0 Mpa、0.591 0 Mpa;位移值分别为0.1630μm、0.1590μm、0.1520μm。结论 螺纹顶角为60°的种植体适合作正畸支抗体。     

天然牙一种植体联合支持固定桥对种植体周骨组织应力的影响

目的 不同桥体长度结构下天然牙－牙种植体联合支持固定桥中种植体周骨组织的应力反应特点。方法 采用三维有限元方法建立不同桥长的固定桥力学模型计算分析。结果 天然牙－牙种植体联合支持固定桥中种植体颈部周围骨应力最大;长桥体固定桥在集中斜向载荷作用下种植体颈缘骨最大应力是集中垂直载荷下种植体周骨最大就力的3倍,桥体长度增加,应力值增加。结论 桥体长度对种植修复体应力分布有显著影响,桥体长度增加导致牙种植体及其周围骨应力集中程度增大,对其破坏作用增强,因此临床设计桥体不宜过长。     

6颗种植体支持的上颌无牙颌固定义齿应力分布研究

目的:分析种植体位置变化时,6颗种植体支持的上颌无牙颌固定义齿的应力分布.方法:选择一名牙列缺失、牙槽骨中度吸收的志愿者,对其头颅部进行CBCT扫描,并利用一系列计算机软件进行数据转换,完成上颌骨三维实体模型的重建.设计8种不同位置种植体支持的固定义齿,建立8个三维有限元模型,分析种植体、上颌骨和固定义齿的应力分布情况.结果:远中没有悬臂的模型比有悬臂的模型的应力差值小;8种位点设计的模型都是应力集中在磨牙区种植体,种植体的应力集中点都是种植体颈部,且是偏向于颊侧.种植体的应力都是磨牙＞前磨牙＞前牙;在8种位点设计的模型中,种植固定义齿和颌骨位移都是集中在前牙区,种植固定义齿的位移是从前牙区向后牙区逐渐变小;8种模型的种植体应力都表现为以压应力为主.模型Ⅰ种植体(位点13、15、17、23、25、27)分散型排列,避免了远中悬臂的设计,6颗种植体的应力分布最均匀.结论:种植体植入位点于13、15、17、23、25、27,是8种方案中最佳的植入位点方案.     

种植体长度对骨界面应力分布影响的三维有限元分析

目的：研究种植体长度对种植体骨界面应力的影响。进一步探讨种植体长度对种植体骨界面应力的影响。方法：采用三维有限元的方法对三种不同长度的种植体,在受到垂直力和侧向力时对骨界面上的应力分布进行分析。结果：垂直加载时,随着种植体长度的增加,种植体骨界面的应力值改变不明显。水平加载时,随着种植体长度的增加,种植体骨界面的应力值下降。结论：增加种植体的长度可以提高种植牙随侧向力的能力,临床上在选择种植体时,应尽量地选择较长的种植体。     

牙种植体表面多孔层厚度对骨界面应力分布的影响

目的 研究牙种植体表面多孔层厚度对周围骨应力分布的影响.方法 通过采集健康成年男性的下颌骨CT三维数据进行三维重建,建立Ⅲ类下颌骨三维模型,运用UG NX8.0软件绘制实心的和4种不同表面多孔层厚度(0.5mm,1.0mm,1.5mm,全多孔)的种植体模型.将5种种植体模型依次与下颌骨模型进行配准、网格划分和赋予材料学参数,在种植体基台表面施加118.2N的15°斜向力,用ABAQUS有限元分析软件处理运算骨界面的应力.结果 皮质骨和种植体颈部松质骨的应力峰值均随种植体表面多孔层厚度增加而增大(P＜0.05),全多孔组最大(分别为58.3MPa和11.28MPa),实心组最小(分别为50.2MPa和9.68MPa).种植体根端松质骨的应力峰值无显著差异(P＞0.05).结论 在种植体表面引入多孔结构以及增加多孔层厚度,能增大种植体周围骨应力,缓解应力遮蔽效应.     

A finite element analysis of stress distribution in bone tissue surrounding uncoupled or splinted dental implants

Background: Several studies on one‐stage surgery in the treatment of the edentulous maxilla with implant‐supported fixed prostheses have reported problems with removable provisional prostheses, which can load the implants in an uncontrollable manner during healing, and jeopardize healing. Immediate splinting of the implants with a fixed provisional prosthesis has been proposed to protect the bone‐implant interface. Purpose: This study used the finite element method (FEM) to simulate stresses induced in bone tissue surrounding uncoupled and splinted implants in the maxilla because of bite force loading, and to determine whether the differences in these stress levels are related to differences in observed bone losses associated with the two healing methods. Materials and Methods: Stress levels in the maxilla were studied using the FEM program TRINITAS (Institute of Technology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden) in which all phases – preprocessing/modeling, equation solving, and postprocessing/evaluation – were simulated. Results: Stress levels in bone tissue surrounding splinted implants were markedly lower than stress levels surrounding uncoupled implants by a factor of nearly 9. Conclusion: From a mechanical viewpoint, FEM simulation supports the hypothesis that splinting reduces damage evolution in bone tissue, which agrees with clinical observations.     

Monocrystalline aluminum dental implants in animals: a study of the peri-implant tissue

After the extraction of two molars in a dog's jaw, a single crystal alumina screw was implanted. Monthly radiographs were taken and analyzed by means of a video display computer (VDC) to obtain densitometric informations about the interface. After one year implantation, the bone segment containing the prosthesis was fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in methacrylate and sectioned by a microtome saw. The results in light microscopy with ordinary and polarized light, in SEM and X-ray microanalysis, show the presence of a thick connective tissue layer interposed between the screw and the bone. The histological findings confirm the results obtained through the VDC analysis of the radiographic images.     

Disaccharide analysis of chondroitin sulfate in peri-implant sulcus fluid from dental implants

We collected peri-implant sulcus fluid by capillary tubes from sites around titanium osseointegrated implants and determined the chondroitin sulfate released into the peri-implant sulcus fluid by high-performance liquid chromatography. Chondroitin sulfate was found in all peri-implant sulcus fluid samples, and its content was similar to that in gingival crevicular fluid obtained around natural teeth. The predominant unsaturated disaccharide isomer was ΔDi-OS, followed by ΔDi-4S. ΔDi-6S was present in trace amounts. The amount of ΔDi-OS was greater in peri-implant sulcus fluid than in gingival crevicular fluid. Assaying chondroitin sulfate disaccharides in peri-implant sulcus fluid may be an effective method of monitoring the peri-implant condition of dental implants.     

Comparative evaluation of the peri-implant bone tissue mineral density around unloaded titanium dental implants

OBJECTIVE: The mechanical properties of bone are greatly influenced by the percentages of organic and mineral constituents. Nevertheless, the information about the mineral content on a microscopic scale in peri-implant bone is scarce. The aim of this work was to analyze the bone mineral density of peri-implant bone under different techniques. DESIGN: Five unloaded titanium dental implants with a micro-structured surface (three XiVE plus and two Frialit 2, DENTSPLY-Friadent, Mannheim, Germany) were retrieved from the mandible of five patients after a 6-month period. scanning electron microscopy with backscattered electron signal (BSE), light microscopy (LM) with a double staining technique, fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser microscopy were used for measuring microscopic mineral content variations in peri-implant bone. Histomorphometry and image intensity (grey level) were evaluated using a software package for image analysis. RESULTS: The low mineral density index (LMDI) for LM was of 29.2+/-3.1 (mean+/-S.D.), while the high mineral density index (HMDI) was of 88.2+/-3.6 (mean+/-S.D.). The one-way ANOVA analysis showed a significant difference (P<0.001) among the groups. The pairwise Holm-Sidak test identified the differences among HMDI indexes for both LM and SEM values and also for cross-evaluation of the LMDI and HMDI values. The comparison between LMDI indexes for both SEM and LM did not show any significance. The fluorescence microscopy analysis showed clearly the difference between old (high mineralized) and new (low mineralized) bone tissue near the implant surface. Under confocal laser microscopy the same sections showed the area of bone modelling closest to implant surface. CONCLUSION: In this study it was found that bone around unloaded implants showed a low mineral density index under all the investigation methods used. It was also found that the conventional LM technique with the double staining method was able to intensely stain the bone area with a low mineral content.     

二单位式与四单位式种植牙周骨界面应力分布规律差异的三维有限元分析

为了探讨人工种植牙的数目、上部结构对种植牙周骨界面应力分布的影响，本实验应用三维有限元分析方法，对二单位和四单位式杆式覆盖种植义齿种植牙周骨界面的应力分布规律进行了探讨。结果表明：最大压应力、最大拉应力二单位式与四单位式均位于颈周密质骨，二单位式大于四单位式，两者有显著差异性，（Ｐ＜０．００１）。四单位式最大拉、压应力，远中种植牙要大于近中种植牙。最大位移运动二单位式小于四单位式，四单位式近中种植牙大于远中种植牙。二单位式与四单位式位、压应力主要集中于颈部，其它部位与颈部相比有非常显著的差异性，（Ｐ＜０．０００１）。结论：种植牙数目的增加，可以减小种植牙周颈部密质骨内的最大应力值。四单位式种植义齿颈周骨内应力要小于二单位式种植牙，从这点上看，四单位式种植义齿要优于二单位式种植义齿。多个种植牙种植时，杆的连接，改变了种植牙周骨内的应力分布规律，其应力主要由种植牙颈周密质骨来承担     

A retrospective analysis of peri-implant tissue responses at immediate load/provisionalized microthreaded implants

PURPOSE: The aim of this retrospective study was to examine the peri-implant tissue status at immediately provisionalized anterior maxillary implants 12 to 30 months following tooth replacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study of 43 microthreaded, TiO2 grit-blasted implants placed in healed ridges and immediate extraction sockets to restore maxillary anterior and premolar teeth in 28 patients. The cortical bone position relative to the implant reference point was evaluated at implant placement and 6 to 30 months following restoration. Radiographs were assessed using 7x magnification. The distance from the reference point to the cortical bone was measured to +/- 0.1 mm. The relationship of the peri-implant mucosa to the incisal edge of the definitive prosthesis was recorded. RESULTS: Four implants in 3 individuals failed during the first 6 weeks following placement and provisional loading. Cortical bone adaptation from the time of implant placement up to 30 months following restoration ranged from 0.0 mm to 1.5 mm (average, 0.33 +/- 0.40 mm mesially and 0.28 +/- 0.37 mm distally). The mean radiographic measurements from the interproximal crestal bone to the contact point were 4.53 +/- -0.91 mm (mesial) and 4.06 +/- 0.98. Maintenance and growth of papilla was observed in this group of immediate provisionalized single-tooth implants. Definitive abutment or abutment screw loosening was not observed. DISCUSSION: The linear clinical and radiographic measures of peri-implant tissue responses suggest that proper implant placement is followed by supracrestal biological width formation along the abutment and preservation of toothlike tissue contours. This may influence buccal peri-implant tissue dimensions. CONCLUSIONS: Generalized maintenance of crestal bone and the increased soft tissue dimension with maintenance of peri-implant papilla were identified as expected outcomes for immediate loading/provisionalization of microthreaded, TiO2 grit-blasted implants. Control of peri-implant tissues can be achieved to provide predictable and esthetic treatment for anterior tooth replacement using dental implants.     

不同种植体外形设计对上颌窦提升术后种植体周围应力分布的影响

目的：比较不同种植体外形设计对上颌窦提升术后种植体周围生物力学的影响。方法：在D3型上颌骨简化模型上利用三维有限元法分析3种不同外形设计的种植体在植骨与不植骨条件下的应力分布情况。假设所有材料都是线弹性、连续材料,向种植体施加150 N的倾斜力,测量种植体周围骨组织的最大等效力（equivalent von-Mises,EQV）。采用Ansys Workbench 14.5软件包对数据进行测量分析,采用SPSS 17.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果：各组应力集中区域均位于种植体颈部皮质骨区域。不同种植体外形设计对种植体周围皮质骨最大EQV值无显著影响,但锥形种植体较其他种植体的周围松质骨最大EQV值显著上升,上颌窦提升术后植骨可以降低各组种植体周围最大EQV值。结论：锥形种植体用于上颌后牙区种植修复时,可能引起种植体周围松质骨应力变大,增加种植体周围骨吸收的风险。上颌窦提升后植骨,可降低种植体周围压力负载。     

种植体穿通下颌骨对骨界面应力分布的影响

目的：为了探讨下颌种植牙穿通下颌骨后对骨界面应力分布的影响。方法：采用三维有限元方法,通过单个穿下颌螺旋型种植体的种植,了解穿下颌种植后对骨界面应力分布的影响。结果：穿下颌种植减小了颈周密质骨内的应力,加大了根端侧穿下颌骨下缘处的应力,减小了骨界面的位移。结论：穿下颌种植,改变了骨界面的最大应力分布部位,使最大应力位于根端侧下颌骨下缘处。