听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测的问题与对策

目的 探讨听神经瘤术中面神经电生理监测技术的常见问题与对策,提高面神经解剖保留率,并对解剖保留的面神经进行功能评价.方法 25例听神经瘤患者手术时均在面神经电生理监测下进行,全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路,显微外科切除肿瘤,肿瘤切除后对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除25例(100%),无手术死亡;面神经解剖保留23例,占92%.面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级19例,Ⅲ、Ⅳ级5例,Ⅴ级1例.术末刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好;低于0.5 mA同时面肌肌电波幅大于100 μV,面神经功能可达Ⅰ～Ⅱ级;术末刺激强度大于2 mA波幅反应不明显时,术后面神经功能恢复不理想.结论 术中自发或诱发式神经电生理监测技术的灵活应用可明显提高面神经解剖保留率和功能保留率,对其定量分析有助于术后面神经功能的判断.     

听神经瘤术中面神经保护及功能评估

目的探讨面神经肌电图监测在听神经瘤术中对面神经的保护和评估术后面神经功能的重要性。方法25例听神经瘤手术全程中行面神经肌电图监测,显微镜下切除肿瘤,术毕刺激面神经的脑干近端对预后进行评估。结果25例患者肿瘤全切除23例(92%),面神经解剖保留22例(88%),面神经功能良好保留21例(84%)。面神经解剖保留率与肿瘤的直径大小有相关性,肿瘤越大,面神经保留越难。刺激强度的大小与术后面神经功能存在明显的相关性,刺激强度越小,术后面神经功能越好。术末刺激强度在0.05～1.5mA之间,术后12个月面神经功能为Ⅰ、Ⅱ级者达19例(90.5%)。术末刺激强度大于7.0mA者,术后面神经功能恢复比较差。结论听神经瘤术中行面神经肌电图监测有助于提高面神经的解剖和功能保留率,并可评估术后面神经功能。     

听神经瘤术中EMG监测的重要意义

目的 探讨显微镜下听神经瘤术中的面神经监测的重要意义及刺激阈值的预测价值.方法 45例听神经瘤患者均采取枕下乙状窦后入路术中在面神经监测下显微镜下切除肿瘤,术中分别记录刺激阈值并术后对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除40例(89%),次全切除5例(11%).面神经解剖保留41例(90%),保留未成功4例(10%).面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级30例(67%),Ⅲ、Ⅳ级10例(22%),Ⅴ、Ⅵ级5例(11%).肿瘤切除后刺激阈值在脑干端﹑粘连段及内听道端分别小于10 mA同时前两者与内听道端比值小于1者面神经功能保留好.结论 术中面神经监测可显著提高面神经解剖和功能保留率,并可预测面神经功能.     

低水平神经肌肉阻滞状态下听神经瘤切除术中面神经的保护

目的在低水平神经肌肉阻滞状态下进行听神经瘤切除术中面神经的保护。方法28例大、中型听神经瘤患者行听神经瘤切除术,术中应用AXONEpochXP神经电生理工作站,根据4个成串刺激(train of four stim-ulation,TOF)和脑电图(EEG)分别监测肌松程度和麻醉深度,在肿瘤切除过程中通过调节肌松药物和麻醉药物剂量使T4/T1维持在25%～50%,术中监测眼轮匝肌、口轮匝肌、咬肌和斜方肌自由描记肌电图和诱发肌电图,分别反应面神经、三叉神经和副神经功能。于术后1周和术后第6个月分别评估面神经功能。结果28例患者术中均成功探测到面神经走行,电刺激强度为0.1～0.3mA,术中无患者发生体动情况。术后面神经功能保留率良好,术后1周面神经House-Brackmann(H-B)功能分级为Ⅰ级者5例、Ⅱ级者13例,Ⅲ级者8例,Ⅳ级者2例;至术后6个月面神经H-B功能分级Ⅰ级者10例,Ⅱ级者12例,Ⅲ级者5例,Ⅳ级者1例。结论在听神经瘤手术过程中通过电生理监测对面神经进行保护,需要电生理、麻醉和手术医生的配合。在低水平神经肌肉接头阻滞状态下,完全可以达到确保手术安全进行及保护面神经功能的目的。     

大型听神经瘤术中面神经的保护(附133例报告)

目的 探讨大型听神经瘤术中面神经保护技术、方法.方法 133例听神经瘤全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路,在显微外科基础上采用神经电生理监测技术,配合超声吸引和激光刀切除肿瘤,术后采用House-Brackmann(HB)分级方法对面神经功能进行评价.结果 肿瘤全切除126例(95%),次全切除7例(5%).面神经解剖保留122例(92%),无死亡病例.术后3个月回访108例,按House-Brackmann分级,面神经I～Ⅱ级65例(60.2%),Ⅲ～Ⅳ级36例(33.3%),Ⅴ～Ⅵ级7例(6.5%).结论 熟练的显微外科技术、神经电生理监测的应用及面神经保护的术中技巧是面神经保护的关键.     

大、中型听神经瘤术中面神经保护及其功能评价

目的 探讨大、中型听神经瘤术中保护面神经的技术，并对解剖保留的面神经功能进行评价。方法 168例听神经瘤患者手术时均在面神经监测下进行，全部采用枕下乙状窦后入路，显微外科切除肿瘤，肿瘤切除后对面神经功能进行评价。结果 肿瘤全切除156例(93％)；次全切除(大于90％)12例(7％)。面神经解剖保留154例(92％)，保留未成功14例(8％)。面神经功能状态H-B分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级89例(53％)，Ⅲ、Ⅳ级57例(34％)，Ⅴ、Ⅵ级22例(13％)。术末刺激强度与面神经功能呈明显相关性，刺激强度越小，术后面神经功能越好；术末刺激强度在1～3V，面神经功能可达Ⅰ～Ⅱ级；刺激强度大于15V，术后面神经功能难以恢复。结论 熟练的显微外科技术是面神经解剖和功能保留的关键。术中面神经监测可显著提高面神经解剖和功能保留率，并可评价面神经功能。     

锁孔微创手术切除听神经瘤65例临床分析

目的探讨锁孔手术治疗听神经瘤策略,评价其在听神经瘤术中的可行性及神经电生理监测对面神经保护的意义。方法回顾性分析65例听神经瘤病人的临床资料,术前MRI增强扫描检查,术中锁孔乙状窦后幕下入路切除肿瘤,并应用神经电生理仪监测以保留面神经。结果术后复查MRI:全切除41例,次全切除17例,大部切除7例。面神经解剖保留49例,未能保留或未暴露16例。随访6个月~4年,面瘫情况(面神经功能House-Brackmann分级),术后3 d:Ⅰ~Ⅱ级21例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级34例,Ⅴ~Ⅵ级10例;术后6个月:Ⅰ~Ⅱ级47例,Ⅲ~Ⅳ级11例,Ⅴ~Ⅵ级7例。本组无小脑挫伤、病死、病残,无后组脑神经损伤及脑脊液漏发生。结论锁孔手术治疗听神经瘤疗效确切,安全性高。神经电生理监测有利于面神经判断及保留。     

面神经电生理监测下切除大型及巨大听神经瘤

目的探讨面神经电生理监测下切除大型及巨大听神经瘤技术。方法回顾分析22例大型及巨大听神经瘤临床资料,在面神经电生理监测下行显微手术切除,术后随访面神经功能。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除7例。面神经自发肌电图在面神经受牵拉、挤压、生理盐水冲洗等操作过程中产生显著放电,刺激肌电图对寻找和辨认面神经具有重要作用。面神经位于肿瘤腹下方7例,腹上方2例,腹侧中部13例。所有病例面神经均解剖保留。术后随访6~42个月,面神经功能(House-Brackmann分级),H-B分级Ⅰ级11例,Ⅱ级5例,Ⅲ级2例,Ⅳ级4例。结论面神经电生理监测辅助显微手术对术中解剖与功能保留面神经具有重要价值。     

听神经瘤术中行面神经电生理监测的体会

目的探讨和了解听神经瘤术中行面神经电生理监测的方法，以提高面神经功能保留率。方法在28例单侧听神经瘤患者切除肿瘤术中行面神经电生理监测，术后一周根据House-Brackmann面神经功能分级标准对患者面神经功能进行评估。结果28例患者中，面神经解剖保留27例（占96.43％）。术后一周面神经功能评估，Ⅰ级10例，Ⅱ级8例，Ⅲ级7例，Ⅳ级2例，Ⅴ级1例。结论听神经瘤手术中进行面神经电生理监测为提高面神经解剖保留率提供了有效的技术帮助，该技术有较高的准确性和实用性。     

大型听神经瘤手术中面神经监测的效果观察

目的了解大型听神经瘤手术中连续面肌肌电图监测对术中、术后面神经解剖和功能保留的作用。方法根据Gormley颅内肿瘤分型方法,100例听神经瘤患者中肿瘤直径为4.0～4.9cm者82例,5.0～5.9cm者16例,直径≥6.0cm者2例。手术前采用House等面神经功能分级标准进行评估,Ⅰ级65例,Ⅱ级33例,Ⅲ级2例。采用经乙状窦后入路显微外科手术切除肿瘤,术中施行面肌肌电图监测和直接电刺激。结果100例中肿瘤全切除或近全切除者94例,大部分切除6例。2例肿瘤切除过程中切断面神经者均行Ⅰ期端-端吻合;2例面神经被切断1/2者行断端吻合。手术后2周面神经功能评估Ⅰ级30例,Ⅱ级50例,Ⅲ级10例,Ⅴ级10例;手术后1年随访面神经功能Ⅰ级76例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例,Ⅴ级3例。结论大型听神经瘤手术中采用面神经监测对面神经的解剖和功能保留有明显效果。     

Lower threshold for referral for psychiatric treatment for adopted adolescents.

Epidemiological data on a national sample of 3,698 adolescents, of whom 145 were adopted, indicate that adoption significantly increases the likelihood of referral for psychiatric treatment even after controlling for the fact that adoptees display more behavior problems and come from more educated families. This is accounted for by the fact that adoptees are significantly more likely to be referred when they display few problems. Thus, contrary to popular myth and clinical lore, the overrepresentation of young adoptees in clinical settings is not attributable solely to the fact that adoptees are more troubled. Rather, adoptees do display more problems but they are also referred more readily even after controlling for extent of problems.     

The need for regulatable vectors for gene therapy for Parkinson's disease

Gene therapy is now a very promising approach for the treatment of Parkinson's disease, for which there are currently few treatment options. However, gene therapy is invasive and irreversible, and its long-term effects are not yet known. Regulatable vectors allow the expression of the introduced gene to be adjusted or stopped by changing the dose of an oral inducer drug, thus adding an important safety mechanism as well as the ability to tailor the dose to an individual patient's needs. Although the use of conventional gene therapy should not be delayed until regulatable systems are available, clinical trials of regulatable gene therapies are imminent. Regulatable systems provide the best hope for safely delivering effective, flexible treatments over the long course of Parkinson's disease, and their development should be actively supported.     

Evidence for Interventions for Young Offenders

Young offenders are an issue of global concern. Despite a greater understanding of the aetiology of conduct disorder and juvenile delinquency, the research on treatments and the use of evidence-based methods of interventions has not kept pace. This review critically and selectively examined interventions for young offenders, and organises them based on levels of care. The challenge is to intervene using empirical strategies that are implemented based on our emerging understanding of aggression.     

Challenges for gene therapy for muscular dystrophy

Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy represents a promising avenue of pursuit for a disease with a limited repertoire of treatment. Recent successes in the research arena using adeno-associated viral vectors should accelerate the movement of gene-based therapeutics for muscle disorders into the clinic. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain before gene therapy can deliver on the promises avowed by early pioneers of the field. This review examines recent progress and the hurdles remaining to achieve gene-based treatment therapies for muscular dystrophy.     

Challenges for gene therapy for muscular dystrophy

Gene therapy for muscular dystrophy represents a promising avenue of pursuit for a disease with a limited repertoire of treatment. Recent successes in the research arena using adeno-associated viral vectors should accelerate the movement of gene-based therapeutics for muscle disorders into the clinic. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain before gene therapy can deliver on the promises avowed by early pioneers of the field. This review examines recent progress and the hurdles remaining to achieve gene-based treatment therapies for muscular dystrophy.     

The Scope for Psychosocial Treatments for Psychosis

The recent Australian Study on Low Prevalence Disorders (Jablensky et al., 2000) found that, whilst most Australians with a psychotic illness (91%) were taking medication, few were receiving adequate psychosocial support from mental health services; fully 47% of the sample perceived the need for a particular type of service which was not able to be accessed by them, either because of it simply not being available or not being affordable (65% and 49%, respectively, of respondents identified these as barriers). This article outlines a proposed framework that will help meet some of this deficit. The program will develop, evaluate and disseminate comprehensive modular treatment packages addressing the psychosocial needs of people with psychotic disorders. It is novel in terms of the comprehensiveness of the approach, the rigour of the evaluation (using controlled experimental design), and the extent of inter-sectoral and multidisciplinary involvement in mapping needs, developing the interventions, and dissemination.     

Genome scan for susceptibility loci for schizophrenia

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a relatively common, often chronic and debilitating mental illness. Evidence from various studies has clearly demonstrated that genetic factors contribute substantially to the etiology. The goal of this study was to identify chromosomal regions likely to contain schizophrenia susceptibility genes. METHODS: A genome-wide map of 388 microsatellite DNA markers was genotyped in 5 schizophrenia families. Nonparametric linkage analysis (Genehunter) was used to assess the pattern of allele sharing at each marker locus relative to the presence of disease. RESULTS: Nonparametric linkage scores did not reach a genome-wide level of statistical significance (p < 0.00002) or a p value suggestive of linkage (p < 0.007) for any marker; however, one p value suggested replicated linkage (p < 0.01) at chromosome 6p24 in region D6S309 (p = 0.0047). Furthermore, 11 markers resulted in p < 0.05 at chromosomes 6p, 6q, 10q, 12q and 14q. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the differences in diagnostic schemes, in markers used and methods of analyses between studies published so far, we think that our result supports the notion that there is possibly some consistent evidence for replicated linkage of a schizophrenia susceptibility locus around the region of D6S309 at chromosome 6p24.