肝硬化门脉高压症并食管胃静脉曲张微创治疗32例的临床观察

目的探讨肝硬化门脉高压症并食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血初、次级预防的内镜下套扎或序贯硬化剂注射治疗,合并脾功能亢进者同时予以介入栓塞治疗,观察其有效性、安全性。方法对内镜确诊重度食管胃静脉曲张的32例失代偿肝硬化患者首选在内镜下对曲张静脉进行单次或反复多次套扎,其中5例合并有严重胃底贲门静脉曲张者先内镜下套扎胃底静脉曲张,然后退镜套扎食管曲张静脉;8例单纯套扎效果差的患者予以联合序贯硬化注射治疗;对其中5例合并脾大脾功能亢进者在第一次套扎治疗后1周联合部分脾栓塞术。结果27例未联合部分脾栓塞的患者中19例单纯应用反复套扎术复查内镜静脉曲张程度转为轻度或完全消失,单纯预防性套扎术有效率70.4%(19/27);8例在2次以上反复套扎术后静脉曲张仍为重度的患者予序贯硬化剂注射治疗,其静脉曲张均基本消失;5例联合部分脾栓塞术患者3例一次单纯套扎而使曲张静脉基本消失,2例2次套扎使曲张静脉基本消失。结论重度食管静脉曲张及合并胃底静脉曲张患者内镜下曲张静脉套扎术是预防其破裂出血安全高效的措施;以内镜套扎为基础的联合序贯硬化剂注射治疗可以进一步提高疗效;部分脾栓塞术除了缓解患者脾功能亢进之外,还能提高内镜下套扎术的疗效,值得进一步研究。     

基层医院内镜下注射硬化剂治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的实践与思考

目的探讨内镜下注射硬化剂治疗重度食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法回顾性分析13例门静脉高压症病例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血行内镜下静脉注射硬化剂治疗及随访资料。结果12例（92．3％）急性出血经一次注射即止血,1例（7．7％）仍再次出血并行多次硬化剂注射治疗;外科术前行内镜治疗止血6例（46．2％）,外科术后再出血行内镜治疗止血7例（53．8％）。结论基层医院开展内镜下硬化剂治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血可提高急诊止血的成功率,降低门静脉高压出血患者致死率,提高抢救成功率。     

内镜下套扎术预防和治疗食管静脉曲张出血的临床研究

目的：探讨食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）治疗和预防肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的I临床疗效。方法：我院2008年1月～2009年11月应用内镜下静脉曲张套扎术对18例肝硬化门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血的患者进行预防治疗和随访观察。结果：本组18例患者,在EVL术中,均一次性立即止血,一次最多结扎6环,术中无明显大出血。结论：食管静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压患者最严重和最凶险的并发症,必须采取积极有效的措施救治,才能有效地降低肝硬化门静脉高压患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的发生率和再出血率。     

内镜下套扎联合硬化剂及组织胶注射治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床评价

目的:探讨内镜下套扎联合硬化剂及组织胶注射治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床疗效。方法:选取68例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,分为对照组和观察组,每组各34例。对照组患者给予内镜下套扎术进行治疗,观察组患者采用内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶注射进行治疗,观察两组患者的临床疗效。结果:对照组和观察组患者治疗总有效率分别为79.41%和97.06%,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。观察组患者的术后止血率、2周再出血率和3个月再出血率均显著优于对照组,P<0.05,差异具有统计学意义。结论:内镜下套扎、硬化剂及组织胶注射治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者的临床疗效显著,值得临床推广应用。     

内镜下治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 观察评价内镜下硬化疗法（EVS）、套扎疗法（EVL）、硬化与套扎结合（EVS EVL），治疗门静脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法 68例患者分为三组，硬化剂组9例，套扎组28例，联合治疗组21例。结果 三种方法止血率分别为68.4%，85.7%，90.4%，食管静脉消失率分别为89.4%、67.8%、95.2%。结论 内镜下治疗是控制食管静脉曲张出血，消除食管静脉曲张的有效方法，套扎与硬化结合可作为食管静脉曲张破裂出血的首选治疗方法。     

三腔二囊管在辅助急性内镜下组织胶注射术联合硬化剂注射、静脉曲张套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张 破裂出血的作用观察

目的 探究三腔二囊管在辅助急性内镜下组织胶注射术联合硬化剂注射、静脉曲张套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血有何效果。 方法 挑取 2019 年 3 月至 2020 年 1 月 80 例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者,以随机数字表法分为对照组、观察组,每组各 40 例。 对照组:常规急诊内镜下组织胶注射术联合硬化剂注射、静脉曲张套扎治疗,观察组:行三腔二囊管辅助急诊内镜下组织胶注射术联合硬化剂注射、静脉曲张套扎治疗,对两组止血占比与临床效果对比。 结果 观察组( 97.50% )总有效率明显高于对照组( 90.00% ),差异明显( P<0.05 );治疗后 30 、 60 、 90 、 300 min ,观察组中止血占比明显高于对照组,差异明显 ( P<0.05 )。 结论 三腔二囊管在辅助急性内镜下组织胶注射术联合硬化剂注射、静脉曲张套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,临床效果明显,且止血率提高,具有重要临床价值。     

内镜套扎法治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效

观察内镜套扎法治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效。方法对４９例食管静脉曲张病人进行内镜套扎治疗，并与同期行硬化剂（１％乙氧硬化醇）治疗的３０例病人作对比分析。结果套扎治疗组与硬化剂治疗组治愈率分别为７１．４％和６６．７％，总有效率均为１００％。套扎治疗组４．１％出现术中或术后出血，而硬化剂治疗组术中或术后出血率为４０．０％；套扎治疗组与硬化剂治疗组食管溃疡发生率分别为８．２％和４０．０％。结论内镜套扎法治疗食管静脉曲张疗效好、并发症少，是一种较理想的治疗方法。     

食管静脉曲张硬化治疗现状

门静脉高压引起食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血是消化道出血死亡率最高的一种疾病。自1939年Crafoord和Frenekuer首先报道了经内镜注射硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张(Esophageal Varices,EV)后,随着内镜的发展和一些有效硬化剂的问世,该疗法已为众多国家的医生所采用。近几十年来对硬化治疗的许多方面进行了研究,肯定了硬化疗法是治疗食管静脉曲张的有效方法,急诊止血效果达81.6%～96.8%[1～3]。重复治疗病例、复发出血明显减少,患者硬化治疗后5年和10年的生存率明显提高[4]。尽管近年来治疗食管静脉曲张出血的新方法越来越多,如内镜下静脉套扎术(EVL),经颈静脉肝内门腔分流术(TIPS)等,但硬化治疗仍为食管静脉曲张出血的主要治疗方法。为指导临床实践工作,我们将从以下几个方面对食管静脉曲张硬化治疗进行阐述。     

食管胃静脉曲张出血的内镜治疗

食管胃静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门脉高压最严重的并发症之一，首次出血病死率高，易反复出血，经内镜注射硬化剂是有效的治疗方法，与组织粘合剂注射，套扎治疗联合应用可提高疗效。     

内镜套扎法治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效

目的 观察内镜套扎法治疗食管静脉曲张的疗效。方法 对４９例食管静脉曲张病人进行内镜套扎治疗，并与同期行硬化剂（１％乙氧硬化醇）治疗的３０例病人作对比分析，结果 套扎治疗组与硬化剂治疗组治愈率分别为７１．４％和６６．７％，总有效率为１００％，套扎治疗组４．１％出现术中或术后出血，而硬化剂治疗组术中或术后出血率为４０．０％，套扎治疗组与硬化剂治疗组食管溃疡发生率分别为８．２％和４０．０％，结论 内镜套     

Usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonographic analysis of variceal hemodynamics for the treatment of esophageal varices

The correlation of between the endoscopic findings of esophageal varices and endoscopic ultrasound findings of the collaterals outside the esophageal wall in patients with portal hypertension remains unclear. We investigated the relationship between esophageal varices and the collaterals by endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound. Moreover, we investigated the correlation between the collaterals around the esophagus and recurrence of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension who had undergone endoscopic injection sclerotherapy. The collaterals were divided into two groups: 1; those with peri-esophageal collateral veins (peri-ECVs) adjacent to the muscularis externa of the esophagus, and 2; those with para-esophageal collateral veins (para-ECVs) distal to the esophageal wall without contact with the muscularis externa. Peri- and para-ECVs were scored as mild or severe according to the stage of development. According to endoscopy, the varix form was significantly larger in severe peri-ECVs group than in mild peri-ECVs group. In contrast, the varix form did not differ significantly between the mild and severe para-ECVs group. The prevalence of perforating veins increased according to the varix form. With regard to variceal recurrence, in patients with variceal recurrences, EUS findings included a significantly higher incidence of severe-type peri-ECVs, a significantly larger number of perforating veins, and a significantly larger diameter of perforating veins compared with patients without recurrence. Moreover, when EUS found the abnormalities when no endoscopic recurrence was found, the results were the almost same as the findings when EUS was performed at the same time when endoscopic recurrence was found. In conclusion, the presence of severe peri-ECVs and large perforating veins in the esophageal wall strongly correlates with occurrence and recurrence of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension. An understanding of these EUS abnormalities on the basis of hemodynamics around the esophagus is thought to be important for management of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension.     

奥曲肽治疗食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎术后早期再出血的临床疗效研究

目的:观察食管静脉曲张患者在接受内镜下曲张静脉套扎术后注射奥曲肽预防曲张静脉早期再出血的疗效。方法:84例肝硬化伴活动性出血或具有最近出血征象的食管静脉曲张患者随机分为内镜下曲张静脉套扎单一治疗组4 2例,奥曲肽和套扎联合治疗组4 2例(奥曲肽50 μg静脉注射,随后2 5μg/h静脉点滴3d)。结果:30d内单一治疗组发生再出血1 7例,其中1 6例发生在4 8h内,再出血率为1 7/42 ( 4 0 % ) ,联合治疗组发生再出血4例,均在4 8h内,再出血率为1 0 % ( 4 /42 ) (P <0 . 0 5)。结论:奥曲肽可以显著减少食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者内镜下曲张静脉套扎术后早期再出血率。     

护理干预对食道静脉曲张套扎术后再出血的影响研究

目的:探讨护理干预对肝硬化病人食道静脉曲张套扎术后再出血的影响.方法:将肝硬化食道静脉曲张套扎术病人随机分为干预组和对照组各30人.对照组采用常规护理方法,干预组在常规护理的基础上进行心理干预,健康教育放松训练,有效应对方式,家庭及社会支持系统护理干预.结果:干预组的再出血的发生率明显低于对照组,干预组的住院日数和住院费用明显少于对照组(p<0.05).结论:护理干预能明显降低食道静脉曲张套扎术病人术后再出血的发生,有利于降低病人的经济负担,提高病人的生活质量.     

Endoscopic variceal ligation for intractable esophageal variceal bleeding in children with idiopathic extrahepatic portal vein occlusion: report of three cases

Extrahepatic portal vein occlusion (EPVO) is an important cause of extrahepatic portal hypertension and variceal hemorrhage in children. We report 3 children with a diagnosis of EPVO and intractable esophageal variceal bleeding who underwent scheduled endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and prophylactic propranolol therapy for eradication of esophageal varices. Complete variceal obliteration was achieved in all 3 children following 3-4 treatment sessions. There were no significant complications or gastrointestinal hemorrhage during a follow-up period of 9 to 31 months after variceal eradication. In conclusion, EVL and long-term propranolol prophylaxis is safe and effective in eradicating bleeding esophageal varices in children with EPVO.     

Use of color Doppler esophageal ultrasonography for assessing hemodynamics of the lower esophageal veins before and after endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation]

Using color Doppler esophageal ultrasonography(CDEUS) with water balloon, we examined the lower esophageal veins of 24 patients with portal hypertension and esophageal varices. The results showed that CDEUS with water balloon could clearly display the lower esophageal veins and could effectively evaluate the changes of hemodynamics of the lower esophageal veins before and after endoscopic esophageal variceal ligation. The maximum blood velocity of peri-esophageal vein in the active bleeding group was higher than that in the non-active bleeding group.     

彩超研究食管静脉结扎术前后门、奇静脉侧枝循环的变化

本文通过对３５例门脉高压并食管静脉曲张病人的彩色多普勒超声显像（ＣＤＦＩ）研究，并与３０例对照组比较，探讨经内窥镜食管静脉结扎术前后，门、奇静脉侧枝循环血流动力学变化的ＣＤＦＩ表现。ＣＤ－ＦＩ检查证实食管曲张静脉结扎术不仅消除粘膜下曲张的食管静脉，而且部分阻断侧枝循环，使胃和肝脏的血流增加。     

食管彩超评价经内窥镜食管静脉曲张结扎前后食管下段静脉血流动力学变化

用带自制水囊彩色多谱勒食管超声探查２４例门静脉高压食管静脉曲张患者的食管下段静脉。结果显示,该法能清晰显示门静脉高压时食管下段静脉,有效评价经内窥镜食管静脉曲张结扎前后食管下段静脉血流动力学变化,有活动性出血组的周围静脉最大血流速度高于无活动性出血组     

套扎术联合硬化术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效观察

目的 探讨套扎术联合硬化术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床疗效.方法 按入院的先后顺序将98例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者随机分为观察组和对照组各49例,对照组采用套扎术进行治疗,而观察组采用套扎术联合硬化术治疗.记录并比较两组患者的止血成功率、静脉曲张率、再出血率、死亡率及并发症发生率等各项临床指标.结果 观察组术后静脉曲张率、再出血率和死亡率分别为10.2％、61.2％和8.2％,明显低于对照组的36.7％、87.8％和30.6％;各项并发症发生率也明显低于对照组,组间差异均具有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）;而观察组的术后止血成功率（98.0％）与对照组（95.9％）比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.结论 套扎术联合硬化术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血可提高治疗效果,降低并发症发生率,具有重要的临床推广应用价值.