广州地区无偿献血者HLA抗体筛查和特异性分析初探

目的对广州地区部分无偿献血者HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类抗体的分布及特异性进行调查和分析,为安全输血提供相应的实验数据。方法随机收集无偿献血者标本368份,应用Antigen Tray-LATM和LAT1240检测HLA抗体,PCR-SSP方法检测阳性标本HLAⅠ、Ⅱ类抗原,并根据相应的抗原对抗体特异性进行分析,并对男、女献血者HLA抗体分布的差异进行统计学分析。结果在368名献血者中,13名HLA抗体阳性(3.53%)。HLA抗体出现以女性献血者为主,达到10.78%,均有孕产史,而男性献血者HLA抗体的出现频率仅为0.75%(P0.05)。13份阳性标本中HLAⅠ类抗体阳性8份,且女性献血者也明显高于男性(P0.05)。群体反应性抗体(PRA)分析,PRA20%占61.5%、PRA(20%～30%)占15.4%、PRA(30%～40%)占7.7%、PRA40%占15.4%。抗体特异性分析,抗-A19(53.85%),抗-B40(30.77%),抗-DR4(30.77%),并且以复合性抗体为主。结论初步探讨了本地区无偿献血者中HLA抗体分布情况,女性献血者的HLA抗体出现频率明显高于男性献血者。本研究为HLA系统引起的输血免疫相关并发症预防措施的建立提供了初步的实验基础。     

血小板输注无效患者血小板同种抗体及血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体表达的研究

目的 探讨血小板输注无效与血小板同种抗原或血小板特异性抗原的相关性.方法 选择65例临床确诊血小板输注无效患者作为研究对象,应用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)方法检测血清、血小板洗脱液中血小板特异性抗体;应用HLA抗体特异性检测试剂盒,对组合反应性抗体(PRA)阳性的患者进行HLA抗体特异性分析;用HPA分型试剂盒检测8个血小板同种抗原系统HPA-1、2、3、4、5、6、9、15;用HLA分型试剂盒对HLA-A/B抗原进行基因分型.结果 65例患者HLA-A/B抗原,HPA-1、2、4、5、6、9、15抗原的基因频率分布与健康献血员比较差异无统计学意义.HPA-3a、3b抗原频率分别为0.65、0.35,与健康献血员比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).65例患者中HLA抗体单独阳性24例(36.9%),HLA抗体和血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体共同阳性14例(21.5%);HLA抗体和血小板洗脱液特异性糖蛋白抗体共同阳性6例(9.2%),血小板洗脱液特异性糖蛋白抗体阳性13例(20%),HLA抗体、血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体及血小板洗脱液特异性糖蛋白抗体共同阳性4例(6.2%);HLA-A/B特异性抗体中,HLA-A*9抗体占全部抗体的46.2%,HLA-B*40抗体占33.6%.血清血小板特异性抗体以GPⅡb/Ⅲa为主(26.2%),其次为GP Ⅰa/Ⅱa(21.5%),血小板洗脱液中,血小板特异性抗体以GPⅡb/Ⅲa和GP Ⅰb/Ⅸ为主(41.5%).对2例患者进行了遗传学调查,发现产生的血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体和HLA抗体与父母血小板抗原及HLA抗原不相合呈密切相关.结论 血小板输注无效患者中,HLA抗体占主要地位,其次为血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体.     

血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体和HLA抗体在特发性血小板减少性紫癜的表达

本研究旨在探讨特发性血小板减少性紫癜（ITP）中血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体和HLA抗体的表达。选择45例ITP患者,运用ELISA方法检测患者的血浆和血小板洗脱物血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体和HLA抗体。使用HPA分型试剂盒检测7个抗原系统HPA-1、2、3、4、5、6、15。结果表明,有45例患者检测到血清或者血小板洗脱物中存在血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体,其中以抗GPⅡb／Ⅲa／HIa和抗GpⅠb／Ⅸ最为常见;有11例患者同时表达HLA抗体和血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体。对病例37和40进行家系调查,发现这些病例所产生的血小板特异性糖蛋白抗体和HLA抗体与父母血小板抗原及HLA抗原不相合密切相关。结论：应用ELISA检测ITP病例的血浆和血小板洗脱物,并与病人的临床表现相结合,对提高ITP的诊断具有重要价值。     

HPA和HLA已知型的血小板供者库建立及应用

目的 开展血小板同型或配合性输注是预防和治疗免疫性血小板输注无效(PTR)的良策.为此建立一定规模的HPA和HLA已知型血小板资料库,为临床提供匹配的单采血小板,是血小板输注安全有效的保障.方法 对所有供者库单采血小板进行ABO、HLA-A、B及HPA1-6,15基因分型.根据ABO、HPA同型和HLA同型或HLA交叉反应组相同(CREG)配型策略,编制数据库软件,建立上海市单采血小板供者资料库.结果 上海市血小板供者库至今已接受80人/次患者查询,共有78名患者找到合适的供者.HPA和HLA的CREG相同配合率为97.5％.其中50名患者接受了单采血小板的同型(或配合型)输注,47名输注有效(24 h血小板回收率＞20％).其中更有15名患者同型输注疗效明显,24 h回收率＞80％.结论 建立血小板供者HPA和HLA Ⅰ类抗原基因分型资料库,为患者提供HLA和HPA、ABO匹配的单采血小板,可以降低PTR的发生率,是解决免疫性PTR的根本手段.     

肿瘤患者血小板相关抗体分析

目的分析肿瘤患者血小板相关抗体产生规律及临床意义,探寻肿瘤患者临床血小板输注无效对策。方法先用ELISA方法QUIKSCREEN试剂筛查反复输注血小板3次以上肿瘤患者的HLA IgG抗体,再将初筛阳性样本用PAKPLUS试剂确定HLA、HPA抗体,同时观察抗体阳性患者临床症状并判断输注疗效。结果116份样本中筛查出HLA IgG抗体44例,抗体阳性率37.93%。初筛阳性样本经检测确认HLA抗体18例,HPA抗体8例,未能确认8例,其中HPA抗体及HLA抗体同时阳性10例。抗体阳性率与血小板输注次数成正相关(P<0.01),且与输注效果之间的相关性有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论肿瘤患者血小板抗体阳性率与血小板输注次数相关,且与输注效果有关。     

不规则抗体筛查及特异性鉴定结果分析

目的探讨红细胞血型不规则抗体的分布规律及其临床意义。方法应用微柱凝胶抗球蛋白检测技术对6 352例患者进行不规则抗体筛查、鉴定。结果在6 352例患者中检出红细胞同种不规则抗体阳性者62例(男27例,女35例),阳性率0.97%。有输血史和(或)妊娠史者54例,其中Rh血型系统不规则抗体43例(含抗-E抗体34例),MNSS系统7例,Lewis系统2例,Kidd系统2例,P系统2例,Diego系统1例,无特异性5例。Rh血型系统不规则抗体阳性患者均有输血史和(或)妊娠史。结论不规则抗体阳性患者中女性占多数,大多曾经有输血史和(或)妊娠史,以Rh血型系统抗体最为常见。     

HLA与HPA配型不合导致血小板输注无效1例

正血小板输注无效(platelet transfusion refractoriness,PTR)是指患者在至少连续两次输注ABO血型相合且其中至少一次保存时间在48 h以内的血小板后,血小板计数未见有效提升,临床出血症状未得到明显改善~([1])。大约30%～70%患者多次输注血小板制品后会产生血小板抗体,导致同种免疫反应而发生PTR~([2])。引起同种免疫反应的血小板抗原分为两类:一类是血小板相关性抗原,包括HLA-Ⅰ类抗原、ABH、Lewis     

化学发光法检测梅毒特异性抗体进行梅毒筛查的评价

目的探讨分析化学发光法检测梅毒特异性抗体进行梅毒筛查的效果。方法对逆向梅毒筛查流程实验室数据进行回顾性分析,通过化学发光法进行抗体筛查试验,初筛阳性标本,实施非梅毒螺旋体抗原血清甲苯胺红不加热试验检测,颗粒凝集试验复测,在不加热试验的同时测定阳性标本的滴度。结果对本次所采集的梅毒标本,使用甲苯胺红不加热试验和化学发光法检测进行检测,化学发光法检出率明显高于甲苯胺红不加热试验法(P<0.05);通过TPPA确认,化学发光法的特异度和敏感性明显优于甲苯胺红不加热试验法(P<0.05)。结论通过化学发光法检测梅毒特异性抗体实施梅毒筛查,给予阳性标本滴度检测,两者不满足则应用TPPA试验,能够明显降低假阴性,提升敏感率,明显优于传统梅毒筛查模式。     

南京地区血小板固定捐献者HLA和HPA基因资料库的建立及库容评估分析

目的 探讨南京地区血小板固定捐献者HLA-A、-B和HPA-1～6w、10w、15、21w基因多态性分布特点并进行血小板固定捐献者基因资料库库容评估分析。方法 采用荧光定量PCR法对南京地区1059例血小板固定捐献者血液样本进行HLA-A、-B位点和HPA-1～6w、10w、15、21w基因分型,计算等位基因频率、HLA单体型频率、HPA组合型频率,并以此为数据基础,评估库容水平。结果 1059例血小板固定捐献者中共检出HLA-A位点等位基因15个,频率较高的有A^*02、A^*11、A^*24、A^*33、A^*30;检出HLA-B位点等位基因29个,频率较高的有B^*15、B^*40、B^*13、B^*46、B^*51、B^*58;观察到HLA-A-B单体型共269种,频率>0.01的有22种,其中频率最高的为A^*02-B^*     

实体器官移植术后患者并发结核杆菌感染的护理

总结了 25 例实体器官移植术后患者并发结核感染的护理经验。 护理要点包括,住院期间病房空气和物表的消毒,避免医源性感染;个体化的定时定量给药、准确监测免疫抑制剂的血药浓度,根据血药浓度及时调整口服给药剂量;观察药物不良反应及处理;皮肤结核局部创面的特殊护理;心理护理;出院后全程管理及随访,为患者提供出院后全程管理和指导。     

Management of dyslipidemia in patients after solid organ transplantation

The increase in organ transplantation has led to primary care physicians assuming a greater role in the provision of health care. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in transplant patients. The risk factors for cardiovascular disease do not differ from the nontransplant population, except that there is increased prevalence of these risk factors in the transplant population. Post-transplant hyperlipidemia is extremely prevalent, partly because of the underlying condition causing the need for transplantation and partly because of the side effects of immunosuppressant agents. Although there are no large, cardiovascular event outcome trials demonstrating a benefit for lipid-lowering therapy in the transplant population, there is robust literature supporting this treatment in the nontransplant population, and numerous smaller trials in transplant patients have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy. This article reviews the evidence and treatment options for currently available lipid-lowering therapy in solid-organ transplant patients.     

Lymphomas in solid organ transplantation

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to identify and characterize abdominal lymphomas as they occur in a large solid-organ-transplant population. Methods: A large transplant population was isolated, and all patients developing an abdominal lymphoma were identified. These patients were further characterized after review of their medical records and radiologic examinations. Results: Twenty-eight (1%) of 2925 patients developed lymphoma following transplantation. Of these 28 patients, 14 developed abdominal manifestations of disease. Examples of the wide variety of abdominal manifestations of posttransplant lymphoma are presented. Most of these patients had positive titers for Epstein-Barr virus and were treated with cyclosporin as a part of their immunotherapy. The majority of patients died secondary to this aggressive disease process. Conclusion: The development of lymphoma following solid organ transplantation is more common than in the general population. One-half of the patients in our study population developed abdominal manifestations of this disease. Received: 11 March 1997/Accepted after revision: 25 June 1997     

Biomarkers in solid organ transplantation

This workshop was organized by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Office of Clinical Pharmacology Review Team supporting the Division of Special Pathogen and Transplant Products in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. The main goal of the workshop was to enhance the knowledge base regarding biomarkers in solid-organ transplantation via presentation and discussion of scientific findings.     

ABO-incompatibility in solid organ transplantation

The most important transplantation antigen system in solid organ transplantation is the ABO histo-blood group system. Crossing the ABO barrier in solid organ transplantation is usually not done except for emergency liver transplantations. Early experiences of crossing the ABO barrier in renal transplantation were very disappointing. In the 1970s, clinical trials were started transplanting kidneys of subgroup A2 into blood group O recipients. The tissues of the A2 subgroup expresses reduced amount of A antigens compared to subgroup A1 and the recipients had no special pretreatment and standard immunosuppression. A number of early graft losses were experienced but the trial also resulted in several long time surviving grafts. A few centres have adapted the concept of A2 to non A kidney transplantations with successful results, when the recipient anti-A titres are low or reduced prior to transplantation. In the early 1980s one group successfully transplanted A1 and B kidneys from living related donors across the ABO-barrier using an immunosuppressive protocol consisting of quadruple drugs and splenectomy and this protocol was adapted by a few other groups. In Japan, where cadaver donors are available in very limited number, the largest number of ABO-incompatible transplantations have been performed. Altogether more than 300 ABO-incompatible kidney transplantations have been performed in more than 40 centres since 1989. ABO-incompatible liver transplantations have been performed mainly in emergency cases and the results have generally been inferior to ABO-compatible grafts. In children below the age of three years, liver transplantations across the ABO-barrier have been quite successful especially with living related donors. Very few ABO-incompatible heart/heart-lung/lung-transplantations have been reported with a few successful cases, but the majority have been failures. Recently a series of ABO-incompatible heart transplants performed in small children have been reported with a high success rate.     

实体器官移植患者接受心脏外科手术的围术期分析

目的评估实体器官移植患者接受心脏外科手术的安全性和预后。 方法回顾性收集2010年1月至2019年8月期间复旦大学附属中山医院收治的实体器官移植术后接受心脏外科手术患者的临床资料,包括年龄、性别、基础疾病、器官移植种类、器官移植至本次心脏外科手术时间、辅助检查、手术情况、围术期并发症、重症监护病房住院时间、总住院时间,并对存活患者进行随访。 结果共纳入14例实体器官移植患者,其中12例（85.7%）为肾移植,1例（7.1%）为肝移植,1例（7.1%）为心脏移植。患者平均年龄（57.5±6.0）岁,移植至本次心脏外科手术平均时间（11.4±5.5）年。平均重症监护病房住院时间（3.6±4.3）天,平均住医院时间（18.4±8.4）天。围术期并发症包括急性肾损伤2例（14.3%）,其中1例（7.1%）需要行连续性肾脏替代治;新发心房颤动1例（7.1%）;术后感染3例（21.4%）,均为肺部感染。30 d内死亡患者2例（14.3%）。存活患者随访3~124个月,平均（38.7±40.3）个月,随访期间无患者死亡,均未出现再住院治疗。 结论实体器官移植患者接受心脏外科手术具有良好的短期及长期预后。然而,围术期的感染风险、术后急性肾损伤的发生仍需密切关注。     

Daclizumab induction in solid organ transplantation

Antibody induction therapy is used in solid organ transplantation to prevent rejection in the early postoperative period. It is especially useful in high-risk groups such as retransplants, patients with delayed graft function to delay the initiation of nephrotoxic calcineurin inhibitors (tacrolimus, cyclosporin), highly sensitised recipients and African-American recipients. Historically, antibody induction has been associated with a high incidence of adverse effects and a complicated administration regimen. Daclizumab is a monoclonal antibody that exerts its effect by binding to the alpha subunit (CD25) of the human interleukin (IL)-2 receptor on the surface of activated lymphocytes, thus preventing the binding of IL-2. It is used for induction therapy and is well-tolerated with easy administration. Although originally studied as a five-dose regimen, there is a growing accumulation of data that fewer doses (two or three) are efficacious and less costly for preventing rejection.     

源自供者实体器官移植的受者感染

背景:目前,器官移植受者所面临的最大危险来自移植后感染.随着实体器官移植的广泛开展,器官来源严重短缺,大量边缘供者器官被采用,通过移植过程将供者的感染性疾病传播给受者的病例时有报道,其中包括一些罕见疾病的传播.2009年美国传染性疾病咨询委员会提出包括肿瘤在内的源自供者的传染性疾病的等级评判标准,为源自供者的受者感染性疾病的诊断提供了统一的标准.目的:综述国内外关于源自供者的实体器官移植受者感染性事件的研究概况.方法:应用计算机检索PubMed数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、CNKI数据库及万方数据库2000-01/2010-01有关源自供者的实体器官移植受者感染性事件的文章,英文检索词为"transmission, organ transplantation".中文检索词为"器官移植,供者,传染".同时根据所获得的文献进行引文检索并对部分疾病进行补充检索.排除组织移植、不切题、重复或陈旧性文献.结果与结论:共保留48篇文献进一步分析.近10年来,源自供者的实体器官移植受者感染性事件的报道涉及细菌、病毒以及寄生虫传染,但绝大部分为罕见疾病的报道.源自供者的受者感染性事件的发生,无疑对目前广泛适用的供者筛查标准提出了挑战,但其毕竟只是小概率事件,并不影响器官移植的开展.     

源自供者实体器官移植的受者感染

背景：目前,器官移植受者所面临的最大危险来自移植后感染。随着实体器官移植的广泛开展,器官来源严重短缺,大量边缘供者器官被采用,通过移植过程将供者的感染性疾病传播给受者的病例时有报道,其中包括一些罕见疾病的传播。2009年美国传染性疾病咨询委员会提出包括肿瘤在内的源自供者的传染性疾病的等级评判标准,为源自供者的受者感染性疾病的诊断提供了统一的标准。目的：综述国内外关于源自供者的实体器官移植受者感染性事件的研究概况。方法：应用计算机检索PubMed数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、CNKI数据库及万方数据库2000-01/2010-01有关源自供者的实体器官移植受者感染性事件的文章,英文检索词为＂transmission,organ transplantation＂。中文检索词为＂器官移植,供者,传染＂。同时根据所获得的文献进行引文检索并对部分疾病进行补充检索。排除组织移植、不切题、重复或陈旧性文献。结果与结论：共保留48篇文献进一步分析。近10年来,源自供者的实体器官移植受者感染性事件的报道涉及细菌、病毒以及寄生虫传染,但绝大部分为罕见疾病的报道。源自供者的受者感染性事件的发生,无疑对目前广泛适用的供者筛查标准提出了挑战,但其毕竟只是小概率事件,并不影响器官移植的开展。