神经刺激仪在臂丛神经阻滞的临床应用

目的:探讨神经刺激仪在臂丛神经阻滞中的应用价值.方法:选择上肢手术患者100例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分成两组,每组50例.Ⅰ组应用神经刺激仪进行定位操作,Ⅱ组采用传统的臂丛神经阻滞操作方法,对比观察两组的臂丛神经阻滞效果及不良反应.结果:Ⅰ组臂丛神经阻滞成功率明显高于Ⅱ组,并发症也显著低于Ⅱ组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:应用神经刺激仪定位行臂丛神经阻滞可显著提高臂丛神经阻滞的成功率,减少麻醉并发症.     

神经刺激仪在臂丛神经阻滞的临床应用

目的:探讨神经刺激仪在臂丛神经阻滞中的应用价值.方法:选择上肢手术患者100例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机分成两组,每组50例.Ⅰ组应用神经刺激仪进行定位操作,Ⅱ组采用传统的臂丛神经阻滞操作方法,对比观察两组的臂丛神经阻滞效果及不良反应.结果:Ⅰ组臂丛神经阻滞成功率明显高于Ⅱ组,并发症也显著低于Ⅱ组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:应用神经刺激仪定位行臂丛神经阻滞可显著提高臂丛神经阻滞的成功率,减少麻醉并发症.     

神经刺激器定位臂丛神经阻滞的临床应用

目的 通过观察外周神经刺激器定位行肌间沟臂丛神经联合颈丛神经阻滞,进行肩部手术的临床效果,与传统盲探的肌问沟臂丛神经联合颈丛神经阻滞进行比对观察分析.方法 将肩部手术患者30例分为两组,每组15例.Ⅰ组使用神经刺激器定位下的肌间沟臂丛神经联合颈丛神经阻滞;Ⅱ组采用传统的肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞联合传统颈丛神经阻滞.局麻药物选择1%利多卡因与0.25%左旋布比卡因.记录并比较两组麻醉效果.结果 Ⅰ组阻滞完全者占86.7%(13/15),显著高于Ⅱ组的46.6%(7/15)(P<0.01);Ⅰ组阻滞不全者占13.3%,显著低于Ⅱ组的26.7%(P<0.01).Ⅰ组无阻滞失败病例;Ⅱ组阻滞失败4例.结论 使用外周神经刺激器定位行肌间沟臂丛联合颈丛神经阻滞,能明显提高臂丛神经阻滞成功率.     

经神经刺激仪引导肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的临床疗效

目的探讨在神经刺激仪引导下行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉的临床疗效。方法选择2012年1月—2013年1月该院收治的拟行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的患者60例,分为实验组和对照组各30例,实验组采用神经刺激仪辅助定位,对照组采用传统异感定位,比较两组患者麻醉效果。结果实验组麻醉起效时间及阻滞操作时间均较对照组缩短;实验组麻醉成功率达93．3％,而对照组麻醉成功率71．1％,实验组麻醉效果明显优于对照组,实验组患者并发症发生率少于对照患者,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论在神经刺激仪引导下进行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,操作简单、定位准确率高、麻醉效果好、并发症少,值得临床推广应用。     

小儿断指再植手术神经刺激仪定位臂丛神经阻滞的麻醉效果

目的比较用外周神经刺激仪定位臂丛神经阻滞与传统针刺定位臂丛神经阻滞用于小儿断指再植手术的麻醉效果。方法将断指再植的小儿患者50例均等分为两组,均采用基础麻醉加腋路臂丛神经阻滞麻醉,Ⅰ组用神经刺激仪定位腋路臂丛神经阻滞。Ⅱ组采用传统的腋路臂丛神经阻滞。两组穿刺点均用两点法麻醉。神经阻滞药物为0.375%罗哌卡因(耐乐品0.75%)注射液,按3 mg/kg给药。完成阻滞后记录麻醉起效时间,作用效果,维持时间,术后并发症。结果在基础麻醉下阻滞起效时间比较无显著性差异,但阻滞成功率Ⅰ组显著高于Ⅱ组,阻滞维持时间Ⅰ组显著长于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。结论小儿断指再植手术在基础麻醉下使用外周神经刺激仪,施行臂丛神经阻滞麻醉能较准确的实施,更加安全可靠。     

神经刺激仪定位在老年桡骨骨折手术患者行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉中的应用价值

目的 探讨神经刺激仪定位用于老年桡骨骨折患者行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞麻醉效果。 方法 选择行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞老年桡骨骨折患者100例,随机分为S组(50例)和P组(50例),分别在神经刺激仪和传统异感法定位下予罗哌卡因行神经阻滞,比较两组患者麻醉效果及满意度。 结果 S组操作,臂丛感觉神经阻滞起效、完善及运动神经阻滞起效时间均短于P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);S组麻醉满意度优于P组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 神经刺激仪定位应用于老年患者行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,安全有效。     

神经刺激器行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在前臂手术的应用分析

目的对神经刺激器行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在前臂手术中的应用及效果进行研究。方法选取我院2016年6月~2018年1月收治的200例前臂手术患者作为研究对象,ASA分级为Ⅰ~Ⅱ级,根据其麻醉阻滞方式不同,分为观察组和对照组,每组100例,观察组以神经刺激器行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,对照组以传统盲探异感法进行普通静脉留置针与硬膜外导管置入行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞。观察对比两组患者的麻醉阻滞效果。结果观察组阻滞成功率为92.0%,对照组为80.0%,且观察组麻醉阻滞操作以及阻滞起效时间、术后麻醉药物使用量及并发症等指标均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论神经刺激器行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞在前臂手术应用中,作用效果较为突出,且不良反应较少,值得临床推广应用。     

针麻仪代替神经刺激器与异感定位法对肌间沟臂丛一点阻滞效果的比较

目的比较异感定位或神经刺激定位对肌间沟臂丛一点阻滞的起效时间、成功率以及并发症。方法以神经刺激定位法（PNS）或诱发异感法（PAR）定位臂丛神经主支,注入1.5%利多卡因和0.25%布比卡因合剂20 ml,观察和记录阻滞操作时间,阻滞起效时间,可行手术时间及总的麻醉时间。结果PNS组各项时间均明显短于PAR组,PNS组的完全阻滞发生率较PAR组高（P〈0.05）。结论PNS较PAR成功率更高,阻滞出现更快,麻醉效果好,技术优势显著,值得推广。     

突破感法行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果观察

目的观察突破感法行肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的临床效果。方法选择需行肌间沟臂丛阻滞的患者148例,随机分成A、B两组,A组为传统的肌间沟臂丛阻滞,B组为突破感法肌间沟臂丛阻滞,对比两组的阻滞效果。结果两组患者的感觉神经阻滞起效时间,感觉阻滞持续时间,运动阻滞起效时间,运动阻滞持续时间差异无显著意义,P<0.05。完全运动阻滞比例和完全运动阻滞起效时间组间差异无显著意义,P<0.05。结论突破感法肌间沟臂丛操作简单,麻醉效果可靠,减少了传统穿刺法反复寻找异感损伤血管引起血肿,气胸等并发症的可能性,在基层医院特别对老人、小孩、肥胖,异感主诉不清楚者适用。     

解剖定位无异感法与神经刺激仪定位肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞的比较

臂丛神经包裹在连续相通的筋膜间隙中,只要有足够容量注入筋膜间隙,理论上均可使全臂丛阻滞[1].但传统的肌间径路臂丛神经阻滞(BPB)是一种盲探式操作,要求患者清醒、合作并及时诉说穿刺针触及神经干的异感,给患者带来主观上的不适感.本文选择我院2009年1月～2011年3月拟行肩关节以下的上肢手术患者100例,采用解剖定位无异感法与神经刺激仪辅助定位实施肌间沟臂丛神经阻滞,观察其阻滞效果.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.