外源性bFGF对坐骨神经钳夹损伤后脊髓DRG感觉神经元CGRP变化的影响

目的:观察外源性碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)对坐骨神经损伤后大鼠背根神经节(DRG)和脊髓后角内降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)变化的影响。方法:成年雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成正常组、阳性对照组和bFGF组。阳性对照组动物右侧坐骨神经钳夹损伤,bFGF组动物右侧坐骨神经损伤后给予bFGF,在不同时间点运用免疫荧光技术结合图像分析检测相应背根节和脊髓后角CGRP的变化。结果:bFGF处理组术侧DRG内中小型神经元和脊髓后角内的CGRP表达明显高于阳性对照组,积分光密度值相比(P<0.05);但DRG内大型神经元内CGRP表达没有明显变化。结论:结果提示外源性bFGF能明显促进损伤后同侧DRG中小型神经元和脊髓后角CGRP的合成,对DRG内大型神经元中CGRP的表达没有明显影响。     

大鼠坐骨神经压榨损伤后早期降钙素基因相关肽的变化

目的：研究大鼠坐骨神经压榨损伤后早期降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的动态变化及与神经再生的关系。方法：SD大鼠坐骨神经压榨损伤后分别存活1d到21d,免疫组化技术观察CGRP分布和含量的变化。结果：(1)1d组神经CGRP大量堆积,压榨近端明显多于远端,随即下降,21d组基本消失。(2)1d组背根节、脊髓后角和前角CGRP开始增高,并分别在3～5d、5～7d和7d组达峰值,随后渐降,21d组脊髓前角CGRP阳性运动神经元仍明显高于假手术组和对照侧。结论：神经压榨损伤后CGRP表达变化呈明显的时空模式,可能参与了神经元保护并介导了损伤信号的传导。     

坐骨神经损伤后相应脊髓节段Nogo-A的表达变化

目的通过切断坐骨神经,观察相应脊髓节段中Nogo-A表达的变化及了解脊髓中Nogo-A在周围神经损伤过程中的作用规律。方法选用健康成年SD大鼠120只,随机分为切断坐骨神经组、切除坐骨神经组和假手术对照组。各组大鼠术后每一组随机分为5组,分别于术后24h、48h、1周、2周、32d处死。经左心室-升主动脉插管灌注固定,然后迅速取出相应节段脊髓进行处理后,光镜观察并对脊髓前角运动神经元行光密度测定。结果光镜下可见,Nogo-A在脊髓前角运动神经元胞浆内有明显表达,而细胞核内未见表达。平均光密度(MOD)测定显示,脊髓灰质前角坐骨神经损伤侧Nogo-A表达阳性的运动神经元MOD较未损伤侧明显增高,于伤后1、2 d即出现增高,1周时达高峰,之后逐渐降低,32d时趋向正常。结论坐骨神经损伤后,脊髓相应节段损伤侧前角运动神经元胞浆内Nogo-A的表达较未损伤侧明显增强,且随时间不同,其增强的幅度有一定的变化规律。     

大鼠脊神经后根切断后脊髓和背根神经节CGRP的表达变化

为观察大鼠脊神经后根切断后相应背根神经节(DRG)和脊髓节段CGRP的表达变化,本研究采用25只健康成年SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、假手术对照组和L4、5后根切断后3d、7d和14d组(n=5),用免疫组织化学方法结合图像分析技术检测各组相应DRG和脊髓节段内CGRP的表达变化。结果如下:后根切断后3d、7d和14d伤侧DRG内CGRP表达较对照组和对侧明显增强;后根切断后3d脊髓后角CGRP免疫阳性纤维减少,7d、14d时进一步减少;后根切断后3d脊髓前角运动神经元内CGRP表达增加,免疫阳性细胞数增多,7d和14d时表达进一步增强。以上结果提示,脊神经后根切断后DRG和脊髓CGRP表达变化呈现一定的时空模式,可能参与了神经损伤后的再生过程。     

神经生长因子mRNA在大鼠脊髓和脊神经节的表达——原位杂交研究

我们以 SD大鼠坐骨神经为材料 ,在 NGF- c DNA文库建立的基础上 ,人工合成神经生长因子引物 ,并用 PCR地高辛标记法标记 NGF探针 ,采用原位分子杂交组织化学方法 ( ISHH) ,观察 NGF- m RNA神经生长基因表达细胞在大鼠腰段脊髓和脊神经节内的分布。结果发现在大鼠坐骨神经损伤模型腰段脊髓横切面的前角、侧角及腰背根神经节均有 NGF基因的表达细胞 ,蓝色反应物弥散性分布于胞浆内 ,呈细小颗粒状或长柱状。损伤侧要强于未损伤侧 ,并对其杂交信号进行定量分析 ,结果显示在大鼠坐骨神经损伤模型术后第 5天、第 10天及第 15天 ,脊髓前角运动神经元 ,侧角交感神经元、背根节感觉神经元内的杂交信号增强 ,表明损伤的早、中期 NGF- m RNA表达量增加。讨论了神经再生的理化因素     

大鼠坐骨神经切断后Robo2在脊髓及背根节的表达变化

目的:研究坐骨神经损伤后Roundabout 2(Robo2)在成年大鼠背根节和脊髓的表达变化。方法:健康成年雌性SD大鼠坐骨神经切断后分别存活3～28d,取其L_(4～6)背根节(DRG)和脊髓;利用RT-PCR和免疫组织化学技术检测Robo2在上述组织中的表达变化。图像分析技术对阳性细胞的灰度值进行测定。结果:正常DRG感觉神经元表达Robo2 mRNA和蛋白质,脊髓前角运动神经元不表达。坐骨神经切断后3 d DRG内Robo2表达增加,7～14 d达高峰,21～28 d恢复到正常水平。结论:坐骨神经切断可导致DRG内Robo2的表达上调,可能与早期的感觉轴突再生有关。     

大鼠脊髓损伤后NGF及其受体TrkA在运动神经元及神经胶质细胞表达的变化

为探讨脊髓损伤后运动神经元及神经胶质细胞内神经生长因子(NGF)及其高亲和力受体(TrkA)表达的变化,用改良Allen重击法损伤SCI组动物T12脊髓,按伤后存活时间再将动物分为脊髓损1 d组、2 d组和5 d组。各组动物的脊髓切片经ABC法免疫组织化学染色,用光镜观察TrkA及NGF在脊髓前角运动神经元表达的变化和胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)及NGF免疫反应阳性胶质细胞的反应性增生程度,并进行图像分析。结果显示:脊髓损伤后前角运动神经元TrkA及NGF的表达随脊髓损伤后动物存活时间的延长逐渐上调;脊髓白质和灰质内尤其是皮质脊髓束内GFAP及NGF阳性胶质细胞明显增生;与此同时,室管膜细胞内亦可见明显的NGF免疫反应产物。上述结果表明,脊髓损伤可刺激脊髓前角运动神经元表达TrkA及NGF,通过自分泌维持受损神经元的存活;损伤部位反应性增生的胶质细胞亦可产生NGF,通过旁分泌作用于脊髓前角运动神经元或皮质脊髓束的轴突末梢,以维持运动神经元的存活及促进皮质脊髓束的再生;适时补充外源性神经营养素或改变损伤局部的微环境将有利于受损脊髓的修复和再生。     

联合应用神经生长因子和神经节苷脂1对坐骨神经损伤大鼠脊髓神经元的保护作用

目的：了解联合应用神经生长因子(NGF)和神经节苷脂1(GMl)对大鼠周围神经损伤后脊髓神经元的保护作用。方法：选用SD大鼠,分为生理盐水(NS)组、NGF组、GM1组和NGF GM1组,将大鼠坐骨神经造成5mm缺损,术中硅胶管内局部加药、术后大鼠损伤侧小腿肌注药物。术后定期光、电镜观察L4～I6脊髓前角神经元结构变化,测定损伤远段和近段神经传导速度。结果：脊髓运动神经元数目以及神经传导速度4周时,NGF组和GM1组均多于或快于NS组,NGF GM1组则多于或快于NS组、NGF组和GM1组,8周时NGF GM1组、NGF组、GM1组组间无显著性差异但均多于或快于NS组。结论：NGF GM1对周围神经损伤后脊髓运动神经元退变的保护作用与单用NGF或GM1相比,能更早期地发挥作用,并且效果优于单用NGF或GM1。     

不同延迟时间后修复大鼠坐骨神经缺损对CGRP表达的影响

目的：观察大鼠坐骨神经缺损不同延迟时间后修复对降钙素基因相关肽（CGRP）表达的影响.方法：大鼠右侧坐骨神经切断分别预变性0、3、7、14和21 d后（n=6）以左侧自体新鲜神经桥接,神经再生6周后用免疫组化方法检测CGRP在脊髓和背根节（DRG）的表达变化.结果：术侧DRG CGRP表达均明显增强,其中21 d组明显强于0 d组（P＜0.05）;术侧脊髓后角CGRP免疫阳性面积明显增大,21 d组明显大于0 d组（P＜0.05）,其CGRP表达在0 d、3 d和21 d组均强于对侧（P＜0.05）,而3 d和21 d组又明显强于0 d组（P＜0.05）;3d组脊髓前角的CGRP表达在明显强于0 d组和对侧（P＜0.05）.结论：预变性处理可以影响CGRP的表达从而影响神经再生过程.     

脱细胞支架联合电针对坐骨神经损伤大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的保护作用

目的 :探讨脱细胞支架(AS)联合电针对坐骨神经损伤(SNI)大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的保护作用。方法 :首先制备AS,用于桥接损伤的神经。其次切除大鼠右侧坐骨神经10 mm,建立大鼠SNI模型。将SNI模型大鼠随机分为模型组(M)、AS桥接组(AS)和AS联合电针治疗组(AST)。模型组不予任何干预,AS组将支架桥接于两断端处,AST组在支架桥接术后2 d给予电针进行治疗,采用20 Hz、1 mA疏密波相间的电流,针刺穴位为环跳和阳陵泉,每次电针15 min,7 d 1个疗程。电针4周后,用电生理记录仪检测各组大鼠坐骨神经传导速度和波幅,用尼氏染色观察各组大鼠脊髓前角运动神经元的形态结构,用免疫印迹检测各组大鼠脊髓脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)和神经生长因子(NGF)蛋白的表达。结果 :AST组大鼠坐骨神经传导速度和波幅明显高于AS组;尼氏染色显示AST组脊髓前角运动神经元胞体形态较完整,尼氏体呈蓝紫色、斑块状,偶见部分核移位现象,尼氏体的数量明显多于AS组和模型组;免疫印迹结果显示AST组脊髓内BDNF和NGF蛋白表达量均高于AS组和模型组。结论 :脱细胞支架联合电针不仅可增加大鼠坐骨神经传导速度及波幅,还可阻止脊髓前角运动神经元中尼氏体肿胀与溶解,并可上调脊髓内BDNF和NGF蛋白的表达,对SNI所致的脊髓前角运动神经元损伤有保护作用。     

大鼠坐骨神经横断后脊髓、背根神经节及坐骨神经Slit 2表达的变化

目的：观察 Slit 2在大鼠坐骨神经横断模型中的表达变化,为进一步研究 Slit/Robo 在周围神经再生中的作用提供实验依据。方法：SD 大鼠坐骨神经横断后用原位杂交及免疫组织化学方法检测 Slit 2在脊髓、背根神经节(DRG)和横断神经近、远端内的表达变化,图像分析方法测定阳性细胞数及平均积分光密度值。结果：正常脊髓前角运动神经元、DRG 和神经干内 Slit 2有一定的基础表达。损伤后近端神经胶质瘤、神经远端 Slit 2表达增高;DRG 内的 Slit 2表达呈现一定的时间变化,7 d 为表达高峰,14 d 下降。结论：Slit 2存在于正常成年大鼠周围神经系统,损伤可致其表达改变,Slit 2可能在周围神经再生中发挥重要作用。     

Induction of repulsive guidance molecule in neurons following sciatic nerve injury

Repulsive guidance molecule (RGM) is a protein implicated in both axonal guidance and neural tube closure. We examined the expression of RGMa in the spinal cord after the sciatic nerve crush by immunohistochemistry. Although there was no RGMa immunoreactivity under na?ve conditions in the dorsal horn, a weak signal for RGMa was found at 24 h after the nerve crush, and this signal was progressively increased in the NeuN-positive neurons in the ipsilateral dorsal horn from superficial to deep layers at 10 days after surgery. In the neurons of the ipsilateral ventral horn, RGMa was also induced at 10 days after surgery, whereas no RGMa signal could be observed in na?ve conditions or at 24 h after surgery. Thus, RGMa expression is upregulated both in the ipsilateral dorsal and ventral horns in response to the sciatic nerve injury. We next examined the effects of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation on RGMa expression in the spinal cord. However, no RGMa expression was observed at 24 h and 10 days after the CFA injection in the dorsal horn, suggesting that RGMa is not involved in inflammation-induced gyperalgesia. Our present study demonstrates that induction of RGMa is associated with the peripheral nerve injury.     

脊髓小胶质细胞反应性在大鼠周围神经再生中的作用(英文)

为探讨大鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓小胶质细胞反应性、脊髓腹角运动神经元脱失与坐骨神经再生之间的关系,制备了SD大鼠右侧坐骨神经钳夹损伤模型,术后3d和7d测定相应脊髓节段小胶质细胞免疫反应性、腹角运动神经元数量,4周时于光镜和电镜下评价坐骨神经变性和再生。结果显示:(1)坐骨神经损伤后3d,脊髓腹角小胶质细胞OX-42免疫反应性开始明显增强(P<0.05);(2)脊髓腹角损伤同侧与对侧运动神经元数量比明显降低(P<0.05),说明同侧运动神经元存活数量减少;(3)组织学评价显示损伤神经再生不良;(4)simvastatin(一种降胆固醇药物,具有潜在的免疫调节作用)干预组较非simvastatin干预组小胶质细胞进一步激活,运动神经元存活数量增加,坐骨神经再生良好。本研究结果提示,脊髓腹角小胶质细胞的激活可能在大鼠周围神经损伤后的再生中发挥重要的保护作用。     

GABAA receptor modulation in dorsal root ganglia in vivo affects chronic pain after nerve injury

Neuropathic pain (NPP) due to sensory nerve injury is, in part, the result of peripheral sensitization leading to a long-lasting increase in synaptic plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn. Thus, activation of GABA-mediated inhibitory inputs from sensory neurons could be beneficial in the alleviation of NPP symptoms. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) conduct painful stimulation from the periphery to the spinal cord. Long-lasting down-regulation in GABA tone or sensitivity in DRG neurons has been reported in animals with neuropathy. To determine the function of GABA in DRG in the development of NPP, we examined how the acute pharmacological GABA(A)-receptor modulation of L5 DRG in vivo affects the development of NPP in rats with crush injury to the sciatic nerve. Direct application of muscimol and gaboxadol, GABA(A) agonists, to L5 DRG immediately after injury induced dose-dependent alleviation, whereas bicuculline and picrotoxin, GABA(A) antagonists, worsened NPP postaxonal injury. The pain-alleviating effects of muscimol and gaboxadol were blocked by bicuculline. Muscimol, applied at the time of injury, caused complete and long-lasting abolishment of NPP development. However, when muscimol was applied after NPP had already developed, its pain-alleviating effect, although significant, was short-lived. Using a fluorescent tracer, sodium fluorescein, we confirmed that local DRG application results in minimal spread into the corresponding dorsal horn of the ipsilateral spinal cord. GABA(A) receptors in DRG are important in the development of NPP after peripheral nerve injury, making timely exogenous GABAergic manipulation at the DRG level a potentially useful therapeutic modality.     

Localization and modulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide-receptor component protein-immunoreactive cells in the rat central and peripheral nervous systems

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system. Its highly diverse biological activities are mediated via the G protein-coupled receptor that uniquely requires two accessory proteins for optimal function. CGRP receptor component protein (RCP) is a coupling protein necessary for CGRP-receptor signaling. In this study, we established the anatomical distribution of RCP in the rat central and peripheral nervous system and its relationship to CGRP immunoreactivity. RCP-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya are widely and selectively distributed in the cerebral cortex, septal nuclei, hippocampus, various hypothalamic nuclei, amygdala, nucleus colliculus, periaqueductal gray, parabrachial nuclei, locus coeruleus, cochlear nuclei, dorsal raphe nuclei, the solitary tractus nucleus and gracile nucleus, cerebellar cortex, various brainstem motor nuclei, the spinal dorsal and ventral horns. A sub-population of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and trigeminal ganglia were strongly RCP-IR. Overall, the localization of RCP-IR closely matched with that of CGRP-IR. We also determined whether RCP in DRG and dorsal horn neurons can be modulated by CGRP receptor blockade and pain-related pathological stimuli. The intrathecal injection of the antagonist CGRP(8-37) markedly increased RCP expression in the lumbar DRG and spinal dorsal horn. Carrageenan-induced plantar inflammation produced a dramatic bilateral increase in RCP expression in the dorsal horn while a partial sciatic nerve ligation reduced RCP expression in the ipsilateral superficial dorsal horn. Our data suggest that the distribution of RCP immunoreactivity is closely matched with CGRP immunoreactivity in most of central and peripheral nervous systems. The co-localization of RCP and CGRP in motoneurons and primary sensory neurons suggests that CGRP has an autocrine or paracrine effect on these neurons. Moreover, our data also suggest that RCP expression in DRG and spinal cord can be modulated during CGRP receptor blockade, inflammation or neuropathic pain and this CGRP receptor-associated protein is dynamically regulated.