HBV P区聚合酶基因变异株的检测及限制性内切酶分析

目的：建立HBV聚合酶基因变异株DNA检测技术，探讨变异株的变异规律及其临床意义。方法：采用限制性内切酶酶切位点引入法设计引物检测YIDD，YVDD，内切酶分析，PAGE电泳法检测DMHD，LMLL，LMAQ基因变异。结果：应用SSP I及ApaL内切酶可准确地检测出YIDD和YVDD。23例HBV DNA阳性病例中，9例YMDD未变异，BstN I切点消失，并伴随有YAAV 4个氨基酸发生变异。1例YMDD未变异，DMHD发生变异；2例YIDD变异株伴随LMAQ变异，BstN I切点变异，另1例YIDD变异株在502位544位伴随YQHG，YKHG和SNLY，SHLY变异，3例YIDD和2例YVDD病例的BstN I切点均有变异。结论：研究结果发现，在YMDD未变异株中50％（9／18）为野生株，50％（9／18）有基因变异，提示LMAQ，YIDD，YVDD变异（W2－W12）可能与拉米呋啶药物治疗有关。     

拉米夫定抗乙肝病毒治疗YMDD变异研究

目的]探讨拉米夫定治疗后乙肝病毒发生YMDD变异情况，及未接受拉米夫定治疗的乙型肝炎患者中是否存在天然变异的情况。[方法]采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）结合Taqman荧光技术对海南地区110例慢性乙肝患者进行HBVYMDD检测，一组80例接受拉米夫定治疗及保肝治疗，另一组30例为对照组只给予保肝治疗，治疗1年对患者HBV多聚酶基因YMDD基序定性检测，观察是否有突变。[结果]拉米夫定治疗组在用药1年后有31例发生YMDD突变，其中YIDD变异有15例，YVDD变异有7例，YIDD＋YVDD变异有9例，变异株中有19例伴HBVDNA、ALT水平高于正常水平；而对照组有11例发生YMDD突变，其中YIDD变异有2例，YVDD变异有1例，YIDD＋YVDD变异有8例。[结论]在未经抗病毒治疗的慢性乙肝患者中存在YMDD变异株，l临床上在应用拉米夫定对慢性乙型肝炎患者进行抗病毒治疗前，应对患者是否存在YMDD变异加以重视。     

海南地区拉米夫定抗乙肝病毒治疗YMDD变异

目的：探讨拉米夫定治疗后乙肝病毒发生YMDD变异情况，及未接受拉米夫定治疗的乙型肝炎患者中是否存在天然变异的情况。方法：采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）结合Taqman荧光技术对海南地区110例慢性乙肝患者进行HBV YMDD检测，一组80例接受拉米夫定治疗及保肝治疗，另一组30例为对照组只给予保肝治疗，治疗1年对患者HBV多聚酶基因YMDD基序定性检测，观察是否有突变。结果：拉米夫定治疗组在用药1年后有31例发生YMDD突变．其中YIDD变异有15例，YVDD变异有7例，YIDD＋YVDD变异有9例，变异株中有19例伴HEV DNA、ALT水平高于正常水平；而对照组有11例发生YMDD突变．其中YIDD变异有2例．YVDD变异有1例．YIDD＋YVDD变异有8例。结论：在未经抗病毒治疗的慢性乙肝患者中存在YMDD变异株，临床上在应用拉米夫定对慢性乙型肝炎患者进行抗病毒治疗前．应对患者是否存在YMDD变异加以重视。     

泉州地区拉米夫定抗乙肝病毒治疗YMDD变异

目的 检测泉州地区乙肝病毒YMDD变异的类型,探讨拉米夫定治疗后及未接受拉米夫定治疗的乙型肝炎患者中乙肝病毒(HBV)发生YMDD变异情况.方法 采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)结合Taqman荧光技术对泉州地区114例慢性乙肝患者进行HBV YMDD检测,一组66例接受拉米夫定治疗及保肝治疗,另一组48例为对照组只给予保肝治疗,治疗1年对患者HBV多聚酶基因YMDD基序定性检测,观察是否有突变.结果 拉米夫定治疗组在用药1年后有24例发生YMDD突变.其中YVDD变异有15例,YIDD变异有6例,YIDD YVDD变异有3例,其中变异株中有15例,伴有HBV DNA、ALT高于正常水平;而对照组有17例发生YMDD突变.其中YVDD变异有9例,YIDD变异有4例,YIDD YVDD变异有4例.结论 泉州地区乙肝病毒变异株主要是YVDD型,在未经抗病毒治疗的慢性乙肝患者中存在YMDD变异株,临床上在应用拉米夫定对慢性乙型肝炎惠者进行抗病毒治疗前,应对患者是否存在YMDD变异加以重视.     

Taqman MGB探针分型技术检测HBV YMDD 变异及临床应用研究

摘　要: 目的：建立一种快速准确的HBV YMDD变异检测方法，用于乙肝患者拉米夫定治疗中耐药性突变的监测。方法：采用三种特异性TaqmanMGB探针和一对共同引物，建立了检测HBV YMDD变异的荧光定量PCR方法。分别针对总HBV 、YIDD变异、YVDD变异的三管并行检测，可以确定YMDD变异的类型及其在病毒群中的比例。对YMDD野生株、YIDD变异株、YVDD变异株的病毒质粒经过梯度稀释进行检测验证。以序列直接测定法作为诊断YMDD 变异的金标准，对该方法YMDD变异检测的灵敏度、特异性和诊断符合率作评价。并对112例经拉米夫定治疗的血清HBV DNA持续阳性的乙型肝炎患者检测其YMDD变异情况。结果　该方法在105--108Copies/ml 的YMDD野生株、YIDD变异株、YVDD变异株检测中匀未出现非特异性扩增信号；相同浓度的YMDD、YIDD、YVDD在三种不同探针的反应管中的扩增效率基本一致；病毒野生株与YVDD变异株的实际混合比例与计算比例基本一致；该方法检测YIDD、YVDD的最低检测界限为1000 Copies/ml，能在106Copies/ml病毒群中检出0.1%的变异株的存在。以直接测序方法为金标准，该方法YMDD变异检测的灵敏度100%、特异性96%，诊断符合率97.5%。该方法检测112例经拉米夫定1--3年治疗血清HBV-DNA持续阳性的乙型肝炎患者37 例发生YMDD 变异,阳性率27.2%。结论：该方法能够直接检测HBV YMDD变异的类型及其在病毒群中的比例，具有快速、灵敏、准确、经济实用等优点，适合临床实验室开展拉米夫定耐药性突变的监测。     

慢性乙型肝炎患者应用拉米夫定治疗发生HBV YMDD变异的研究

目的 探讨慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）患者应用拉米夫定治疗发生HBV YMDD变异后与患者血清HBVDNA载量关系的临床意义.方法 选择46例应用拉米夫定治疗并发生HBV YMDD变异的CHB患者,另选择未发生HBV YMDD变异的CHB患者作对照组.探讨血清HBVDNA载量与HBV YMDD变异类型、变异发生时间的关系.结果 CHB患者接受拉米夫定治疗前,HBV YMDD变异组HBVDNA载量明显高于HBV YMDD未变异组（P〈0.01）.HBV YMDD变异类型（YVDD、YIDD、YVDD/YIDD）的分布与血清HBVDNA载量无相关性.HBVDNA载量与发生HBV YMDD变异的时间有相关性.随着HBVDNA载量的升高,发生HBV YMDD变异的时间越来越早.结论 应用荧光定量PCR方法检测血清HBVDNA载量和HBV YMDD变异,可动态观察CHB患者拉米夫定治疗后发生HBV YMDD变异的情况,对临床治疗和观察预后具有重要的临床意义.     

3种检测乙型肝炎病毒YMDD变异方法的比较

目的通过多种方法比较分析找到一种高灵敏的检测乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)YMDD变异的方法。方法收集抗病毒治疗1年的慢性乙肝患者样本166例(116例采用拉米夫定治疗、50例采用替比夫定治疗),比较高温连接酶检测反应(LDR)、实时荧光聚合酶链反应(Real-time PCR)和测序3种方法检测HBV YMDD变异灵敏性。结果 LDR、Real-time PCR、测序的阳性率分别为23.49%、21.68%、19.27%。3种方法的特异性均为100%。采用拉米夫定治疗的患者中有38例变异,其中YIDD12例、YVDD26例;替比夫定只有1例YIDD变异。结论 LDR方法检测YMDD变异是非常适合临床应用的方案。YVDD变异较YIDD变异更为普遍。     

基因芯片技术在乙肝病毒基因型及YMDD变异检测中的应用

目的评价基因芯片技术在HBV基因型及HBVP基因YMDD变异检测中的应用价值,并对不同基因型病例的临床情况进行分析。方法抽提HBV DNA,用PCR方法扩增S基因及P基因部分区域,扩增产物与基因芯片上的寡核苷酸探针进行杂交,杂交结果通过芯片影像读取仪扫描到计算机上,经软件分析可得到HBV基因型、HBVYMDD野生型及YVDD、YIDD变异型结果;部分标本通过HBV preS/S基因序列测序证实。结果38份高病毒滴度标本(HBV DNA定量>1.0×105拷贝/毫升)中22例为B基因型(58%),16例为C基因型(42%);32例为HBV YMDD野生型,2例为YVDD变异型、4例为YIDD变异型。临床情况方面,无症状携带者中有2例为基因型B、3例为基因型C,慢乙肝患者中有16例为基因型B1、2例为基因型C,肝硬化患者中有4例为基因型B、1例为基因型C;B型和C型患者e抗原阳性率分别为54.5%(12/22)和87.5%(14/16)。10份HBV DNA定量<1.0×105拷贝/毫升的标本不能检测出HBV基因型及YMDD变异情况。11例阳性标本的基因测序结果与基因芯片检测结果一致。结论(1)基因芯片检测HBV基因型及HBV P基因区YMDD变异准确性高、特异性好,同时每次实验得到的信息量多,适合于临床开展应用,但需提高灵敏度;(2)C基因型乙肝患者HBV e抗原阳性率高于B型患者。     

乙型肝炎病毒基因型与YMDD基因区序列突变及BCP突变关系探讨

目的 对湘潭地区HBV感染者的基因型、YMDD基因区序列突变及BCP区突变情况进行研究,并对三者之间的关系进行探讨.方法 针对湘潭地区952例不同类型的HBV感染者的样本同时进行基因型、YMDD基因区序列突变及BCP区突变检测,并对检测结果进行统计分析.结果 湘潭地区HBV各种基因型分布比例为:B型698例、占73.32%,C型115例、占12.08%,B、C型混合感染139例、占14.60%.YMDD基因区序列突变结果显示:YMDD野生型844例、占88.66%,其余为YMDD突变型,其中YVDD 54例、占5.67%,YIDD 53例、占5.57%,1例为YMDD与YVDD混合感染.BCP区突变结果显示:1762A/1764G(野生型)672例、占70.59%,1762T/1764A(突变型)188例、占19.75%,其余92例为1762T/1764A和1762A/1764G混合型、占9.66%.基因型、YMDD基因区序列突变及BCP区突变三者相关性分析显示:HBV B型和C型YMDD基因区序列突变率分别为10.04%、10.43%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.017,P＞0.05),HBV B型和C型YMDD基因区序列突变类别差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.836,P＜0.05),HBV C型YVDD突变率(9.57%)要高于B型(5.88%).HBV B型和C型BCP区突变率分别为27.36%、46.09%,差异有统计学意义(χ2=16.478,P＜0.01),C型BCP区突变率要高于B型.HBV YMDD野生型和突变型的BCP区突变率分别为2 8.67%、35.51%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=2.139,P＞0.05),但YVDD BCP区突变率(61.11%)要高于其他类别.结论 (1)湘潭地区流行的HBV基因型主要为B型和C型,其中B型为优势基因型,具有南方地区的特点.(2)拉米夫定治疗前通过HBV基因型检测来预测抗病毒应答可能并无实际意义.(3)HBV基因分型、YMDD基因区序列突变、BCP区突变检测的应用,将有助于临床上对乙肝患者的预后和转归进行正确评价,为及时合理的实施干预措施提供了重要依据.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the relationship between HBV genotypes and YMDD motif mutations or BCP mutations in Xiangtan of Hunan Province. Methods HBV genotypes, YMDD motif mutations and BCP mutations were analyzed in 952 HBV infected patients. Results HBV genotyping showed that 698 HBV type B patients and 115 HBV type C patients accounted for 73.32% and 12.08% respectively of all the participants. The rest 139( 14.60% )were genotype B and C mixed infection( B + C ). The analysis of YMDD motif mutations showed that 844 YMDD wild-type which accounted for 88.66% of all the subjects and the remainder were YMDD mutation types, of which 54( 5.67% ) carried YVDD, 53( 5.57% ) YIDD,and 1 YVDD and YIDD mixed infection. Basic Core Promoter mutations showed that 1762A/1764G ( wild type )accounted for 70.59% and 1762T/1764A( mutant ) accounted for 19.75%. The rest 92 patients were 1762T/1764A and 1762A/1764G mixed infection. This study showed no significant difference in the rate of YMDD mutation( 10.04% vs 10.43% ,χ2 =0.017,P＞0.05 ) ,but a significant difference in the types of YMDD mutation(χ2 = 4.836, P ＜ 0.05 )between HBV types B and C. The YVDD mutation was more commonly seen in genotype C( 9.57% ) than in genotype B( 5.88% ). The BCP mutation rate showed a significant difference( 27.36% vs 46.09%, χ2 = 16.478, P ＜ 0.01 ). Genotype C was more frequent than genotype B. The BCP mutation rate showed no significant difference between YMDD Wild-type and YMDD mutation types( 28.67% vs 35.51%, χ2 = 2.139, P ＞ 0.05 ), but most of BCP mutations happened in YVDD mutant type( 61.11% ). Conclusions ( 1 ) The predominant HBV genotypes in Xiangtan were genotype B and genotype C, the major genotype was type B, which display the characteristics of epidemiology in Southern China. ( 2 ) Determination of HBV genotypes before lamivudine therapy was probably not an important pretreatment investigation to predict antiviral responses. ( 3 ) Detection of HBV genotypes, YMDD motif mutations and BCP mutations will contribute to the correct evaluation of prognosis and timely proper management of HBV patients.     

基因芯片检测拉米夫定耐药的慢性乙型肝炎患者YMDD变异的初步研究

目的 用基因芯片技术检测拉米夫定耐药的慢性乙型肝炎患者乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)DNAP区YMDD基序变异情况。探讨变异对临床的影响，为疗效预测及制定进一步治疗措施提供依据。方法 取40例，临床考虑拉米夫定耐药患者的血清，用基因芯片的方法检测血清样本YMDD基序变异情况。观察变异检测阳性患者反跳时的丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)水平及血清转换情况。结果 40例患者血清标本中，用基因芯片法检测HBV DNAP区YMDD变异，YMDD变异阳性标本27例，总变异检出率为67．5％(27/40)。单纯YMDD变异5例。YMDD变异株与野生株混合存在22例。在变异类型中，YIDD变异4例；YVDD变异16例；YIDD与YVDD混合变异7例。血清HBV DNA反跳时YMDD变异组ALT正常者有13例。40例患者中有3例发生血清转换，在YMDD变异检测阳性者中有1例发生血清转换。结论 在拉米夫定治疗过程中出现血清HBV DNA反跳时，多数患者血清中可以检出YMDD变异。反跳时变异株大多与YMDD野生株以共生形式存在，尤以YVDD变异为多，这可能是耐药变异出现后继续服用拉米夫定仍然有效的原因。用基因芯片技术能较好地检测YMDD变异情况，并能检测到患者体内变异株与野生株存在形式。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.