62例胫骨干骨折骨不连的形成原因及治疗

目的探讨胫骨干骨折后骨不连的发生原因和临床各种不同处理方法的治疗效果。方法对1998年1月至2007年1月期间我院收治的62例胫骨干骨折后骨不连病例临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中男50例,女12例;年龄平均37.4岁。AO 42-A型10例,42-B型9例,42-C型43例。开放性骨折34例,其中Gustilo型1例,型3例,A型12例,B型16例,C型2例,闭合性骨折28例。其中上1/3段5例,中1/3段14例,下1/3段43例。吸烟患者42例,非吸烟患者20例。根据骨不连类型将患者分为三组,其中肥大型骨不连组18例,萎缩型骨不连组31例,感染性骨不连组13例。采用交锁髓内钉固定34例,加压钢板内固定11例（其中1例为附加钢板固定）,外固定支架16例,单纯植骨1例。采用成组秩和检验比较患者骨折的愈合时间,美国骨科学会（american academy of orthopaedic surgeons,AAOS）下肢功能评分情况。结果本组患者骨不连的原因分别为局部血供差、机械性不稳定、骨折断端接触不良、感染、吸烟及全身因素等。61例患者达到骨折临床愈合,骨折愈合时间肥大型骨不连（5.2±1.5）个月,萎缩型骨不连（6.0±2.9）个月,感染性骨不连（9.8±3.8）个月,AAOS下肢功能评分肥大型骨不连（88.7±6.6）分,萎缩型骨不连（86.1±9.2）分,感染性骨不连（78.0±11.2）分。与肥大型、萎缩型骨不连相比,感染性骨不连骨折愈合时间长,功能结果差。结论胫骨干骨折后骨不连的原因很多,要尽量避免医源性因素导致骨不连发生的情况。在术前必须要明确每例骨不连患者的个体特异性,才能选择正确的手术治疗方式。感染性骨不连骨折愈合时间长,功能效果差,要在临床上尽量避免感染性骨不连的发生。     

下肢髓内钉术后非感染性骨不连的对策：内植骨结合阻挡钉技术

[目的]分析下肢骨干骨折髓内钉术后非感染性骨不连的原因，观察内植骨结合阻挡钉技术治疗这类骨不连的疗效。[方法]对12例下肢骨干骨折髓内钉治疗术后并发非感染性骨不连的患者（其中股骨5例，胫骨7例；肥大型8例，萎缩性4例），采用稳定骨断端（更换更粗髓内钉＋阻挡钉）、矫正骨畸形（阻挡钉＋复位器）以及增强骨愈合能力（内植骨技术）的办法，观察其疗效。[结果]术后随访1—2年（平均1．5年）。所有患者最终获得骨性愈合，愈合率100％，愈合时间4．7—13．5个月，平均7．8个月。所有患者主观疼痛症状消失，无明显并发症发生。[结论]内植骨结合阻挡钉技术是一种治疗下肢骨干骨折髓内钉术后非感染性骨不连的有效方法。     

股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨不连的成因分析及其手术治疗

目的探讨股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后非感染性骨不连的原因,并针对病因手术治疗该类骨不连。方法自2006-09—2012-09共诊治股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后非感染性骨不连15例,其中肥大型骨不连9例,萎缩型骨不连6例。肥大型骨不连根据骨折部位采用扩髓换钉治疗,萎缩型骨不连采用切开骨折端清理、植骨、扩髓换钉,部分不稳定患者加用钢板固定。结果 15例均获6-79个月随访,平均21个月。9例肥大型骨不连患者均于9个月之内达到骨性愈合标准;6例萎缩型骨不连中5例于8个月之内达到骨性愈合标准,1例在术后9个月未愈合断端仍缺损明显,拔钉后行骨搬运最终治愈。结论股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后非感染性骨不连中固定不稳定引起肥大型骨不连,骨折端血运不良导致萎缩型骨不连。扩髓换钉是有效的治疗方法,但针对不同病因的骨不连处理方式亦应有所不同。     

胫骨骨折术后骨不连的治疗

目的：探讨胫骨骨折术后骨不连的原因及治疗方法。方法：对24例胫骨骨折术后骨不连的患者均采用重新内（外）固定加取髂骨植骨（或人工骨）治疗。结果：本组24例全部得到完全骨性愈合,愈合时间为6～11个月,平均愈合时间7.5个月。功能评定按Johner-Wruhs评分标准,优20例,良3例,差1例。优良率95.65%。结论：胫骨骨折术后骨不连的原因主要是：严重损伤、创口感染、医源性因素。再次手术是治疗的有效方法。     

双钢板内固定治疗下肢骨干骨折术后骨不连

目的观察双钢板内固定治疗下肢骨干骨折术后骨不连的临床效果。方法自2010-03—2013-05诊治股骨、胫腓骨骨折术后骨不连13例,采用原骨断端病灶清除并打毛断端、再通髓腔、自体髂骨移植、双钢板内固定治疗。结果本组12例均获得随访14~42个月,平均26.6个月。术后6个月2例因肥胖扶拐杖复查,10例可步行。股骨骨不连2例因多次手术导致跛行。1例胫骨骨不连因外固定架及石膏固定导致膝伸屈功能受限。1例术后伴疼痛,复查内固定稳定,但植骨吸收,目前仍卧床。末次随访时疗效按标准评定:优5例,良6例,差1例,优良率91.7%。结论下肢骨干骨折术后骨不连采用双钢板内固定治疗效果确切,固定稳固,骨折愈合好。     

经皮钢板内固定下肢长管状骨骨折18例

目的：探讨经皮钢板内固定下肢长管状骨骨折的优缺点。方法：经皮钢板内固定下肢管状骨骨折18例，其中，股骨干骨折6例，胫骨骨折12例；经皮取出内固定钢板8例，股骨干骨折1例，胫骨骨折6例。结果：术后骨折对位对线优良率达91％，经过7-15个月随访，92％的病例疗效满意，平均72d骨折坚强愈合，患肢功能恢复良好。结论：经皮钢板内固定下肢长管状骨骨折较其他的内固定方式有一定的优越性。     

置管引流结合Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨开放骨折术后骨不连

目的探讨置管引流结合Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨开放骨折术后骨不连的疗效。方法采用置管引流结合Ilizarov技术治疗18例胫骨开放骨折术后骨不连患者。骨搬运完成9个月后根据Paley评价标准评估疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间10～56个月。骨折均愈合,外固定支架携带时间10～18个月,携带支架期间患者均可以正常行走。骨搬运完成9个月后根据Paley评价标准评估疗效:优10例,良7例,可1例。结论置管引流结合Ilizarov技术治疗胫骨开放骨折术后骨不连效果显著,可以促进骨折愈合,恢复下肢功能。     

股骨干骨折术后骨不连再手术方案的选择及临床疗效评价

目的分析股骨干骨折术后骨不连原因和评价再手术后的临床疗效。方法笔者自2011-01—2014-12诊治股骨干骨折术后骨不连15例,根据Tohner-Wrnch标准对患者进行疗效评定。结果 15例均获随访10~24个月,平均13个月。13例经再手术后于3~12个月获骨性愈合,1例再手术后1个月完全负重致内固定失败翻修后愈合,1例持续感染形成窦道造成骨不连控制感染后行髓内钉固定,末次随访依据Tohner-Wrnch评分标准评定:优11例,良2例,差2例,优良率86.7%;髋关节活动度由术前(66.0±3.5)°提升至(82.7±4.3)°,膝关节活动度由术前平均(71.6±2.6)°升至(95.0±3.3)°。结论股骨干骨折骨不连再手术时应根据骨不连原因制定手术方案,纳入生物学因素、骨生长形式、内固定力学环境、患者依从性等综合考虑才能获得满意疗效。     

附加钢板联合皮质骨剥离植骨治疗髓内钉固定术后骨不连

正2010年1月～2015年12月,笔者采用附加侧方钢板联合皮质骨剥离、自体髂骨植骨治疗22例髓内钉固定术后非感染性骨不连患者,疗效满意,报道如下。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组22例,男12例,女10例,年龄21～68岁。骨折部位:股骨干11例,胫骨干8例,肱骨干3例。骨不连按Judet分类:肥大型13例,萎缩型6例,营养不良型3例。骨不连时间:10～26个月。     

同种异体骨移植术后骨不连成因及治疗方法分析

目的 总结同种异体骨移植治疗长骨骨折术后骨不连形成原因及治疗方法.方法 1995年12月-2000年12月,应用同种异体骨移植治疗长骨骨折,术后发生骨不连43例.其中男31例,女12例;年龄19～57岁,平均40岁.骨不连原凼:软组织广泛挫灭6例,骨折区覆盖不良:骨髓炎清创术不彻底8例,其中未行持续灌洗6例,单纯局部皮瓣移位4例;伤口继发感染3例;严重原发性创伤或多次手术继发局部贴骨瘢痕12例;内固定不牢固7例;过早负重7例.根据Weber骨不连分型:肥大型4例,萎缩型39例.无假关节形成.骨折部位:股骨11例,胫骨21例,肱骨8例,前臂3例.根据骨不连类型,选择重新固定、再次植骨及组织瓣移植等多种方法联合治疗.结果 术后切口Ⅰ期愈合37例;浅表感染5例,经换药2周后愈合;窦道形成1例,经换药、引流2个月后愈合.组织瓣移植均成活,其中4例皮瓣边缘部分坏死,换药后愈合.患者均获随访,随访时间38～91个月,平均54.6个月.骨不连均达骨性愈合,愈合时间5～11个月,平均7.6个月.术后发生下肢短缩畸形4例,畸形愈合2例,邻近关节活动部分受限7例,前臂旋转受限1例.结论 同种异体骨移植术后骨不连主要呈萎缩型,稳定骨折、组织瓣移植、控制感染及充分植骨是治疗同种异体骨移植术后骨不连的有效方法.     

Role of locking plates in treatment of difficult ununited fractures: a clinical study

Objective:To present our experience in treatment of difficult ununited long bone fractures with locking plate.Methods:Retrospective evaluation of locking plate fixation in 10 difficult nonunions of lon...     

Kompressionsmarknagelung bei Pseudarthrosen

There are many reasons for delayed union or nonunion in fracture healing. Hypertrophic nonunion following conservative fracture treatment has become rare, while delayed union is quite frequently caused by extensive soft tissue injury, bone loss, deficient blood supply to bone fragments, and inadequate stability of the primary internal fixation. Reamed intramedullary nailing of nonunion is well established since Küntscher pointed out that reaming of the medullary canal caused formation of periostal new bone. The use of interlocking compression nails in the treatment of nonunions of the femur, the tibia and the humerus yields better stability at the fracture site than conventional interlocking nailing. The compression nail combines the advantages of the compression screws used in plating and the benefits of intramedullary reaming of the nonunion and allows immediate full weight bearing on the lower extremity. Interlocking compression nailing for nonunions of the humerus has been followed by a high incidence of failure. Operative treatment of nonunions requires an exact analysis of the causality.     

Management of femoral diaphyseal nonunion after nailing with augmentative locked plating and bone graft

Objectives: Exchange nailing (EN) for aseptic femoral shaft nonunion is currently a standard orthopaedic treatment modality. However, according to recent studies there is occasionally a high failure rate when EN is used. In the present study, augmentative locked plating and bone graft was used as an alternative method for treating such cases. The purpose of this study was to report the treatment outcomes of selected femoral diaphyseal nonunions that had initially been treated by nailing. Methods: Thirteen patients with femoral diaphyseal nonunions underwent revision surgery with locked plate and bone graft. The inclusion criteria were: (a) nonisthmic nonunion; (b) atrophic/oligotrophic nonunion. All patients were managed by augmentative locked plating and bone graft. Results: All patients were followed up for a mean of 1.2 years (range, 1–2 years). After revision surgery all nonunions achieved bony union, the average union time being 7.5 months (range, 6–12 months). No major complications were observed in this case series. Conclusion: Augmentative locked plating is an effective and simple technique for treatment of femoral diaphyseal nonunion after nailing in selected cases.     

Diaphysäre Humeruspseudarthrosen

The development of humerus nonunion is dependent on the type of fracture, the extent of soft tissue stripping during surgery, the stability of the osteosynthesis, and multiple patient-dependent factors. Treatment should focus on nonunion pathogenesis. The gold standard for the treatment of oligotrophic, atrophic and infected nonunions is radical resection of the nonunion tissue, bone grafting and plate fixation, preferentially using locking plates. Reaming bone graft and stabilization with intramedullary (i.m.) nailing is utilized in hypertrophic nonunion. Since 1993, we have followed-up 51 patients after surgical treatment for humeral shaft nonunion. In eight of 35 cases (22.8%) treated with i.m. nailing, bone healing was not achieved, whereas in all 14 cases of nonunion treated with plate osteosynthesis bone healing occurred. Evaluation of failure in healing humeral shaft nonunion using the i.m. nailing technique revealed that the i.m. nail specifically designed to treat humeral shaft fractures showed several biomechanical and biological deficits for the treatment of nonunions. The major reason for failure in bone healing was a lack of bone grafting that is essential for osteoinduction in oligotrophic nonunions, loosening of locking screws, and unstable small implants.     

带锁髓内钉治疗新鲜四肢长骨干骨折1224例疗效分析

目的总结带锁髓内钉治疗肱骨干、股骨干、股骨髁上、胫骨干和转子间骨折的疗效。方法自1996年10月至2004年6月间使用带锁髓内钉治疗的有完整资料的新鲜四肢骨折1224例,男778例,女446例;平均年龄39岁(16￣92岁)。骨折位于肱骨干92例,股骨转子间210例,股骨干488例,股骨髁上92例,胫骨342例。闭合骨折按AO分型:A型642例;B型364例;C型218例。开放骨折15例(GustiloⅠ型8例,GustiloⅡ型7例)。受伤至手术时间平均为8d(3h￣33d)。闭合复位1203例,切开复位23例;扩髓409例,非扩髓815例。结果平均随访时间为24个月(6￣70个月)。1204例骨折愈合,愈合率为98.2%,平均愈合时间为5个月(3￣12个月)。骨折不愈合22例,其中肱骨4例,股骨8例,股骨髁上4例,胫骨6例,总不愈合率为1.8%。术后无急性感染发生,3例发生晚期深部感染,总感染率为0.2%。术中16例发生严重骨折劈裂,4例为肱骨逆行髓内钉固定,4例Gamma钉固定,9例为股骨逆行髓内钉固定,占1.3%。6例发生医原性神经损伤,占0.4%。股骨髓内钉主钉断裂1例,锁钉断裂9例(0.6%)。晚期髓内钉末端骨折3例,占0.2%。53例主诉髓内钉尾端部位不适,占4.3%。结论闭合复位带锁髓内钉治疗骨干骨折在骨折愈合率、感染率、出血量、功能恢复情况和早期活动方面均较满意,是治疗骨干骨折较好的方法,但     

Nonunion of the diaphysis of long bones

The treatment of diaphyseal nonunion of long bones is difficult and controversial. We retrospectively reviewed 113 patients with diaphyseal nonunion treated by various modalities, during 15 years at one institution. There were 36 cases of nonunion of the tibia, 23 nonunions of the femur, 21 nonunions of the humerus, 13 nonunions of the radius, 18 nonunions of the ulna and two nonunions of the clavicle. The minimum followup was 24 months (average, 40 months, range 2-15 years). The nonunions were classified as aseptic (84) and septic (29) and additionally classified as hypertrophic (61) and atrophic (52) in order to determine the treatment. The treatment was individualized based on the stability at the nonunion site, need for bone grafting, and control of infection. All fractures healed and every patient in the study regained functional use of the limb without pain or instability and functional range of movements that they had at the time of presentation with nonunion. Residual problems seen in some patients were joint stiffness, limb length discrepancy, and angular deformity. Twenty-six patients required repeat surgery using bone grafting because no satisfactory progress of fracture healing was seen in 4 months. Complications were related to the iliac crest donor site and persistent infection at the nonunion site.     

Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment for postoperative delayed union or nonunion of long bone fractures

Background Postoperative delayed union and nonunion is the most common complication in fracture treatment. Recent studies have shown an accelerating effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) on fracture repair. However, the indications for delayed union and nonunion are not clear. To clarify the factors which influence the effects of LIPUS, the data from a previous prospective multicenter study on LIPUS treatment for postoperative delayed union and nonunion of long bone fractures were reanalyzed. Methods Seventy-two cases of long bone fracture, including those of the femur, tibia, humerus, radius, and ulna, were analyzed. The mean time from the most recent operation to the beginning of LIPUS treatment was 11.5 (3–68) months. The relationship between the background factors and the union rate was analyzed using a logistic regression method. In addition, long bone fractures in an upper extremity or in a lower extremity were analyzed separately. Results The union rate was 75% in all the cases of long bone fracture. There was a significant relationship between the union rate and the period from the most recent operation to the beginning of LIPUS treatment in all cases and in those that had long bone fracture of an upper extremity. There was also a significant relationship between the union rate and the time when a radiological improvement was first observed after the beginning of the treatment in all cases and in those with fractures in a lower extremity. When LIPUS treatment was started within 6 months of the most recent operation, 89.7% of all fractures healed. When an improvement in the radiological changes at the fracture site was observed after 4 months in those cases, then the sensitivity and specificity for union were more than 90%. Conclusions LIPUS treatment should be started within 6 months of the most recent operation. Because LIPUS has been shown to be effective without causing either serious invasiveness or any undue risk to the patient, it may be considered the treatment of first choice for cases of postoperative delayed union or nonunion.     

The diaphyseal aseptic tibial nonunions after failed previous treatment options managed with the reamed intramedullary locking nail

BackgroundThe nonunion of open and closed tibial shaft fractures continues to be a common complication of fractures. Tibial nonunions constitute the majority of long bone nonunions seen by orthopaedic surgeons. In this article, we present our approach to the surgical treatment of noninfected tibial shaft nonunions.MethodsBetween 2008 and 2014, 33 patients with aseptic diaphyseal tibial nonunion was treated by reamed intramedullary nailing and were retrospectively reviewed. The initial fracture management consisted of external fixation (27 patients), plate fixation (2 patients) and cast treatment (4 patients). All patients, preoperatively, were evaluated for the signs of the infection, by the same protocol. There were 13 hypertrophic, 16 oligotrophic (atrophic) and 4 defect nonunions registered in our material. The primary goal was to perform a closed intramedullary nailing on antegrade manner. An open procedure was only unavoidable when implants had to be removed or an osteotomy had to be performed to improve the alignment. Functional rehabilitation was encouraged with the assistance of a physiotherapist early postoperative. Patients were examined regularly during followed-up for a minimum of 12 months period for clinical and radiological signs of union, infection, malunion, malalignment, limb shortening, and implant failure.ResultsThe time that elapsed from injury to intramedullary nailing ranged from 9 months to 48 months (mean 17 months).Open intramedullary nailing was unavoidable in 25 cases (75,75%), while closed nailing was performed in 8 patients (24,25%). Osteotomy or resection of the fibula was performed in 78,8% of the cases. All patients were followed up in average period of 2 years postoperative (range 1–4 years), and 31(93,9%) patients achieved a solid union within the first 8 months. Mean union time was 5±0.8 months. Complications included 2 (6,06%) patients, one with deep infection and another case with absence of bone healing. Anatomical alignment has been achieved in the majority of patients, 28 patients (84,8%). The additionally autogenous bone chips were added in 4 patients (12,1%) where cortical defect was greater than 50% of the bone circumference.ConclusionIn conclusion, a reamed intramedullary nail provides optimal conditions for stable fixation, good rotational control, adequate alignment, early weight-bearing and a high union rate of tibial non-unions. Reaming of the medullary canal with preservation of periosteal sleeve create the "breeding ground" for sound healing of tibial shaft nonunions. Additionally cancellous bone grafting is recommended only in the case of defect nonunion.     

Treatment of the humeral shaft nonunion after surgical failure using the Selfdynamisable internal fixator

Introduction A nonunion of the humeral shaft is not a rare condition and is a complication of both nonoperative and operative treatment of the fracture. Several fixation options were used in the nonunion treatment, including various plate techniques, intramedullary nails and external fixator. We applied our Selfdynamisable internal fixator for the treatment of humeral shaft nonunion after surgical failure and evaluated its clinical outcome. Materials and methods Six patients with persistent atrophic nonunion of the humeral shaft were treated with Selfdynamisable internal fixator. The inclusion criteria were mobile, unstable resistant nonunion of the humeral diaphysis which persisted after surgical treatment for nonunion. All patients were men with a mean age of 32 (27–39) years. The initial fracture treatment was external fixator in two patients and plaster cast for four patients. All cases failed to unite after primary treatment. Plate fixation was resorted for fracture union but failed. The revision surgery consisted of removal of hardware, freshening of bone ends and bone grafting, and internal fixation with a Selfdynamisable internal fixator. Results The average follow-up was 33 months. All the nonunions healed after indexed operation. The average time for union was 5.5 months (range 4–9 months). There was no loosening or breakage of the fixation device. The functional results, according to the scale of Constant and Murlay modified by Ring, were excellent in five and good in one patient. There were no complications of nerve injuries or infections related to the operation. Conclusion Selfdynamisable internal fixator with bone graft for the treatment of recalcitrant humeral shaft nonunion provided successful clinical outcome with minimal complications.