活体肝移植术3例报道

目的：报告３例活体肝部分移植术的临床体会。方法：回顾性分析一例弥漫性肝内胆管囊性扩张症、一例肝豆状核变性和一例原发性胆汁性肝硬化病人活体部分肝移植的临床经过。结果：供肝分别取自病人父亲（２例）或健康志愿者（一例）的肝左外叶,切取肝脏２６０～３００ｇ,供体术后恢复良好。受体手术历时１１～１３ｈ,出血２００～１５００ｍｌ。例１,女,１０岁,因术后肝断面和剥离面出血２次进腹止血,术后第１１天出现急性排斥反应,经激素冲击治疗而愈;一直采用环孢素Ａ为主的免疫抑制治疗,术后还出现胸水、腹水、切口裂开、输血反应等并发症,都经治而愈,现已健康生存４年。例２,女,２０岁,因供体为Ａ型血,受体为Ｏ型血,术中切除脾脏;手术前后采用环磷酰胺、ＦＫ５０６、霉酚酸脂和肾上腺皮质激素联合免疫抑制治疗,术后第１５天出现肝动脉及第三段肝静脉栓塞,溶栓治疗后又出现腹腔出血,术后第１７天再次开腹后恢复顺利,现已健康生存一年。例３,男,３岁,手术及术后恢复均顺利,现已健康生存近２月。结论：严格选择手术适应证、在病人全身状况良好时施行手术、做好围手术期管理的每一个环节,是确保肝移植手术取得成功的关键。     

临床肝移植11例报道

目的 探讨肝移植治疗终末期肝病的临床疗效。方法 回顾分析原位肝移植7例及亲体部分肝移植（LRLT）4例的临床资料,其中肝炎肝硬变5例,肝豆状核变性6例。对乙肝肝硬变者采用拉米呋啶加小剂量抗HBV－Ig治疗。结果 10例康复出院,1例死于MODS。4例LRLT全部存活。术后并发症：腹腔出血2例,ARDS3例;4例乙型肝炎肝硬变者术后HBV－DNA（－）。6例肝豆状核变性,术后铜氧化酶均正常。结论 肝移植是终末期肝病的有效治疗手段,活体供肝是解决我国供肝来源问题又一方向,外科技术是减少围手术期并发症的关键。     

活体肝移植受者的外科并发症防治

目的：探讨活体肝移植受者术后外科并发症的防治方法。方法：回顾性分析18例活体供肝原位部分肝移植受者的临床资料。结果术后发生肝动脉栓塞2例(11.1％)，其中1例手术取栓失败，2例均接受再次肝移植，获得成功；门静脉栓塞1例(5．6％)，手术取栓失败，患者死亡；胆漏2例(11．1％)，经置管引流、抗感染治疗后痊愈；无流出道梗阻及胆道狭窄发生。住院期间死亡2例，分别死于多器官功能衰竭、门静脉栓塞。结论：活体原位部分肝移植后的外科并发症重在预防，供肝的采取、修整以及手术技术是关键。     

肝移植多模式策略的初步探讨

目的：总结多种临床肝移植技术的经验。方法：对2000年9月至2002年3月完成的25例临床肝移植（27次移植手术）的资料进行回顾性分析。包括尸肝移植14例,活体肝移植11例,再次尸肝移植1次,减体积再次肝移植1次。结果：11例活体肝移植的供体中,10例为患者之母亲,1例急诊成人右叶活体肝移植供体为患者之妹。供肝方式：扩大左半肝6例,右半肝3例,右半肝2例;切取供肝重量270－620g。全组存活24例,1例成人活体肝移植受体于术后72d死于不可逆转的严重排斥反应。肝炎患者采用拉米呋啶加抗HVB－Ig治疗,10例乙肝、肝硬化患者术后随访时间4－21个月,复查HVB－DNA均为阴性。所有肝豆状核变性受体术后随访复查6－17个月,铜氧化酶、肝功能均正常。本组主要并发症包括：腹腔出血2例,需再次剖腹探查止血;ARDS 5例;急性肾功能衰竭2例;排斥反应4例,其中1例导致死亡。结论：综合开展包括尸体肝移植、活体肝移植、减体积肝移植等在内的各项技术,充分利用有限的供肝,是优化肝移植资源,提高移植疗效的重要途径。     

95例次肝移植临床分析

目的 探讨肝脏移植治疗各种终末期肝病的疗效,探索肝脏移植手术的方法。方法 从１９９１年１０月至１９９９年４月,香港大学玛丽医院为９２例终末期肝病病人做了９５ 次肝移植。尸肝移植５８例,活体肝移植３７例。３８例乙肝表面抗原阳性病人接受了肝移植,术前和术后口服抗乙肝新药Ｌａｍｉｖｕｄｉｎｅ（１００ｍｇ／ｄ）。８例肝癌病人接受了肝移植术。结果 肝移植术后移植肝１年成活率为８６．３％（８２／９５）。肝移植     

原位活体部分肝移植五例报告

目的：总结活体肝移植的临床经验与教训。方法：对5例原位活体部分肝移植的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：5名供者术后均顺利康复;5例患者手术顺利,4例原发病为肝豆状核变性者术后健康存活,现已分别存活21周,15周,12周及2周;1例肝癌患者移植术后12d死于心律紊乱,心跳骤停;术后并发症以血管并发症,胆道并发症,细菌及病毒感染和肺部并发症为主。结论：原位活体部分肝移植手术过程复杂,技术要求高,难度大;具有其它类型肝移植无法比似的优越性。     

成人原位活体部分肝移植4例报告

目的 :报道成人活体部分肝移植的临床经验。方法 :回顾性研究 4例临床资料。结果 :所有病人年龄均大于 18岁 ;2例施行左半肝移植术 ,2例施行右半肝移植术。供体平均手术时间大约 7h ,平均失血量为 40 0ml,无一发生术后并发症。受体平均手术时间是 6 .8h ,移植肝重量介于 34 0 g～ 870g ,移植肝重量与体重的比例介于 0 .80 %～ 0 .91%;1例发生肝动脉部分栓塞 ,3个月后因胆道并发症而再次行原位移植 ,无近期手术死亡率。结论 :无论左半肝还是右半肝移植术 ,均能达到较好疗效 ,为成年病人的肝移植提供了新的供肝来源和选择。     

急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎九例报告

目的 探讨急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎的疗效。方法 2002年9月至2005年8月期间共施行急诊成人右半肝活体肝移植治疗重型肝炎患者9例,回顾性分析所有患者的临床和随访资料。结果 9例患者术前肝功能均为Child C级,MELD评分为26．74-8．8,术前主要并发症为肝性脑病5例,严重电解质紊乱3例,肾功能衰竭2例,消化道出血1例。供、受者手术均顺利。术后主要并发症：急性肾功能衰竭3例,肺部感染2例,肝移植相关性脑病1例。未出现原发性肝脏无功能及血管、胆道系统并发症。1年生存率为55．6％。全组供者未出现严重并发症及死亡。结论 急诊成人活体肝移植治疗重症乙型肝炎可明显提高患者生存率,供者术前评估必须充分以确保安全。     

活体肝移植的理论和实践

世界上首例活体肝移植由澳大利亚医生Ｓｔｒｏｎｇ等于 1989年成功施行 ,之后许多肝移植中心陆续开展这一手术。香港玛丽医院从 1993年起开始施行活体肝移植手术 ,至今共有 95例 ,其中右叶供肝 72例 ,左外叶供肝 17例 ,左叶供肝 6例。这一手术的发展 ,主要是由于尸体供肝的缺乏 ,以及部分病人因不能及时取得供肝而死亡。尤其是暴发性肝功能衰竭 ,根本就不能等待。以香港为例 ,每年尸体供肝只有 10例左右 ,2 0 0 0年一年中有 82例病人被纳入等待名单 ,到目前为止等待供体的病人数是 5 2例。活体肝移植的首要问题是受体生存所需的最小供肝体积…     

肝移植中肝动脉重建的经验

目的：探讨显微外科技术在肝移植中肝动脉重建的经验。方法：本组肝移植２２例,其中活体肝移植１０例,原位肝移植１２例,再次肝移植２例;均采用显微外科技术行肝动脉吻合。结果：８例肝动脉直径＜２ｍｍ的病例中,重建肝动脉时间为２５～６８ｍｉｎ。一例发生肝动脉血栓形成,一例术后８ｄ死于多器官功能衰竭,一例术后７２ｄ死于排斥反应所致移植物功能丧失。结论：显微外科技术重建肝动脉可降低肝移植术后肝动脉栓塞的发生。     

辅助性肝移植研究进展

辅助性肝移植足指住保留受体自身全部或部分肝脏的情况下,将供肝植入受体体内.根据供肝植入部位不同,可分为异位辅助性肝移植和原位辅助性肝移植;根据植入肝体积的多少,可分为全肝辅助性肝移植和部分肝辅助性肝移植;供肝可来源于脑死亡供体也可以来源于活体供体.山于原位辅助性肝移植只能移植部分肝脏,故通常称为原位辅助性部分肝移植.辅助性肝移植伴随着肝移植的发展而不断发展,虽然还存在许多尚待解决的问题,但辅助性肝移植独特的优势再次引起肝移植界的广泛关注.     

Auxiliary Partial Orthotopic Living Donor Liver Transplantation: Kyoto University Experience

Auxiliary partial orthotopic liver transplantation (APOLT) was initially indicated as a potentially reversible fulminant hepatic failure and non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease to compensate for enzyme deficiency without complete removal of the native liver. We expand our indication of APOLT for small-for-size grafts to support the function of implanted grafts during the early post-operative period, and for ABO-incompatibility to sustain a patient's life if the patient has a graft failure. We retrospectively reviewed 31 patients undergoing APOLT from living donor. The indication of APOLT was fulminant hepatic failure in 6, non-cirrhotic metabolic liver disease in 6, small-for-size grafts in 13 and ABO-incompatible cases in 6. The cumulative survival rate for APOLT at 1 and 5 years was 57.9% and 50.6%, and 78.8% and 73.8% for standard LDLT. None of the patients who underwent transplantation with APOLT for fulminant hepatic failure had long-term patient survival. The incidence of acute cellular rejection was higher in APOLT (58.1%) than standard LDLT (35.0%). Biliary complication was higher and the need for retransplantation was greater in APOLT than standard LDLT (p < 0.01). The results suggest that the indications of APOLT should be reconsidered in view of the risk for complications and retransplantation.     

Functional, life-threatening disorders and splenectomy following liver transplantation

Splenectomy (SPL) in cirrhotic patients undergoing liver transplantation (LTx) may resolve specific problems related to the procedure itself, in case of functional and life-threatening clinical situations often occurring as a result of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. METHOD: A single-center experience of ten splenectomies in a series of 180 consecutive adult liver transplant patients over a period of 6 yr is reported. The mean patient age was 46.8 +/- 9.5 yr (range 25 57 yr). Indications for SPL were post-operative massive ascitic fluid loss (n = 3), severe thrombocytopenia (n = 3), acute intra-abdominal hemorrhage (n = 2), infarction of the spleen (n = 1), and multiple splenic artery aneurysms (n = 1). RESULTS: Extreme ascites production due to functional graft congestion disappeared post-SPL, with an improvement of the hepatic and renal functions. SPL was also effective in cases of thrombocytopenia persistence post-LTx, leading to an increase in the platelet count after about 1 wk. Bleeding episodes related to left-sided portal hypertension or trauma were also resolved. The rejection rate during hospitalization was 0%, and no other episodes were recorded in the course of the long-term follow-up. However, sepsis with a fatal outcome occurred in 4 patients, i.e. between 2 and 3 wk post-SPL in three cases and 1 yr after the procedure as a result of pneumococcal infection in the last case. Fatal traumatic cranial injury occurred 3 yr post-LTx in another case. Five patients (50%) are still alive and asymptomatic after a median follow-up period of 36 months. CONCLUSION: The lowering of the portal flow appears to resolve unexplained post-operative ascitic fluid loss as a result of functional graft congestion following LTx. However, because of the enhanced risk of SPL-related sepsis, a partial splenic embolization (PSE) or a spleno-renal shunt could be used as an alternative procedure because it allows us to preserve the immunological function of the spleen. SPL is indicated in case of post-transplant bleeding due to left-sided portal hypertension and trauma, spleen infarction, and to enable prevention of hemorrhage in liver transplant patients with multiple splenic artery aneurysms. Severe and persistent thrombocytopenia could be treated with PSE. Because the occurrence of fatal sepsis post-SPL is a major complication in LTx, functional disorders, such as ascites and thrombocytopenia, should be treated with a more conservative approach.     

Auxiliary heterotopic partial liver transplantation in pigs with acute liver failure

Fulminant hepatic failure is usually fatal without liver transplantation; however, orthotopic liver transplantation is often difficult to perform due to the high risk of coagulopathy and the development of multiple organ failure. Auxiliary heterotopic partial liver transplantation (APLT), however, has the potential to provide an effective hepatic support system considering that the host liver is left in situ and the surgical procedure is less invasive. In this report, we describe the beneficial effects of performing 60% APLT on the hepatic function and survival of pigs with acute hepatic failure induced by hepatic artery ligation. The pigs were divided into a control group of nine animals (group 1) that had portal vein and hepatic artery ligation with a side-to-side portacaval shunt, and an APLT group of seven animals (group 2) that had portal vein and hepatic artery ligation with APLT. The two left lateral lobes of the donor liver were resected, reducing the liver weight to about 60%, and the graft was placed in the right subhepatic space. No deaths occurred intraoperatively. In group 1, eight pigs died of massive liver necrosis within 48 h and one died between 48 and 72 h (median surivival 23 h). In group 2, two pigs died within 72 h due to preservation or anesthetic problems, but five survived for more than 3 days (median survival 13.4 days), with a significant difference between the two groups (P<0.05). One animal was killed 30 days after APLT and excellent graft function was demonstrated by the synthesis of clotting factors, ammonia detoxification, and glucohomeostasis. Moreover, evidence of hepatic regeneration was found in the transplanted livers. These results indicate that APLT provides metabolic support and improves survival in animals with induced acute liver failure.     

Survival following right lobe split graft,living‐ and deceased‐donor liver transplantation in adult patients: a systematic review and network meta‐analysis

Graft and patient survival outcomes following split liver transplantation (SLT), living‐donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and deceased‐donor liver transplantation (DDLT) were estimated using Bayesian network meta‐analysis. Databases were searched for relevant articles over the previous 20 years (MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google Scholar). Systematic review, pairwise meta‐analysis and Bayesian network meta‐analysis were performed. Pairwise meta‐analysis demonstrated that there were no significant differences in graft and patient survival outcomes. Consequently, Bayesian network meta‐analysis demonstrated no significant differences in 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year graft and patient survival between the three alternative liver transplantations. No discrepancies were demonstrated after comparisons of direct and indirect evidence of 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year patient and graft survival of the three node‐split models namely SLT, LDLT and DDLT. The 1‐, 3‐ and 5‐year graft and patient survival of the SLT and LDLT cohorts compared to the DDLT cohort demonstrated no significant differences. The direct and indirect evidence of this study can serve as comparator for future studies.     

Pediatric liver transplantation from neonatal donors

Sixteen recipients of neonatal liver grafts were compared with 114 contemporaneous pediatric recipients of grafts from older donors. Graft and patient survival were worse in the neonatal group although the differences were not statistically significant. Patients with neonatal livers who had no technical complications required a longer time postoperatively to correct jaundice and a prolonged prothrombin time. These functional differences were limited to the 1st postoperative month and the end result was the same as with liver transplantation from older donors.     

Side-to-side cavo-cavostomy: a useful aid in “complicated” piggy-back liver transplantation

Piggy-back liver transplantation is a useful technical variant of orthotopic liver transplantation. Its success can, however, be compromised by severe stenosis or obstruction of the recipient's inferior vena cava at the level of the anastomosis. A technique is described — side-to-side cavocavostomy — to resolve this difficult intraoperative situation.     

原位肝移植治疗终末期肝病9例初步报告

１９９３年９月至１９９６年７月分别为９例终末期肝病病人施行了原位肝移植术。其中４例为原发性肝脏恶性肿瘤，５例为良性终末期肝病。移植术式除１例背肽式肝移植和１例减体积肝移植外，其余７例均为原位全肝移植，并为１例多囊肝，多囊肾，合并肝，肾功能损害闰人施行了肝，肾联合移植术。