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Objective
To analyse the distribution of caffeine doses obtainable from espresso coffee sold by a sample of commercial coffee vendors located on the Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.Design
A cross section of “Espresso/short black” coffee samples were purchased and analysed for their caffeine content using micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC). Coffees were collected using systematic cluster sampling across five major retail centres.Results
Ninety-seven espresso samples were analysed. The mean (±SD) quantity of caffeine was 106 ± 38 mg/serve with a concentration of 2473 ± 1092 mg/l. There was considerable variation in caffeine content. The range per serve was 25–214 mg whilst the concentration range was 580–7000 mg/l. Twenty-four samples (24.7%) contained 120 mg of caffeine or higher and 12 samples (12.3%) exceeded 167 mg per serve.Conclusions and implications
The number of heavily caffeinated samples differentiates these findings from frequently cited caffeine values and supports similar data recently collected throughout the United Kingdom. As a result, the accuracy of any previous intake modelling regarding caffeine use in the Australian population is in doubt. The present data suggests that the probability of consumer exposure to high caffeine doses is greater than previously anticipated. Greater sample numbers from a broader selection of venues is required to confirm the extent of caffeine content variance within retail ground coffees. 相似文献3.
Objective
The mixing of alcoholic beverages with caffeine has been identified as a public health problem among college students; however, little is known about the consumption of such drinks among younger adolescents. We estimated the prevalence of caffeinated alcoholic beverage (CAB) use among a wide age range of underage drinkers, examined differences in traditional (i.e. self-mixed alcoholic beverages with soda, coffee and tea) and non-traditional CAB use (pre-mixed caffeinated alcoholic beverages or self-mixed alcoholic beverages with energy drinks or energy shots) among underage drinkers by age and other demographic characteristics, and examined differences in hazardous drinking behavior between CAB and non-CAB users.Methods
We used an existing Internet panel maintained by Knowledge Networks, Inc. to assess the use of pre-mixed and self-mixed CABs in the past 30 days among a national sample of 1031 youth drinkers age 13–20. We conducted logistic regression analyses to estimate the relationship between traditional and non-traditional CAB use and risky drinking behavior as well as adverse outcomes of drinking, while controlling for age, gender, race/ethnicity, income, and general risk-taking (seat belt use).Results
The overall prevalence of CAB use in the sample of underage drinkers was 52.4% (95% confidence interval [CI], 47.4%–57.4%). CAB prevalence was 48.4% among 13–15 year-old drinkers, 45.3% among 16–18 year-old drinkers, and 58.4% among 19–20 year-old drinkers. After controlling for other variables, we found a continuum of risk with non-traditional CAB use most significantly associated with binge drinking (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3), fighting (OR = 4.4), and alcohol-related injuries (OR = 5.6).Conclusions
The problem of caffeinated alcoholic beverage use is not restricted to college-aged youth. The prevalence of CAB use among underage drinkers is higher than previously thought and begins in early adolescence. Adolescents who consume CABs, and particularly non-traditional CABs, are at increased risk of adverse outcomes. 相似文献4.
Background
Habitual caffeine consumers who abstain from caffeine experience withdrawal symptoms such as headache, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and flu-like symptoms (Juliano and Griffiths, 2004). The caffeine withdrawal syndrome has been documented across many experimental studies; however, little is known about how withdrawal symptoms co-vary during a discrete episode. Furthermore, a validated measure of caffeine withdrawal is lacking.Objective
To develop, evaluate, and reduce a 23-item measure of caffeine withdrawal symptoms; the Caffeine Withdrawal Symptom Questionnaire (CWSQ), to a set of composite variables.Methods
Caffeine consumers (N = 213) completed the CWSQ after 16 h of caffeine abstinence. A subset of participants also completed the CWSQ during a preceding baseline period and/or after double-blind consumption of caffeinated coffee.Results
Principal components analysis resulted in a solution comprised of 7-factors: 1. Fatigue/drowsiness; 2. Low alertness/difficulty concentrating; 3. Mood disturbances; 4. Low sociability/motivation to work; 5. Nausea/upset stomach; 6. Flu-like feelings; and 7. Headache. With the exception of nausea/upset stomach, the CWSQ total score and individual composite scores were significantly greater during caffeine abstinence relative to both baseline and double-blind consumption of caffeinated coffee, thereby demonstrating sensitivity of the measure. Compared to non-daily coffee consumers, daily consumers had greater increases in total withdrawal, fatigue/drowsiness, low alertness/difficulty concentrating, mood disturbances, and headache.Conclusions
Future directions include replication, assessment on a clinical population, and further examination of psychometric properties of the CWSQ. The CWSQ should facilitate the assessment and diagnosis of caffeine withdrawal and increase our knowledge of the caffeine withdrawal syndrome. 相似文献5.
Subhajit Chakravorty Michael A. Grandner Shahrzad Mavandadi Michael L. Perlis Elliott B. Sturgis David W. Oslin 《Addictive behaviors》2014
Objective
The aim of this investigation was to assess the relationships between suicidal ideation and insomnia symptoms in Veterans misusing alcohol.Method
Data were extracted in this retrospective chart review of Veterans referred from primary care for a behavioral health evaluation (N = 161) based on evidence of heavy drinking, drug use or another behavioral problem. Suicidal ideation (SI) was assessed using the Paykel questionnaire. Insomnia symptoms were assessed with standard diary questions in an interview format and pertained to sleep latency (SL), wake after sleep onset time (WASO), sleep quality (SQ), and habitual sleep duration (HSD). The relations between suicidal ideation and insomnia symptoms were assessed using ordinal regression analyses adjusted for socio-demographic, psychiatric and addiction-related variables.Results
Suicidal ideation was reported in 62 (39%) of the Veterans interviewed. In a multivariable model, only inadequate SQ was associated with suicidal ideation. Short sleepers were more likely to endorse suicidal ideation and have attempted suicide in the past year. In addition, older age, inadequate financial status, and the presence of a psychiatric disorder were also significantly associated with suicidal ideation in most of the adjusted models.Conclusion
Given their association with suicidal ideation, insomnia symptoms in Veterans misusing alcohol should prompt an assessment of underlying psychiatric and social factors. 相似文献6.
Doris McGartland Rubio Nancy L. Day Joseph Conigliaro Barbara H. Hanusa Cynthia Larkby Melissa McNeil Elan Cohen Bobby Jones Margaret Watt-Morse Carol Gilmour Michelle Lancet Kevin L. Kraemer 《Journal of substance abuse treatment》2014
Aims
The aim of this study is to assess the effect of brief motivational enhancement intervention postpartum alcohol use.Design
This study is a single-blinded, randomized controlled effectiveness trial in which pregnant women were assigned to receive usual care or up to 5 face-to-face brief motivational enhancement sessions lasting 10–30 minutes each and occurring at study enrollment, 4 and 8 weeks after enrollment, 32 weeks of gestation, and 6 weeks postpartum.Setting
The setting is in a large, urban, obstetrics clinic.Participants
Participants were women who were ≥ 18 years old, < 20 weeks of gestation, and consumed alcohol during pregnancy. Of 3438 women screened, 330 eligible women were assigned to usual care (n = 165) or intervention (n = 165). Due to missing data, we analyzed 125 in the intervention group and 126 in the usual care group.Measurements
The measurements were the proportion of women with any alcohol use and the number of drinks per day, reported via follow-up telephone interviews at 4 and 8 weeks after enrollment, 32 weeks of gestation, and 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months postpartum.Findings
In random effects models adjusted for confounders, the intervention group was less likely to use any alcohol (odds ratio 0.50; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.23–1.09; P = 0.08) and consumed fewer drinks per day (coefficient − 0.11; 95% CI − 0.23–0.01; P = 0.07) than, the usual care group in the postpartum period but these differences were non-significant. Missing data during the prenatal period prevented us from modeling prenatal alcohol use.Conclusions
Brief motivational enhancement intervention delivered in an obstetrical outpatient setting did not conclusively decrease alcohol use during the postpartum period. 相似文献7.
Surinporn Likhitsathian Kanok Uttawichai Hathaichonnee Booncharoen Apisak Wittayanookulluk Chaisiri Angkurawaranon Manit Srisurapanont 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Initiation of a relapse prevention medication is crucial at the end of alcohol detoxification. This study aimed to examine the efficacy and safety of topiramate for alcoholism in patients receiving a residential treatment program of alcohol detoxification and post-acute treatment.Methods
This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of topiramate for alcoholism in patients receiving a residential treatment program. Individuals with DSM-IV alcohol dependence with minimal withdrawal were enrolled. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 100–300 mg/day of topiramate or placebo. Primary outcomes were given as percentages of heavy drinking days and time to first day of heavy drinking. Other drinking outcomes, craving, and health-related quality of life were evaluated.Results
A total of 106 participants were randomized to receive topiramate (n = 53) or placebo (n = 53). Twenty-eight participants of the topiramate group (52.8%) and 25 participants of the placebo group (47.2%) completed the study. Averaged over the trial period, there was no significant difference between groups on the mean percentages of heavy drinking days [1.96 (−1.62 to 5.54), p = .28]. Log rank survival analysis found no difference of time to first day of heavy drinking between topiramate and placebo groups (61.8 vs. 57.5 days, respectively; χ2 = 0.61, d.f. = 1, p = .81). Other secondary outcomes were not significantly different between groups.Conclusions
By using a conservative model for data analysis, we could not detect the effectiveness of topiramate in this particular population. As the sensitivity analysis showed a trend of its benefit, further studies in larger sample sizes are still warranted. 相似文献8.
Objective
Non-abstinent goals can improve quality of life (QOL) among individuals with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). However, prior studies have defined “recovery” based on DSM criteria, and thus may have excluded individuals using non-abstinent techniques that do not involve reduced drinking. Furthermore, no prior study has considered length of time in recovery when comparing QOL between abstinent and non-abstinent individuals. The current aims are to identify correlates of non-abstinent recovery and examine differences in QOL between abstainers and non-abstainers accounting for length of time in recovery.Sample
A large (N = 5380) national sample of individuals who self-describe as “in recovery” from alcohol problems recruited in the context of the What Is Recovery? (WIR) study.Method
Multivariate stepwise regressions estimating the probability of non-abstinent recovery and average quality of life.Results
Younger age (OR = 0.72), no prior treatment (OR = 0.63) or AA (OR = 0.32), fewer dependence symptoms (OR = 0.17) and less time in recovery all significantly (P < 0.05) related to non-abstinent recovery. Abstainers reported significantly (P < 0.05) higher QOL than non-abstainers (B = 0.39 for abstinence vs. non-abstinence), and abstinence was one of the strongest correlates of QOL, even beyond sociodemographic variables like education.Conclusions
Non-abstainers are younger with less time in recovery and less problem severity but worse QOL than abstainers. Clinically, individuals considering non-abstinent goals should be aware that abstinence may be best for optimal QOL in the long run. Furthermore, time in recovery should be accounted for when examining correlates of recovery. 相似文献9.
Objective
To examine differences between gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) and non-GLB university students in alcohol and other drug use (AOD) and related consequences as well as the relevance of violence, perceived safety, and stress to any such differences in AOD use and related concerns.Methods
A random representative sample of university students (n = 988) were recruited via email for an online survey. Linear regression models assessed associations between identifying as GLB and AOD use and related consequences.Results
Regression models (adjusted for gender) indicated that, in comparison to heterosexual students, GLB students were more likely to report recent illicit drug use (AOR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.1–3.9), more frequent negative AOD consequences (β = 5.5, SE = 1.4, p < 0.0001), and having seriously thought about/attempted suicide due to AOD use in the past year (AOR = 6.6; 95% CI: 3.0–14.3). Study findings also suggested that violence, safety, and stress variables partially contribute to AOD use and related concerns among GLB students.Conclusions
Findings highlight the need for future efforts to investigate and address mechanisms, including aspects of campus life, which contribute to AOD related risks among GLB students. 相似文献10.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to assess the effectiveness of school-based intervention aimed to increase knowledge, to change attitudes and to reduce smoking-related behavior in both Linzhi Tibetan and Guangzhou Han middle school students in China.Design
A concurrent intervention study was conducted in both Linzhi and Guangzhou. Two schools were randomly chosen and one was randomly assigned to the intervention group and the other to the control group in both settings.Setting/participants
Participants were grade one and grade two middle school students drawn from two schools in Linzhi, Tibet Autonomous Region (southwest China) and two schools in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province (south China).Intervention
The intervention program lasted for one year and covered three aspects: health policies in school, health environment in school and personal health skills.Main outcome measures
Primary outcomes were smoking-related knowledge, attitudes and behavior (including ever smoking, daily smoking, weekly smoking and current smoking) and were measured by a self-administered questionnaire before and after the intervention.Results
This intervention increased smoking-related knowledge in both Tibetan (β = 1.32, 95% CI (0.87–1.77)) and Han ethnic groups (β = 0.47, 95% CI (0.11–0.83)). It changed attitudes toward smoking in Tibetan (β = 1.47, 95% CI (0.06–2.87)) but not so in Han (β = − 0.33, 95% CI (− 1.68–1.01)). The intervention changed the prevalence of smoking in neither ethnic groups (P > 0.05).Conclusions
The impact of school-based smoking intervention is different among Tibetan and Han students. This intervention was more effective for Tibetans when compared with the Han ethnic group. More research is needed on how intervention can be adapted to address ethnic and cultural differences. 相似文献11.
Background
Substance dependence and antisocial psychopathology, such as a history of childhood conduct disorder (HCCD), are associated with impulsive or disadvantageous decision making and reduced working memory capacity (WMC). Reducing WMC via a working memory load increases disadvantageous decision making in healthy adults, but no previous studies have examined this effect in young adults with substance dependence and HCCD.Method
Young adults with substance dependence (SubDep; n = 158, 71 female), substance dependence and HCCD (SubDep + HCCD; n = 72, 24 female), and control participants (n = 152, 84 female) completed a test of decision making (the Iowa Gambling Task; IGT) with or without a concurrent working memory load intended to tax WMC. Outcomes were (i) net advantageous decisions on the IGT, and (ii) preferences for infrequent- versus frequent-punishment decks.Results
SubDep + HCCD men made fewer advantageous decisions on the IGT than control men without a load, but there were no group differences among women in that condition. Load was associated with fewer advantageous decisions for SubDep + HCCD women and control men, but not for men or women in the other groups. Participants showed greater preference for infrequent-punishment, advantageous decks under load as well.Conclusions
There are gender differences in the effects of substance dependence, HCCD, and working memory load on decision making on the IGT. Decision making by control men and SubDep + HCCD women suffered the most under load. Load increases preferences for less-frequent punishments, similar to a delay discounting effect. Future research should clarify the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying these effects. 相似文献12.
Objective
In the search for optimal biomarkers of excessive drinking, a central limitation has been the lack of sensitivity of measures. Many patients have apparently normal values of liver markers despite a considerable alcohol intake. This study aimed to test a novel combined indicator of alcohol drinking.Material and methods
Concentrations of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (%CDT), γ glutamyl transferase (γGT), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), together with a combined index of the %CDT and γGT, the Antilla Index (AI), were studied in 104 homeless patients with (n = 87) or without (n = 24) problem drinking according to the Fast Alcohol Screening Test.Results
Concentrations of all markers were significantly higher in the alcoholic patients than in other homeless patients. The best agreement between liver markers and self-reported status was found between the combined %CDT and γGT index (kappa = 0.61, p < 0.001, sensitivity = 63%, specificity = 94%).Conclusions
The combined AI is a relatively efficient measure of current drinking in homeless populations. 相似文献13.
Matthew J. Grainge Lion Shahab David Hammond Richard J. O’Connor Ann McNeill 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2009
Background
There is known inter- and intra-individual variation in how cigarettes are smoked. The aim of this study was to explore the influence of diurnal factors, particularly the first cigarette of the day, on puffing behaviour in a sample of adult smokers.Methods
We recruited 130 adults aged 18–60 years who were smoking one of seven cigarette brands popular in the UK. Puffing behaviour was measured using a portable smoking device (CReSSmicro) through which participants smoked their cigarettes over a 24 h study period. The primary outcome was total smoke volume per cigarette (obtained by summing the puff volumes for each cigarette). Secondary outcome measures were puffing frequency, average puff volume, average puff flow, average puff duration and inter-puff interval.Results
Total smoke volume was found to be significantly associated with the time the cigarette was smoked (P < 0.001), with cigarettes smoked between 2 and 10 a.m. being smoked less intensively than other cigarettes. After adjusting for time of cigarette, the first cigarette on waking was smoked slightly less intensively than other cigarettes and significantly so if smoked within 5 min of waking (P = 0.004).Conclusions
This study suggests that cigarettes smoked during the night and early morning, including the first cigarette of the day, are puffed less intensively. This is a potentially important finding that merits more research given the importance of the first cigarette of the day and diurnal smoking patterns for determining dependence, cessation and relapse. 相似文献14.
Objective
To assess change between 1996 and 2006 in smoking prevalence, cigarette consumption, quit attempts, motivation to quit and advice received from physicians in Geneva, Switzerland.Methods
Postal surveys in cross-sectional, representative samples of the general population of Geneva in 1996 and 2006.Results
There were 742 participants in 1996 (response rate 75%) and 1487 in 2006 (response rate 76%). Smoking prevalence remained stable between 1996 (28.0%, 95% confidence interval: 24.7 to 31.3%) and 2006 (26.5%, 24.3 to 28.7%, p = 0.46). Among smokers, cigarette consumption fell from 15 to 13 cig./day between 1996 and 2006 (p = 0.003). However, tobacco dependence, as measured by the Heaviness of Smoking Index, remained stable (mean = 1.9 vs. 1.7, p = 0.18). The proportion of smokers who made a 24-hour quit attempt in the previous year remained stable (29.2% in 1996, 32.1% in 2006, p = 0.52), but more smokers reported that they intended to quit in the next 6 months in 2006 (39.6%) than in 1996 (29.1%, p = 0.045). The association between smoking prevalence and income was stronger in 2006 (chi2 = 53.7, p < 0.001) than in 1996 (chi2 = 10.9, p = 0.012). In 2006 (no change since 1996), few smokers reported that, during their last medical visit, their physician told them to quit smoking (27.3%) or offered them help to quit (13.3%).Conclusions
Over these 10 years, smoking prevalence, nicotine dependence levels and the frequency of quit attempts remained stable, but smokers' motivation to quit increased. We observed a growing social gap in smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption. Smoking cessation advice was seldom received during medical visits. 相似文献15.
Rebecca C. Trenz Michael Scherer Alexandra Duncan Paul T. Harrell Anne Gloria Moleko William W. Latimer 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
HIV transmission risk among non-injection drug users is high due to the co-occurrence of drug use and sexual risk behaviors. The purpose of the current study was to identify patterns of drug use among polysubstance users within a high HIV prevalence population.Methods
The study sample included 409 substance users from the Pretoria region of South Africa. Substances used by 20% or more the sample included: cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana and heroin in combination, marijuana and cigarettes in combination, and crack cocaine. Latent class analysis was used to identify patterns of polysubstance use based on types of drugs used. Multivariate logistic regression analyses compared classes on demographics, sexual risk behavior, and disease status.Results
Four classes of substance use were found: MJ + Cig (40.8%), MJ + Her (30.8%), Crack (24.7%), and Low Use (3.7%). The MJ + Cig class was 6.7 times more likely to use alcohol and 3 times more likely to use drugs before/during sex with steady partners than the Crack class. The MJ + Cig class was 16 times more likely to use alcohol before/during sex with steady partners than the MJ + Her class. The Crack class was 6.1 times more likely to engage in transactional sex and less likely to use drugs before/during steady sex than the MJ + Her class.Conclusions
Findings illustrate patterns of drug use among a polysubstance using population that differ in sexual risk behavior. Intervention strategies should address substance use, particularly smoking as a route of administration (ROA), and sexual risk behaviors that best fit this high-risk population. 相似文献16.
Aim
To assess the properties of the Cigarette Dependence Scale (CDS-12) in various samples of daily smokers and to provide reference scores in a general population sample.Methods
Surveys in 4 samples of daily cigarette smokers: psychiatric out-patients in Geneva, Switzerland (n = 226), clients of smoking cessation clinics in France (n = 370), visitors of a French-language smoking cessation website (n = 13,697) and a representative sample of the general population of Geneva (n = 292).Results
In all 4 samples, Cronbach's alpha coefficients were > 0.87 and factor analyses indicated that CDS-12 was unidimensional. CDS-12 was slightly skewed towards higher values, and it was associated with expired carbon monoxide, but this association was not strong (9% of variance explained, p < 0.001). CDS-12 scores were highest in clients of smoking cessation clinics (mean = 47.7, SD = 10.2), followed by psychiatric patients (mean = 44.4, SD = 8.4), visitors of smoking cessation websites (mean = 43.3, SD = 11.6) and the general population sample (mean = 36.9, SD = 12.3). Except for tolerance, each element in the DSM-IV and ICD-10 definitions of dependence is reflected by at least one item in CDS-12, even though the match with these definitions is sometimes indirect.Conclusions
This paper presents reference scores and validity and reliability tests for CDS-12 in a diversity of samples of daily smokers. This information should be useful to clinicians and researchers. 相似文献17.
Objective
Previous research has documented disparities in smoking cessation between African Americans and Caucasians. Many low-income African American smokers face a range of circumstances that may inhibit effective coping during quit attempts, yet previous research has not considered factors that influence coping in this population. This study examined (a) affect (positive and negative) and (b) perceived social support in association with coping strategies.Methods
The baseline assessment of African American smokers (N = 168) enrolled in a randomized controlled trial included the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, and the Brief COPE. A factor analysis of the Brief COPE resulted in two factors, adaptive and maladaptive strategies.Results
Participants were mostly single (64%), women (61%), with ≥ 12 years of education (68%), and low-income. They were middle aged (M = 46.1, SD = 8.7), smoked 21.8 (SD = 13.3) cigarettes/day for 24.3 (SD = 11) years, and were moderately nicotine dependent. Results demonstrated that adaptive coping was positively correlated with positive affect and social support. Maladaptive coping was positively correlated with negative affect, and inversely related to positive affect and social support. Multivariate analyses revealed that positive affect and social support were independently associated with adaptive coping strategies. In contrast, maladaptive coping was independently associated with negative affect, but not social support.Conclusions
Interventions that harness positive resources, such as social support and positive mood, may facilitate adaptive coping. Also, addressing negative affect among low-income African American smokers may be important to reduce maladaptive coping strategies. 相似文献18.
Evgeny Krupitsky Edwin Zvartau Elena Blokhina Elena Verbitskaya Marina Tsoy Valentina Wahlgren Andrey Burakov Dimitry Masalov Tatyana N. Romanova Vladimir Palatkin Arina Tyurina Tatyana Yaroslavtseva Rajita Sinha Thomas R. Kosten 《Drug and alcohol dependence》2013
Background
Stress is a key precipitant to discontinuing naltrexone and relapsing to opiate abuse. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists like guanfacine may reduce stress induced craving and have reduced opiate relapse in small clinical trials.Methods
This randomized, double blind double dummy placebo-controlled 6-month trial tested oral naltrexone with or without guanfacine for reducing stress and preventing opiate relapse. We randomized 301 patients to: naltrexone 50 mg/day + guanfacine 1 mg/day (n = 75) (N/G), naltrexone + guanfacine placebo (N/P) (n = 76), naltrexone placebo + guanfacine (n = 75) (P/G), and double placebo (n = 75) (P/P).Results
Among the 75 patients in each group the percentage still retained on naltrexone treatment at six months was: N/G 26.7%, N/P 19.7% (p = 0.258 to N/G), P/G 6.7% (p < 0.05 to both N groups), and P/P 10.7% (p = 0.013 to N + G). Guanfacine reduced the severity of stress particularly at weeks 10 and 18. Adverse events (AE) were infrequent (4.7%) without group differences, with most common AEs: headache, poor appetite, insomnia, and dizziness.Conclusions
Adding guanfacine to naltrexone did not improve treatment retention or opiate free urines, but it reduced both stress and craving at later time points in treatment, which may be related to stress-induced craving and the animal model of incubation of reinstatement. During treatment, HIV risk, anxiety, and depression reduced among all patients in treatment, regardless of group. 相似文献19.
Paul Zarogoulidis Dimitris Petridis Christos Ritzoulis Kaid Darwiche Dionysis Spyratos Haidong Huang Eugene P. Goldberg Lonny Yarmus Qiang Li Lutz Freitag Konstantinos Zarogoulidis 《International journal of pharmaceutics》2013
Background
Chemotherapy drugs have still the major disadvantage of non-specific cytotoxic effects. Although, new drugs targeting the genome of the tumor are already in the market, doublet chemotherapy regimens still remain the cornerstone of lung cancer treatment. Novel modalities of administration are under investigation such as; aerosol, intratumoral and intravascular.Materials and methods
In the present study five chemotherapy drugs; paclitaxel, docetaxel, gemcitabine, carboplatin and cisplatin were nebulized with three different jet nebulizers (Maxineb®, Sunmist®, Invacare®) and six different residual cups at different concentrations. The purpose of the study was to identify the “ideal” combination of nebulizer-residual cup design-drug–drug loading for a future concept of aerosol chemotherapy in lung cancer patients. The Mastersizer® 2000 was used to evaluate the aerosol droplet mass median aerodynamic diameter.Results
The drug, nebulizer and residual cup design greatly influences the producing droplet size (p < 0.005, in each case). However; the design of the residual cup is the most important factor affecting the produced droplet size (F = 834.6, p < 0.001). The drug loading plays a vital role in the production of the desired droplet size (F = 10.42, p < 0.001). The smallest droplet size was produced at 8 ml loading (1.26 μm), while it remained the same at 2, 4 and 6 mls of drug loading.Conclusion
The ideal nebulizer would be Maxineb®, with a large residual cup (10 ml maximum loading capacity) and 8 mls loading and the drug with efficient pulmonary deposition would be docetaxel. 相似文献20.