甘肃省镇原县甲肝灭活疫苗群体性预防接种项目实施效果分析

目的评价甲肝灭活疫苗群体性预防接种效果,为有效预防和控制甲型肝炎提供科学依据。方法根据甘肃省疾病预防控制中心下发的《甲肝疫苗群体性预防接种项目实施方案》,在镇原县范围内对2～14岁儿童集中式接种一剂次甲肝灭活疫苗后,采用现场快速评价法进行调查评估。结果项目实施后,全县2～14岁儿童甲肝疫苗平均接种率96.32%,现场快速评价接种率98.00%。常住儿童接种率96.31%,流动儿童接种率98.31%,流动儿童高于常住儿童(P<0.01)。农村地区接种率96.31%,城区接种率96.51%,二者差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。各乡镇接种率在85.09%～100%,孟坝、平泉等乡镇在90%以下;不同年龄组儿童接种率在87.89%～99.38%,2岁年龄组最低,为87.89%;不同乡镇、不同年龄组儿童接种率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。15岁以下儿童甲肝发病率由项目实施前的10.51/10万下降为项目实施后的0.88/10万(P<0.01)。结论甲肝灭活疫苗接种率达96%以上,预防接种效果显著,15岁以下儿童甲肝发病率逐年下降。今后进一步开展甲肝疫苗群体性预防接种后的效果监测,在做好重点地区低年龄组人群查漏补种的同时,重点要加强15岁以上人群甲肝疫苗的免疫接种,逐步在各类人群中形成免疫屏障,有效控制甲肝疫情。     

10～20岁人群甲肝疫苗接种效果初探

目的比较2018年3月宁夏同心县甲肝疫苗接种项目实施前后10~20岁人群甲型肝炎流行特征,初步探索并分析甲肝疫苗接种效果。方法接种完成后采用随机抽样的方法,调查甲肝减毒活疫苗接种率,同时收集目标人群既往甲肝疫苗接种及甲型肝炎发病的相关数据资料,采用描述流行病学方法统计分析数据。结果2018年3月同心县10~20岁人群报告及调查接种率均在95%以上,甲肝疫苗接种后观察期目标人群甲型肝炎报告发病率(1.44/10万)较接种前比较期(2017年4月—2018年3月)报告发病率(16.71/10万)显著下降(χ²=8.916,P=0.003),发病高峰集中在7—9月,以低年龄人群为主。结论2018年同心县甲肝疫苗接种对于防控甲型肝炎传播有效果。     

某高中学生结核病防治知识及相关态度行为现状调查

目的评估甘肃省镇原县某高中学生结核病防治知识、态度和行为等,为学校有针对性地开展结核病防治健康教育活动提供科学依据。方法镇原县疾病预防控制中心采用自行设计的调查问卷,对该县一高中所有学生开展问卷调查,了解学生结核病防治知识、态度和行为,采用Spss 17.0统计软件分析调查数据。结果该高中学生结核病防治知识知晓率34.66%~88.15%,平均为62.33%,3条、2条和1条结核病防治核心信息知晓率依次为32.64%、38.54%和88.15%,男生总体知晓率和3条、2条和1条核心信息知晓率均高于女生(P0.05),且随年级增加而知晓率逐渐降低(P0.05);高中学生最喜欢通过知识讲座(74.83%)、广播电视(61.29%)等方式获得结核病防治知识;88.15%的学生建议得了肺结核病的同学或朋友隔离治疗,64.44%的学生认为正在治疗的结核病患者在传染性消失后,可凭诊治医院的证明复学。结论镇原县高中学生结核病防治知识总体知晓率和3条核心信息知晓率均较低,应结合高中学生最喜欢的知识讲座、广播电视等宣传方式,有的放矢、有针对性地做好学校结核病防治知识传播和普及。     

成人甲型肝炎疫苗接种专家建议

甲型肝炎(简称甲肝)是全球严重的公共卫生问题之一, 成人甲肝临床症状重, 可进展为急性肝衰竭。随着以甲肝疫苗接种为基础的综合性防控措施的实施, 中国报告的儿童甲肝发病率明显下降, 成人成为甲肝主要发病人群, 导致成人甲肝疾病负担逐渐显现。成人接种甲肝疫苗是预防甲肝的重要措施。《成人甲型肝炎疫苗接种专家建议》根据世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)关于甲肝疫苗的立场文件(2022年), 综合国内外最新研究进展和国内专家意见编撰而成, 旨在提出中国成人甲肝疫苗接种建议, 为公共卫生和预防接种专业人员在科学使用甲肝疫苗及其最佳免疫效果提供证据, 提高甲肝的防控水平。     

莱芜市钢城区人体土源性线虫感染及相关认知行为现况调查

对莱芜市钢城区居民土源性线虫感染状况及人群认知、行为状况进行抽样调查,3个调查点采用改良加藤厚涂片法(Kato-Katz法)粪检居民931人,阳性10人,土源性线虫感染率1.07%;3～12岁儿童透明胶纸肛拭法检查87人,阳性3人,蛲虫感染率为3.45%;寄生虫病防治知识知晓情况入户调查203户,共526人,知晓率为25.86%(136/526);居民卫生行为较好,有积极、良好卫生习惯和卫生行为的居民比例超过80%;莱芜市钢城区居民土源性线虫感染率较低,人群寄生虫病防治知识知晓率低,但人群卫生行为良好。     

新疆阿瓦提县结核病防治知识知晓率调查

目的了解新疆阿瓦提县公众对结核病防治知识知晓情况,为结核病健康教育促进的有效开展提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样法抽取252名调查对象,使用结核病防治知识调查问卷进行面对面调查。结果阿瓦提县公众结核病防治知识知晓率为74.37%,其中60岁以上人群知晓率为43.06%、无学历人群知晓率50.91%、城镇居民知晓率为80.74%、农村居民知晓率为71.35%,不同年龄(χ2=259.55)、学历(χ2=79.04)和户籍(χ2=12.73)人群的知晓率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);维吾尔族人群知晓率(73.48%)与汉族人群知晓率(82.40%)差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.70,P0.05);对我国肺结核病检查和治疗全部免费政策的知晓率为57.54%,仍有42.46%的人对此政策认识不足。结论阿瓦提县公众结核病防治知识知晓率低,今后应采取多渠道、全方位的结核病健康促进措施,进一步提高公众结核病防治知识知晓率。     

楚雄市心血管疾病流行病学及相关危险因素调查

目的：探索楚雄市人群心血管疾病流行病学及相关危险因素水平,为综合防治提供科学依据。方法：采用多阶段抽样的方法,抽取辖区15个乡镇和4个社区医疗卫生服务中心,18岁及以上居民2397人进行了心血管疾病危险因素随机抽样调查。结果：人群高血压患病率20.5%;高血压知晓率为59.35%;冠心病患病率为1.9%;脑卒中患病率0.3%。人群吸烟率为18.69%,其中男性居民和女性居民的吸烟率分别为36.33%和1.64%;被调查人群中超重401人,超重率为16.7%,肥胖58人,肥胖率为2.4%;空腹血糖受损者占11.4%;糖尿病患病率17.8%;结论：本地区上述危险因素水平均相当突出 ,采取社区综合防治措施 ,进行有效控制已刻不容缓。     

重庆市三类重点人群丙型病毒性肝炎防治知识知晓状况及相关因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的 了解吸毒人群、MSM及暗娼人群丙型病毒性肝炎(简称丙肝)防治知识知晓率及影响因素,为下一步防治工作提供科学参考。方法 结合2021年重庆市艾滋病哨点监测工作对吸毒人群、MSM及暗娼人群开展问卷调查。结果 共调查吸毒人群1 823人,MSM 491人,暗娼人群3 148人,其中吸毒人群丙肝知识知晓率为49.9%、MSM为61.9%、暗娼人群为66.7%,三类人群知晓率差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=137.644,P<0.05)。三类人群丙肝知识知晓率均与其文化程度相关,高中及以上者知晓的概率更高。此外,吸毒人群中曾经注射吸毒者丙肝防治知识知晓率更高(OR=2.7, 95%CI:2.1~3.5),暗娼人群坚持每次使用安全套者丙肝防治知识知晓率更高(OR=1.5, 95%CI:1.3~1.7)。结论 吸毒人群、MSM及暗娼人群丙肝防治知识知晓率均较低,今后要加强低文化、非注射吸毒及发生高危性行为人群的宣教,宣教内容侧重丙肝传播途径及检测治疗相关知识。     

海口市食管癌高危人群肿瘤防治知识知晓情况

目的了解海口市食管癌高危人群肿瘤防治知识的知晓率。方法选取2011年1月至2014年3月在该院就诊的1 572例食管癌高危人群作为研究对象,调查其对肿瘤防治知识的知晓情况及影响知晓情况的相关因素。结果癌症的常见种类、主要致癌因素、预防措施及警示症状等问题的知晓率较高,但有效预防措施至少可减少1/3的癌症(1.78%)、早发现、早诊断、早治疗可根治1/3的癌症(3.18%)、食管癌有早期症状(2.29%)的知晓率比较低;癌症防治知识的总知晓率为73.80%,且不同年龄、居住地、文化程度、经济收入、职业、家族史、健康宣教情况的高危人群,其癌症防治知识知晓率均不相同(均P0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析表明,年龄(60岁)、文化程度(专科及以上)、收入(10 000/年)、接受健康宣教等因素是癌症防治知识知晓的有利因素(均P0.05)。结论食管癌高危人群对肿瘤防治知识的掌握不平衡,年龄、文化程度、收入、健康宣教等因素影响人群对肿瘤防治知识的认知度,应积极开展公众健康教育以提高人群肿瘤防治知识的知晓率。     

机关人群高血压相关知识知晓率及生活方式调查

目的调查分析机关人群高血压相关知识的知晓程度及生活方式现状。方法通过问卷调查杭州市5个区级机关116例工作人员知信行情况。结果机关人群自我血压知晓率为87.07%,高血压知识知晓率为77.59%;生活方式多项条目得分正常血压人群组高于高血压人群组,特别是在高脂食物摄入、中等量以上饮酒、生活规律方面,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);有91.38%的机关人群表示对高血压防治知识有需求。结论机关人群生活方式有待进一步改进。     

Glucose and insulin concentration in amniotic fluid and in maternal blood in early and in late pregnancy

Glucose concentration in the amniotic fluid decreases towards the end of gestation, whereas the insulin concentration increases. The ratio between fetal (amniotic fluid) glucose to maternal glucose is reduced by about 50% at the end of pregnancy, whereas the ratio of C peptide is increased four times. The higher glucose concentration in amniotic fluid in early pregnancy could be explained by a lower fetal metabolic rate in the early stage of development and a low insulin activity of the fetus.     

Differentiation pathways in carcinogenesis and in chemo- and radioresistance

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) share many features with embryonic stem cells (ESCs) such as the ability for self-renewal and differentiation. Signaling pathways that are involved in these processes are also involved in chemo- and radioresistance (e.g. Wnt, Notch and Hedgehog pathways). This review is focused on the influence of three important differentiation pathways on carcinogenesis and on chemo- and radioresistance in ESCs and CSCs.     

Nitrite and thiocyanate in the fasting and secreting stomach and in saliva.

The concentrations of nitrite and thiocyanate in fasting and pentagastrin stimulated gastric juice and in saliva have been examined. Nitrite was found in all of 17 samples of fasting gastric juice, mean 4-9 +/- 1-1 muM. Stimulation of gastric secretion with pentagastrin caused no significant change in nitrite concentration. Thiocyanate was detected in all of 21 samples of fasting gastric juice and the difference in concentration between smokers and non-smokers probably reflects similar differences in saliva. In contrast to the nitrite data there was a significant drop in thiocyanate concentration of gastric juice after pentagastrin from 0-9 +/- 0-1 mM to 0-3 +/- 0-04 mM, suggesting a salivary origin for the thiocyanate in gastric juice. Thiocyanate is a powerful catalyst of nitrosation, which, together with small amounts of nitrite and naturally occurring amines could lead to the intragastric formation of carcinogenic nitrosamines and in certain circumstances be a factor in the aetiology of gastric cancer.     

Osteoporosis in celiac disease and in endocrine and reproductive disorders

As the increase in lifespan brings to light diseases that were previously not clinically detectable, osteoporosis has become an issue of worldwide significance. The disease is marked by a loss of bone mass; the bones become less dense, fragile and more prone to fracturing. Because it is regulated by endocrine and environmental factors, osteoporosis presents a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, with the genetic component accounting for 70% of an individual variation in bone mass density （BMD）, the principal determinant, with age, of fracture risk. Pathological conditions such as celiac disease （CD） exacerbate the process of bone loss, so that the occurrence of osteoporosis in celiac subjects is of particular note： indeed, the screening of osteoporosis patients for this disease is advisable, since it may be the only sign of undiagnosed CD. An increase in interleukin IL-1β, of the IL-1 system, in the relatives of celiac patients confirms the genetic predisposition to osteoporosis and its presence is evidence of an association between the two conditions. The direct effect on the bones of CD is secondary to poor absorption of calcium and vitamin D. In women osteoporosis is indirectly associated with early menopause and amenorrhea, and it may follow prolonged breast-feeding and frequent pregnancies, while in men it is associated with hypogonadism and GH deficit. These endocrine and non-endocrine factors exert their effects on bones by modulating the RANK/RANK-L/OPG system. An appropriate lifestyle from adolescence onwards, together with early diagnosis of and treatment for CD and primaryand secondary endocrine pathologies are important for the prevention of damage to the bones.     

Salmonellosis in children in developing and developed countries and populations

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The present review addresses recent developments that relate to the clinical management and prevention of childhood salmonellosis in developed and developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Invasive disease due to serovar Typhi as well as nontyphoidal salmonellae (NTS) is common in children younger than 5 years old in developing countries, and multidrug resistance is an increasingly difficult problem to manage. A new conjugate vaccine was found to be very effective in preventing typhoid fever in young Vietnamese children and was well tolerated, showing great promise for the future. Antibiotic use in the food animal industry is an important source of disease with multidrug resistant NTS strains in the developed world. Efforts for prevention are aimed at immunization of animals, control of antibiotic use in the food animal industry and careful monitoring of food-borne outbreaks. On the other hand, although the burden of NTS disease in children is far greater in developing countries, especially in tropical Africa, knowledge of even basic epidemiology is lacking. Importantly, it may be that, as spp. acquire increasing resistance, they also acquire increasing virulence that will lead to even greater morbidity and mortality. SUMMARY: Recent developments include a better knowledge of clinical aspects of invasive salmonellosis, an increasing response to the problem of multiple antibiotic resistance (including quinolones), and excellent results from the use of a recently developed conjugate vaccine for typhoid fever in children as young as 2 years old.