连翘酯苷冻干粉对SD大鼠的致畸作用

目的探讨连翘酯苷冻干粉的对SD大鼠的致畸作用.方法采用大鼠标准致畸试验,孕SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组20只.实验组剂量分别为0.075,0.150,0.3 g·kg-1,对照组给予生理氯化钠溶液.妊娠d 6～15尾静脉注射给药,qd.妊娠d 20处死孕鼠,检查母体妊娠与胎鼠畸形情况.结果各实验组对母鼠增重、胎鼠外观畸形率、内脏畸形率、活胎率、死胎率、吸收胎率、活胎身长、胎盘重和胎鼠体重无显著影响.同时,在各受试剂量作用下对骨骼的发育也无明显影响.结论连翘酯苷冻干粉冻干粉在受试剂量下无明显的母体毒性和致畸作用,也无明显的胚胎毒性和胎儿毒性.     

雷公藤提取物对大鼠致畸敏感期毒性试验研究

目的:研究雷公藤提取物(LLZ)对受孕SD大鼠在致畸敏感期的致畸作用.方法:孕鼠随机分为0,10,30和90mg·kg-1体重4个剂量组,于妊娠d6～15(胎鼠器官形成期)每日灌胃染毒1 次,妊娠d20处死母鼠,剖宫观察对胚胎的影响.结果:雷公藤提取物在90 mg·kg-1剂量时出现明显的母体毒性和胚胎毒性,表现为母鼠体重增加值比对照组小;死胎率及吸收胎率增高,活胎率降低; 30 mg·kg-1剂量时出现胎儿毒性,表现为胎儿体重、身长较小、胸骨缺失和骨化迟缓;未观察到胎儿畸形.结论:LLZ对SD大鼠在有母体毒性(90 mg·kg-1)时有胚胎毒性,在无明显的母体毒性(30 mg·kg-1)时也有一定的胎儿毒性,但均无致畸作用.     

中药抑瘤胶囊对大鼠致畸敏感期毒性试验

目的观察雌性大鼠孕后第6~15天连续灌胃给予中药抑瘤胶囊对妊娠大鼠、胚胎及胎仔发育的影响。方法依据中华人民共和国卫生部药政局颁发《新药(西药)临床前研究指导原则汇编(药学、药理学、毒理学)》和军事医学科学院出版社出版的《新药临床安全性评价与实践》,本试验设4组,即蒸馏水组(阴性对照)和中药抑瘤胶囊低、中、高剂量组(15、45和135mg/kg),在母鼠妊娠第6~15天灌胃给药。试验期间观察孕鼠的体征和死亡情况,并于妊娠第20天剖检,测定胎鼠生长发育的各项指标(包括胎鼠体重、外观、内脏、骨骼形态等)。结果本次试验孕鼠在妊娠期间的一般状况良好,但在135mg/kg剂量下于给药末期体重增长及摄食量均低于阴性对照组,差异有统计学意义。剖检时未发现死亡胎儿,而且对活胎儿的体重也未见影响,高剂量组出现吸收胎并与阴性对照组间比较,差异存在统计学意义,随之导致着床率差异亦呈现统计学意义,低剂量组尽管有个别吸收胎出现,但与阴性对照组比较差异并未呈现统计学意义。生存胎儿外观、内脏、骨骼变异率及畸形率在各组间差异无统计学意义。结论在本试验条件下,在135mg/kg剂量下已显示中药抑瘤胶囊胶囊的一般毒性反应;但在此剂量下,无胎儿外观、内脏及骨骼畸变发生;着床率、吸收胎率及胎儿生存率提示等结果,中药抑瘤胶囊高剂量组给药时可能诱导吸收胎增多及着床率的下降。     

西洋参胶囊的致畸变试验

目的：探讨西洋参胶囊对大鼠的致畸作用。方法：将Wister孕鼠随机分为5组,每组12只,设0．3g·kg^-1阿司匹林阳性对照组、阴性对照组（给予蒸馏水）和西洋参胶囊0．9,1．8,5．6g·kg^-1剂量组,分别于犬鼠受孕第7～16d连续灌胃给药,第20d解剖取出胎鼠,观察不同西洋参胶囊剂量组与对照组的差别。结果：西洋参胶囊各剂量组在孕鼠增重、子宫连胎重、窝平均活胎数、胎鼠身长、体重方面与阴性对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而且各剂量组和阴性对照组胎鼠外观、脏器及骨骼检查均未见明显异常和畸形。结论：西洋参胶囊对大鼠无致畸作用。     

非甾体抗炎药ZLR-8的大鼠胚胎-胎仔发育毒性实验研究

目的在器官发生期对怀孕大鼠连续给予非甾体抗炎药2-(2,6-二氯苯胺基)苯乙酸-4-(4-苯基-1,2,5-噁二唑-2-氧化物-3-)甲氧基苯甲酯(ZLR-8),观察是否有母体毒性和胚胎毒性。方法将ZLR-8按200,100和50 mg.kg-1于鼠妊娠第7~17 d连续灌胃给药,观察孕鼠饮水、摄食、生长等一般状况。每周称体质量2次,妊娠第20 d处死孕鼠,记录黄体数、胎盘质量、着床数、死胎数、活胎数、胎仔性别及体质量等,观察活仔外观异常。各窝1/2胎仔作骨骼畸形检查,另1/2胎仔作内脏检查。结果 ZLR-8高、中、低剂量组,母体未出现临床中毒症状,但高剂量组初期孕鼠体质量增加抑制。各用药组的着床总数、活胎数、死胎数、吸收胎数、子宫总质量、胎盘总质量、黄体数、胎鼠顶臀长、尾长与溶剂对照组相比,无统计学差异。高、中剂量组对胎鼠体质量有影响,骨骼畸形数也较溶剂对照组明显增多,而低剂量组未见统计学差异。结论对母体一般状况和子代发育均安全的剂量为50 mg.kg-1。     

桉叶油对环磷酰胺致大鼠胚胎毒性的保护作用

目的探讨桉叶油对环磷酰胺致大鼠胚胎毒性的保护作用。方法取孕鼠25只,随机分成5组,3个实验组（桉叶油低、中、高剂量组）,溶剂对照组（花生油组）,阳性对照组（环磷酰胺组）。大鼠妊娠第10天开始,实验组分别用100,200,300mg·kg-1桉叶油灌胃,溶剂对照组每只用2mL花生油灌胃,每天1次,连续5d。阳性对照组于孕第13天腹腔注射12．5mg·kg-1环磷酰胺1次。各组孕鼠于孕第19天处死取胚胎,记录孕鼠的体重、子宫重、卵巢重、胎盘重。计胚胎植入的总数、吸收胎数、活胎数、死胎数。观察胚胎外形,并测量胎鼠体重、身长、尾长。另取孕鼠25只,动物分组同前。实验组和溶剂对照组于孕第10天分别用桉叶油和花生油开始灌胃,用药剂量同前,连续灌胃8d。各组于第13天注射12．5mg·kg-1环磷酰胺1次,孕第19天处死取胚胎,记录观察指标同前。结果①桉叶油灌胃孕鼠后,孕鼠的体重增重、子宫重、卵巢重、胎盘重与溶剂对照组比较均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。胚胎植入总数、吸收胎率、活胎率、死胎率与溶剂对照组相比均无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。桉叶油各组活胎鼠平均体重、身长、尾长均较溶剂对照组高,但只有桉叶油高剂量组胎鼠平均体重与溶剂组比有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。其余组的指标与溶剂对照组比无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。阳性对照组胎鼠平均体重、尾长明显低于溶剂组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。阳性对照组胎鼠平均身长低于溶剂组,但无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。②100,200,300mg·kg-1桉叶油灌胃孕鼠8d后,环磷酰胺诱发的胚胎畸胎率、死胎率明显低于未灌胃桉叶油的阳性对照组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。实验组胎鼠平均体重、尾长均高于未灌胃桉叶油的阳性对照组,有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论本实验条件下,桉叶油对孕鼠胚胎无胚胎发育毒性,同时具有拮抗环磷酰胺诱发胚胎畸形的作用。     

重组人集成干扰素α对金黄地鼠胚胎和胎鼠的毒性

目的研究重组人集成干扰素α(rh-CINF)在金黄地鼠着床后至产前给药对妊娠母鼠、胚胎发育和胎鼠的影响。方法妊娠第0天金黄地鼠80只随机分成赋形剂对照组,rh-CINF5,30和100μg·kg-14组。在妊娠第5～14天sc给药,每日1次,并在妊娠第15天解剖检查。活体检查指标包括妊娠期间的一般毒性反应、死亡情况和体重变化;终末解剖检查指标包括母鼠主要脏器异常情况、黄体计数、子宫内植入数、吸收胎数、死胎数和活胎数;活胎检查指标包括胎鼠体重、身长、尾长及外观、内脏和骨骼系统。结果给药期间各组均未见一般毒性反应和死亡动物。rh-CINF100μg·kg-1组孕鼠在给药期间体重增长减缓〔妊娠第5～15天增重:(13.1±6.0)gvs(28.3±4.5)g〕、胚胎植入后丢失率增多(27.9%vs5.2%)、活胎数减少(6.7±1.4vs9.2±1.1)、胎鼠平均身长较短〔(2.9±0.12)cmvs(3.1±0.10)cm〕和平均体重下降〔(2.4±0.21)gvs(2.8±0.12)g〕;rh-CINF30μg·kg-1组孕鼠在给药期间体重增长有减缓趋势〔妊娠第5～15天增重:(22.4±6.3)gvs(28.3±4.5)g〕、胚胎植入后丢失率增多(12.5%vs5.2%)和活胎数减少(8.1±1.4vs9.2±1.1);rh-CINF5μg·kg-1组孕鼠和胎鼠各项检测指标与赋形剂对照组比较无明显差异。在对胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼系统的检查中,rh-CINF3个剂量组中均未见有与药物相关的畸形或变异胎鼠。结论 rh-CINF100和30μg·kg-1时有一定的母体毒性和胚胎毒性,但无致畸作用;rh-CINF5μg·kg-1对孕鼠、胚胎和胎鼠生长发育均无明显影响。     

坤泰胶囊对大鼠胚胎和胎仔的发育毒性研究

目的评价SD孕鼠在致畸敏感期（怀孕第6～15天）ig给予坤泰胶囊溶液对SD大鼠的母体毒性、胚胎-胎仔毒性和致畸性。方法雌性SD大鼠低、中、高剂量组在怀孕第6～15天内分别ig给予2.5、5、10 g/（kg.d）坤泰胶囊成品粉溶液,对照组给予双蒸水。试验期内每天观察动物的一般情况和临床毒性表现;记录孕鼠的体质量;在怀孕第20天进行剖腹检查,摘取卵巢和子宫,观察黄体数、着床数、胚胎生存及死亡情况、生存胎仔的外观、性别、体质量、骨骼及脏器发育等指标。结果孕鼠及胚胎、胎仔发育的上述各观察指标未见明显异常,与对照组比较无显著差异。结论在本实验条件下,坤泰胶囊成品粉未见明显的母体毒性与胚胎和胎儿发育毒性。     

消乳增胶囊致畸作用研究

目的观察消乳增对大鼠是否存在胚胎毒性和致畸毒性。方法采用Wistar大鼠,每组妊娠鼠>15只。试验设消乳增高、中、低3个剂量组,分别给药9.13,4.55,2.28 g·kg?1,同时设阳性对照组(阿司匹林组)和空白组。在大鼠胚胎器官形成期连续灌胃给药10 d(孕7~16 d)。在妊娠的第20天,处死妊娠鼠,计数黄体数、胚胎的着床数、活胎数、早期死胎数(包括吸收胎)和晚期死胎数。观察胎仔外观、发育情况并称重后,将每窝1/2的活胎仔作骨路检查。另取l/2活胎仔固定于Bouin氏液进行内脏检查。结果消乳增对孕鼠体质量影响差异无统计学意义,各给药组与空白组比较,活胎数显著减少,吸收胎数显著增加,并显著抑制胎鼠体长;并导致胎鼠胸骨骨化不全等骨骼畸形。结论消乳增对大鼠有较为明显的胚胎毒性,包括胚胎死亡、生长发育抑制和骨骼畸形等。     

赤苷脉通注射液对大鼠生育力和早期胚胎发育的毒性研究

目的 研究赤苷脉通注射液(CGMT)对大鼠生育力与早期胚胎发育的毒性.方法 160只SD大鼠随机均分为对照组和CGMT 75、150、300 mg· kg-剂量组;雄鼠交配前9周至交配成功,雌鼠交配前2周至妊娠7d分别连续于尾静脉给药,交配结束处死雄鼠,进行精子数、精子活力和精子形态学等指标检查,孕鼠于妊娠14 d时处死,记录妊娠子宫重量、黄体数和着床数等指标,观察胚胎死亡情况.结果 CGMT各剂量组各项检测指标与对照组相比无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论 试验条件下,CGMT在300 mg· kg-剂量下对SD大鼠的生育力和早期胚胎发育无明显毒性作用.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.