Peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate: evaluation with contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of contrast-enhanced gray scale transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) for detection of prostate cancer in peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions of the prostate. METHODS: The study involved 66 patients with peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions detected by TRUS. The lesions were evaluated with contrast-enhanced TRUS to differentiate prostate cancer from benign lesions, and the results were compared with color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. RESULTS: Transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsy of the hypoechoic lesions revealed prostate cancer in 30 patients and benign prostatic diseases in 36. Flow signals within the lesions were classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased flow compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 1, 16, 12, and 1, respectively, in the prostate cancer group and 10, 12, 10, and 4 in the benign disease group. If we considered an increased flow signal within a peripheral hypoechoic lesion as a sign of prostate cancer, color Doppler ultrasonography had low sensitivity and specificity (55.2% and 53.8%, respectively). The enhancement intensity within the lesions was classified as no, increased, equal, and decreased enhancement compared with surrounding peripheral zone tissue as follows: 2, 20, 3, and 5 in the prostate cancer group and 14, 8, 4, and 10 in the benign disease group. The difference was statistically significant (P<.05). Thus, the peak enhancement intensity would be the optimal parameter for discriminatory performance (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.74; 95% confidence interval, 0.60-0.88). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-enhanced TRUS could reveal the presence of vasculature within peripheral zone hypoechoic lesions more objectively than color Doppler ultrasonography and could be promising in guidance of prostate biopsy.     

Prostatic abscess: transrectal color Doppler ultrasonic diagnosis and minimally invasive therapeutic management

The purpose of this study was to analyze the transrectal ultrasound (US), or TRUS, and color Doppler ultrasonography (CDU) findings and therapeutic strategies with TRUS-guided procedures in 13 patients with prostatic abscess. Over a period of 6 years, 18 prostatic abscesses were diagnosed in 13 patients (mean age: 59 years). Diagnostic workup included TRUS, analysis of midstream urine, and analysis and culture of abscess fluid for leukocytes and pathogens. These patients were treated either conservatively (for abscess cavities < 1 cm in diameter), or by aspiration or draining procedures (cavities > or = 1 cm). The transrectal CDU findings were correlated to the treatment effects. The predisposing factors were also reviewed. In the 13 patients, the most common clinical symptom and sign were urinary frequency (77%) and pus cell in the midstream urine (92%). Predisposing factors were found in 11 men, with diabetes in 5 of them. In 10 patients, the definitive preinterventional diagnosis was based on the TRUS findings. TRUS with probe palpation demonstrated tiny floating echogenic speckles in the abscess cavity in 4 patients. CDU demonstrated increased color-flow signals at the margin and surrounding tissue of the abscess pockets. Abscesses with poorly defined boundaries had more prominent surrounding color-flow signals and achieved, with relative difficulty, a satisfactory aspiration procedure. Aspiration was done for all 11 abscesses between 1 and 3 cm. A total of 4 larger abscesses (> 3.0 cm) were treated with aspiration or drainage using a 5-French pigtail catheter. No surgical drainage was performed. Transrectal CDU may help in the evaluation of maturity of an abscess pocket. US-guided aspiration with an 18-gauge needle or drainage with a 5-French pigtail catheter significantly shortened the hospital stay.     

Follow‐up of the Transrectal Ultrasonographic Features of the Prostate After Biopsy

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the transrectal ultrasonographic features of the prostate after biopsy and to find out whether any ultrasonographically detectable lesion forms secondary to biopsy. METHODS: Prebiopsy transrectal ultrasonographic findings in 60 consecutive patients who underwent repeated biopsies were evaluated. Detected lesions that were not defined before the first biopsy were considered postbiopsy-formed lesions and were sampled during the second biopsy. All transrectal ultrasonographically detected lesions were correlated with histopathologic results in the same locations. RESULTS: There were 7 (11.6%) patients with new hypoechoic lesions formed after the first biopsy. Histopathologic analysis of postbiopsy-detected lesions showed that 38.5% were cancer; 62.5% of the detected benign lesions were prostatitis foci. CONCLUSIONS: Prostate biopsy does not give rise to formation of fibrotic scar tissue in the peripheral zone. Most postbiopsy-detected lesions are prostatitis foci, but all hypoechoic lesions must be sampled during repeated prostate biopsies because of the 38.5% cancer detection rate.     

Diffuse prostatic lesions: role of color Doppler and power Doppler ultrasonography.

The purpose of this study was to assess the role of color Doppler ultrasonography and power Doppler ultrasonography in the identification of diffuse prostatic lesions. Forty male patients underwent gray scale transrectal ultrasonography, color and power Doppler sonography, and transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsy. Transrectal ultrasonographically guided biopsy revealed cancer in 23 patients and benign lesions in 17 patients. Among the prostatic cancers 82.6% (19 of 23) showed increased flow signals, whereas 23.5% (four of 17) of benign lesions showed increased flow signals on color or power Doppler ultrasonography. If we consider increased flow signal on color or power Doppler sonography as a sign of a prostate cancer in diffuse prostatic lesions, these modalities have a sensitivity of 82.6%, specificity of 76.5%, and positive predictive value of 82.6%. On the basis of our study, we may conclude that color and power Doppler ultrasonography are useful in the identification of diffuse prostatic lesions.     

Nonsurgical management of thyroid abscess with sonographically guided fine needle aspiration

Treatment of thyroid abscess commonly includes the surgical drainage along with systemic antibiotic therapy. Alternatives for open surgical intervention may be the conservative management with use needle aspiration or catheter drainage. We report here two cases of thyroid abscess treatment with 21-gauge needle aspiration under ultrasound guidance. In each case needle drainage was performed twice, at the 1st and 5th day of admission. Antibiotics were administered in pills and injected into the abscess cavity followed the pus aspiration and lavage. Both patients were cured. Follow-up has not revealed recurrence during 6 month and 5 years.     

经直肠超声引导自动活检在前列腺占位性病变诊断中的应用

目的　探讨经直肠超声引导自动活检在前列腺占位性病变诊断中的应用。方法　利用自动活检枪 ,在超声引导下 ,经直肠对前列腺进行自动活检。结果　阳性率 85 .5 % ,其中前列腺恶性肿瘤 15例 (2 4.2 % ) ,恶性淋巴瘤 2例 (3 .2 % ) ,前列腺平滑肌肉瘤 1例 (1.6% ) ,良性前列腺增生 2 1例 (3 3 .9% ) ,前列腺上皮内瘤 2例 (3 .2 % ) ,急性脓肿 1例 (1.6% ) ,结核 1例 (1.6% ) ,慢性前列腺炎 10例 (16.1% )。结论　经直肠超声引导自动活检操作简便 ,病人几乎无痛苦 ,取材准确可靠     

前列腺低回声灶和PSAD对前列腺癌的诊断价值

术前经直肠超声检出前列腺低回声灶65例,范围0.5-2.0cm^2,84.61%位于移行区,病检证实前列腺癌（PCa)35例（53.84%),前列腺上皮内瘤（PIN）13例（20%）。结节增生17例（26.15%)。以PSA10ng/ml和PSAD0.1为界值,对PCa和PIN的敏感性是52%和85%A,特异性90%和56%,阳性预测值90%和71%,本研究提示,前列腺弱回声灶和PSAD较单一指标能提高对前列腺癌的检出率。     

前列腺癌经直肠超声声像特征

本文分析了172例可疑前列腺癌者经腔内超声及其引导下穿刺活检确诊的49例前列腺癌的声像学特征。认为前列腺癌除了主要表现为低回声型特点外,尚可出现其它回声类型改变及一些间接征象。前列腺介入性超声及其指引下的穿刺活检是前列腺癌诊断及疗效随访的主要方法。     

Alternative and effective treatment of shoulder ganglion cyst: ultrasonographically guided aspiration.

The therapeutic effect of ultrasonographically guided aspiration of a ganglion cyst of the shoulder is evaluated. Fifteen patients (nine male, six female) with chronic shoulder pain were enrolled in this study. Each patient was referred to rule out rotator cuff lesion. The ultrasonographic examination showed an anechoic cystic lesion in the shoulder region in every patient and abnormality of the rotator cuff in only four patients. Under ultrasonographic guidance, an 18 gauge needle was inserted into the cyst to aspirate the fluid. Initial sonographic imaging showed the cyst, which appeared as a localized fluid accumulation and was located between the deltoid muscle and the subscapularis tendon in seven patients, between the deltoid muscle and the biceps tendon in one patient, below the coracoacromial ligament in five patients, and over suprascapular notch area in one patient. The ganglion cysts ranged in size from 3.5 to 30 mm. The amount of aspirated fluid in each cyst varied from 0.4 to 12 ml (mean, 2.6 ml +/- 3.1) with a clear or light yellowish color and a jelly-like appearance. No major complications occurred during or after this procedure. The symptom (pain) was improved after sonographically guided aspiration in each patient. Follow-up study showed complete relief of pain in four patients, marked improvement in nine patients, and mild improvement but still persistent shoulder pain in two patients. Duration of follow-up study ranged from 2 to 24 months (mean, 6.4 months +/- 6.9). The success rate for sonographically guided aspiration was 86% on the basis of marked symptom improvement or relief. Ultrasonographically guided aspiration of shoulder ganglion cysts is an effective procedure in the management of shoulder pain caused by ganglion cysts.     

超声引导穿刺活检确诊无症状性炎性前列腺炎

目的回顾性总结无症状性炎性前列腺炎（asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis，AIP）的临床和声像图特征。 方法1468例次患者因为怀疑前列腺癌而行经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检，其中84例确诊为AIP。 结果59例血清前列腺特异性抗原增高（〉4ng／ml），占70．2％（59／84），范围为4．3～45．3ng／ml，平均17．3ng／ml；32例声像图显示前列腺外腺有局限性低回声病灶，4例为外腺弥漫性低回声病变，另外48例声像图未发现前列腺外腺病灶。 结论AIP患者可以出现前列腺外腺低回声病变，但大部分患者前列腺外腺无声像图异常，AIP的最终确诊仍然需要前列腺液检查或穿刺活检。     

Transrectal ultrasound appearance of granulomatous prostatitis

Granulomatous prostatitis is an uncommon condition that can masquerade as prostatic carcinoma on both digital rectal exam and prostate ultrasound. It occurs most often after acute urinary tract infection, transurethral prostate resection, or needle biopsy. It can be seen in systemic granulomatous diseases and after intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) therapy for bladder carcinoma. In some cases it is idiopathic. Six patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound of the prostate and subsequent transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy had histologic diagnosis of granulomatous prostatitis. One patient was undergoing BCG therapy for bladder cancer. Two patients had recent urinary tract infections. The other three patients had no known predisposing conditions. Sonographically, the glands were enlarged in five patients, with multiple large and small hypoechoic zones throughout the peripheral, transition, and central zones. The appearance was similar to that seen in diffuse prostatic carcinoma. In one patient, a solitary hypoechoic lesion in the peripheral zone, indistinguishable from carcinoma, was present. Granulomatous prostatitis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of focal and diffuse abnormality with prostatic ultrasound.     

经直肠超声引导活检前列腺癌病理与声像图对照分析

目的 探讨前列腺癌声像图特征,提高前列腺癌活检阳性率.方法 对血清前列腺特异性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)＞4 ng/mL或直肠指检异常的患者行经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检,不同穿刺部位的标本分别标记送病理,对89例确诊为前列腺癌患者的病理结果与声像图对照分析.结果 89例患者中声像图未提示明显异常35例(39 3％),前列腺外周带或移行带见结节25例(28.1％),外周带、移行带分界不清22例(24.7％),前列腺见明显低回声团块7例(7.9％).彩色多普勒显示:无明显异常65例,局部血流汇聚或血管绕行7例,血流弥漫性增多10例,血流减少7例.二维声像图和彩色多普勒对显示前列腺癌的灵敏度分别为61％和25％.结论 前列腺外腺低回声结节、前列腺内外腺界不清、前列腺团块、彩色血流汇聚或绕行的结节均高度提示前列腺癌,是穿刺活检的重点.     

经直肠与超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺活检的比较

目的 :比较直肠指检引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺与超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺两种活检方法的阳性率和安全性。方法 :对 136例PSA >4ng /ml或直肠指检异常的患者进行前列腺穿刺活检 ,其中经直肠 2 2例 ,经会阴 114例。结果 :根据不同PSA水平及直肠指检结果分组 ,两组穿刺活检阳性率差异无统计学意义。超声引导下经会阴穿刺感染及便血发生率明显低于直肠指检引导下经直肠穿刺。结论 :直肠指检引导下经直肠前列腺穿刺和超声引导下经会阴前列腺穿刺都是进行前列腺活检的有效方法 ,应根据患者直肠指检、经直肠超声表现以及PSA水平选择穿刺方法 ,而后者的安全性高于前者     

会阴部超声引导下经直肠穿刺治疗前列腺脓肿

目的 探讨会阴部超声引导经直肠穿刺治疗前列腺脓肿的临床应用价值.方法 5例前列腺脓肿患者采用膝胸卧位,用普通超声探头于会阴部引导,经直肠穿刺抽吸脓液后注入抗生素.结果 5例患者的穿刺均一次成功,穿刺针显示率100%.未发生严重并发症.结论 本法具有创伤小、副作用少、疗效好、患者经济负担小、易于接受等特点,值得推广.     

超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床价值

目的评价超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的临床应用价值。方法对临床确诊为细菌性肝脓肿的49例患者进行超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗,其中22例行单纯细针抽吸术（抽吸组）,26例行置管引流术（置管组）,1例抽吸术后1周脓腔无明显缩小而行置管引流术（抽吸＋置管组）;同时配合静脉抗炎、全身支持治疗。结果超声引导下经皮肝穿刺细针抽吸或置管引流治疗后,患者体温恢复正常、白细胞计数恢复正常及脓腔消失时间分别为（2.8±0.6）d、（3.2±0.5）d、（14.6±4.2）d。所有患者均无并发症,术后3个月复查超声脓腔均消失,超声引导下经皮肝穿刺治疗细菌性肝脓肿的治愈率为100%。结论超声引导下经皮肝穿刺细针抽吸和置管引流术具有简便经济、创伤小、并发症低、治愈率高等优点,成为细菌性肝脓肿首选治疗方法。     

两种不同局麻方法在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的镇痛效果比较

目的：比较经直肠超声引导前列腺神经阻滞术和直肠内灌注2％利多卡因凝胶在前列腺穿刺活检术中的镇痛疗效。方法：160例接受经直肠超声引导13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术的患者随机分为A、B两组。A组患者84例，在经直肠超声引导下，于前列腺基底部，左、右两侧精囊与前列腺交接处分别注射1％利多卡因5ml，B组患者76例，于活检前5min直肠内灌注2％利多卡因凝胶10ml。采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估两组患者在穿刺活检术中的疼痛程度。结果：两组患者在平均年龄（t=0．73）、PSA水平（t=0．34）和前列腺体积（t=0．55）的差异无显著性（P〉0．05），具有可比性。A组患者VAS评分0～3分者76例，4～5分者6例，6～10分者2例。B组患者则分别为48例、18例、10例。两组患者平均疼痛评分（VAS）分别为1．2分、2．6分，差异具有高度显著性意义（t=4．73，P〈0．01）。两组患者均未出现局麻药的不良反应。结论：经直肠超声引导前列腺神经阻滞术的镇痛疗效明显优于直肠内灌注2％利多卡因凝胶，值得临床推广应用。     

前列腺特异抗原和经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检对前列腺癌的诊断价值

目的 探讨前列腺声像图特点、血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA)水平在前列腺癌诊断中的价值.方法 分析47例经直肠超声引导系统6点加目的 性穿刺患者前列腺声像图特点及临床资料,其中前列腺癌组17例,前列腺增生组30例.结果 前列腺癌组与前列腺增生组异常血流信号发现率分别为88.2%、36.7%,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05);两组异常回声结节发生率和前列腺体积的差异无统计学意义(P >0.05).游离前列腺特导性抗原(FPSA )、前列腺特导性抗原密度(PSAD)、FPSA/总前列腺特异抗原(TPSA)对前列腺癌诊断的ROC曲线面积分别为0.692、0.739、0.214.以PSAD≥0.15 μg/ml·cm3诊断前列腺癌的阳性预测值为50%,敏感性为76.5%,特异性为56.7%.结论 异常血流分布较低回声结节更具有特征性的前列腺癌超声表现,其指导目的 性穿刺的准确率较高,PSAD是较TPSA及FPSA/TPSA更有价值的前列腺癌预测指标.     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断前列腺肉瘤

目的探讨经直肠超声(TRUS)引导下穿刺活检在前列腺肉瘤中的诊断价值.方法回顾分析996例疑患前列腺癌者经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检后病理证实的6例前列腺肉瘤的临床资料.结果 4例表现为前列腺内低回声病灶,2例为弥漫性病灶,经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检3例诊断为前列腺横纹肌肉瘤,1例为平滑肌肉瘤,1例为神经源性肉瘤,1例为梭形细胞肉瘤.结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检安全性好、准确性高,是诊断前列腺肉瘤的有效方法之一.     

Fourteen-gauge ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy of breast masses.

OBJECTIVE: Large-core needle biopsy of the breast can be performed with stereotactic or ultrasonographic guidance. However, ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy has notable advantages, including the absence of ionizing radiation, increased patient comfort, and greater cost-effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer in palpable and nonpalpable breast masses. METHODS: The study was a retrospective review of consecutive ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsies for indeterminate breast masses. A total 424 ultrasonographically guided core biopsies were performed in 367 patients with 1 or more breast masses. Ultrasonographically guided core biopsy was performed with a 14-gauge spring-loaded needle and a freehand technique. Correlation of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy pathologic findings with subsequent surgical pathologic findings or long-term imaging follow-up was performed. RESULTS: Of 424 indeterminate breast lesions for which histopathologic findings were obtained by ultrasonographically guided core biopsy, 234 cancers were diagnosed. Twenty-eight additional lesions had either questionable but not definitively malignant pathologic features (n = 11) or radiologic-pathologic discordance (n = 17) and were surgically excised. Of these, 8 additional cancers were diagnosed. Patients or surgeons chose excision of 41 additional lesions that were benign on ultrasonographically guided core biopsy No cancer was found in these surgical specimens. One additional cancer was diagnosed at a 6-month imaging follow-up because of interval growth. On the basis of surgical and long-term imaging follow-up, the sensitivity of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy for the diagnosis of breast carcinoma was 99.2% (95% confidence interval, 95.6%-99.9%) in 173 palpable breast masses and 93.2% (95% confidence interval, 87.1%-97%) in 251 nonpalpable masses. In cancers diagnosed on the basis of immediate surgical excision as a result of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy that showed either questionable pathologic features or radiologic-pathologic discordance, the sensitivity of ultrasonographically guided core biopsy for the diagnosis of breast cancer was 99.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographically guided large-core needle biopsy is a sensitive percutaneous biopsy method for the diagnosis of breast cancer in palpable and nonpalpable breast masses.     

经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎

目的　探讨经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检在非特异性肉芽肿性前列腺炎 (NSGP)诊断中的临床价值。方法　回顾分析 5 87例疑前列腺癌经超声引导下穿刺活检证实的 6例NSGP的临床资料。结果　 3例NSGP病灶位于前列腺周围区 ,2例为弥漫型 ,病灶呈低回声 ,难以同前列腺癌鉴别 ,另有 1例未显示病灶 ,经直肠超声引导下穿刺活检诊断为NSGP。结论　经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检具有准确 ,安全等优点 ,是诊断NSGP的有效方法之一。