开放手术治疗近肾腹主动脉闭塞的临床分析

背景与目的 近肾腹主动脉闭塞属于主髂动脉闭塞的极端情况,治疗相对棘手。尽管腔内治疗适用于此类患者,开放手术治疗仍有其适应证所在。本研究分析近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗的效果,并总结经验及其治疗策略。方法 收集首都医科大学附属北京天坛医院血管外科2018年7月—2022年5月期间行开放手术治疗的10例近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者的临床资料。回顾性分析患者的一般资料、手术方式、手术时间、术中出血量、腹主动脉阻断方式、肾上腹主动脉阻断时间、手术并发症、症状缓解程度及随访结果。结果 10例患者手术均顺利完成。手术时间210~420 min,中位手术时间为265 min;术中出血200~1 200 mL,中位出血量375 mL。3例行膈下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术,其中1例同时行右膝上截肢术;1例行膈下腹主动脉-双髂总动脉人工血管搭桥术,同时重建肠系膜下动脉;5例行肾下腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术;1例行腋动脉-双股动脉人工血管搭桥术并左颈动脉内膜剥脱术。膈下腹主动脉阻断4例,肾上肾下序贯腹主动脉阻断1例,肾下腹主动脉阻断4例。肾上腹主动脉阻断时间14~20 min,中位阻断时间20 min。围手术期无心脑血管意外、死亡、肾功能障碍及人工血管感染发生。10例患者术后双下肢间歇性跛行或静息痛症状均消失,双侧足背或胫后动脉搏动均可扪及。10例患者获随访4~40个月,中位随访时间27个月,随访期间桥血管均通畅、吻合口无狭窄、无下肢及肠道缺血表现。结论 近肾腹主动脉闭塞患者行开放手术治疗效果确切,桥血管远期通畅率高,需根据患者不同情况采取个体化的治疗方式。     

近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症诊治体会

目的 明确近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症与LeRiche’s综合征的鉴别诊断,指出其治疗要点。方法报告1例近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症的诊断、腹主-双股动脉旁路手术过程。结果 术后病人双足背动脉恢复搏动,双肾功能正常,间歇性跛行消失。结论 近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症与LeRiche’s综合征的鉴别需进一步行血管造影、MRI等检查。术中必须行肾动脉以上腹主动脉阻断时,应采用尽可能低的位置阻断,并且对受累器官采取保护措施,阻断时间要尽可能缩少。     

近肾动脉腹主动脉下段闭塞症的手术方法探讨

目的探讨近肾动脉腹主动脉下段闭塞症（juxtarenal aortic occlusion）的手术治疗方法。方法总结自1995年以来作者收治的27例腹主动脉末端闭塞症的临床治疗，术中暂时阻断肾上主动脉（平均7min），纵行切开主动脉，迅速清理近肾主动脉病灶，缝合上段纵行切口后改为肾动脉下主动脉阻断，完成人工血管主-股动脉转流手术。结果术后22例触及股动脉和胭动脉搏动，术后7d患肢缺血症状均得以改善。手术后3月复查，患肢缺血症状消失，25例阳痿现象得到改善，彩色超声显示血管吻合口及人工血管内均未见血栓。25例获得1年以上的随访，吻合口通畅率为100％；18例获得5年以上随访，吻合口通畅率为94．4％。结论将肾上主动脉暂时阻断后纵行切开主动脉，迅速去除病灶，主动脉缝合成型，然后在肾下主动脉阻断后完成主-股动脉转流是治疗腹主动脉末端闭塞性疾病较好的手术方案。     

复杂性近肾腹主动脉闭塞症的手术治疗

目的探讨不同近肾腹主动脉闭塞和(或)合并有其他部位血管疾病的患者的合理手术方式。方法回顾性分析手术治疗的17例近肾腹主动脉闭塞的患者的临床资料,其中6例伴有下肢动脉的重度狭窄或闭塞,5例伴肾动脉狭窄,2例伴有锁骨下动脉狭窄,1例同时伴有肾动脉的狭窄和一侧股浅动脉闭塞,1例伴有胸主动脉瘤。手术方式有主-髂(股)动脉人工血管搭桥术(12例),腋-双股人工血管搭桥(4例),经双侧股动脉切开取拴+腔内支架成形术(1例),在合并有其他部位血管疾病处理方法有血管腔内球囊扩张+支架成形、股-腘动脉人工血管搭桥及动脉瘤切除人工血管置换术。结果 1例术后4d死亡,其他16例未出现严重并发症。16例患者术后下肢缺血症状均得到明显改善,其中5例下肢静息痛症状消失,4例高血压患者血压较术前明显容易控制,2例肾功能不全患者术后肾功能恢复到正常水平,2例伴有头晕、上肢乏力症状患者术后症状消失。16例存活患者均获5～56个月随访,生存率高达94.1%,致残及严重血管并发症机率为6.3%。结论针对近肾腹主动脉闭塞症和(或)合并有其他部位血管疾病患者制定合理的手术方式尤为重要,也是提高患者生存率及生存质量的关键。     

近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症诊断和治疗体会

目的总结近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症的诊断和治疗体会。方法对我科在1999年1月～2005年12月6例诊断为近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症接受手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中3例作腹主-双髂(股)动脉旁路手术,2例作肾下腹主动脉取栓加腹主-双髂(股)动脉旁路手术,1例单纯作腹主动脉-双侧髂动脉切开取栓手术。结果术后全部病人双足背动脉搏动恢复,双肾功能正常,间歇性跛行消失。结论近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症的诊断除根椐临床症状和体征外需进一步行血管造影、MRI、CTA等检查。术中必须行肾动脉以上腹主动脉阻断时,应采用尽可能低的位置阻断,并对受累器官采取保护措施,阻断时间要尽可能缩少。     

267例主髂动脉闭塞的手术治疗经验

目的 探讨肾动脉开口水平以下腹主动脉闭塞及髂动脉闭塞的手术方式选择及治疗经验。方法 回顾性分析267例主、髂动脉闭塞患者的临床资料。结果 267例患者全部行手术治疗。行腹主动脉－髂（股）动脉人工血管转流术145例,髂动脉－股动脉人工血管转流术40例,股动脉－股动脉人工血管转流术45例,腋动脉－股动脉人工血管转流术37例。总有效率为96．5％,围手术期病死率为3．5％。267例中178例得到随访,平均随访时间5年9个月,人工血管通畅率为82．0％。结论 符合正常血液动力学手术的主要术式是腹主动脉－（双）髂、股动脉人工血管转流术,对于年老、体弱者,特别是全身一般状况较差,伴有冠心病、高血压、脑动脉硬化、脑梗塞等慢性疾病的患者,应采用腋动脉－（双）髂股动脉人工血管转流术或股动脉－股动脉人工血管转流术,可明显减低手术病死率。     

手术治疗近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症

为提高近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞症的疗效，作者采用左肾静脉下控制腹主动脉，腹主动脉切开逆行血栓内膜切除、腹主动脉－双股（髂）动脉人造血管转流术，及腋动脉－双股动脉转流术。１０年来共收治了２７例，病因主要是动脉粥样硬化和大动脉炎所致的主髂动脉狭窄闭塞。诊断主要依据为双下肢缺血、双股动脉搏动缺失、腹主动脉搏动消失、性功能障碍及血管造影阳性结果。２５例作了手术治疗。治愈好转率８４％，死亡４例。作者认为：手术效果决定于合并症及远端流出道的好坏。术前合并症直接影响死亡率。     

完全腹腔镜腹主-双股动脉人工血管旁路术的临床应用

目的探讨完全腹腔镜腹主-双股动脉人工血管旁路术的可行性和安全性。方法 2011年5月收治1例主髂动脉闭塞患者,行完全腹腔镜腹主动脉-双股动脉人工血管旁路术。患者耻骨上方做切口,置入10mm Trocar建立气腹与腹腔镜通道,左右腹直肌外缘置入1个12mm Trocar和1个5mm Trocar,导入操作器械。左肋缘下另置入1个5mm Trocar,导入把持钳。采用"围裙"技术隔离小肠。游离腹主动脉。在肠系膜下动脉下方阻断腹主动脉,行人工血管-腹主动脉端侧吻合。吻合成功后,将人工血管分支经皮下隧道引出至双侧腹股沟切口。开放手术行人工血管-双股动脉端侧吻合。结果手术时间450min,腹腔镜下血管吻合时间70min。术中失血量约650ml。随访14个月,人工血管通畅。结论完全腹腔镜腹主-双股动脉人工血管旁路术是安全、可行的。     

应用Fogarty导管取栓联合腔内支架植入治疗近肾动脉腹主动脉闭塞

近肾动脉水平的腹主动脉闭塞较为少见.传统治疗主要采用(降)主动脉-双(髂)股动脉Y形人工血管旁路移植术,但手术创伤大,心肺功能维持和预防肾缺血损伤的难度大,并发症发生率高.我们于2007年9月采用取栓术联合腔内支架的方法成功治疗了1例近肾动脉的腹主动脉闭塞病例,现报告如下.     

完全腹腔镜手术治疗平肾腹主动脉闭塞症

目的探讨完全腹腔镜手术治疗平肾腹主动脉闭塞症的可行性及疗效。方法对2例病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 2例病人均诊断为平肾动脉主髂动脉闭塞症。全麻后行完全腹腔镜下腹主动脉切开,Fogarty导管取栓及腹主动脉-股动脉人工血管转流术。2例手术均成功完成。1例术中人工血管栓塞,行人工血管切开取栓;1例术后CTA发现左肾梗塞灶及腹主动脉残余狭窄,再次行腹主动脉支架成形术。患者术后恢复顺利,分别随访14及10个月,人工血管保持通畅。结论完全腹腔镜手术治疗平肾腹主动脉闭塞症创伤小,疗效好,值得推广。结合介入技术可以术中监测疗效,及时进行合理治疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.