2005年和2006年广东省丰顺县地方性氟中毒监测结果

目的 了解广东省丰顺县2005,2006年地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)防治措施及防治效果,为饮水型地氟病的防治和研究提供科学依据.方法 按照全国地方性氟中毒监测方案,选择丰顺县汤西镇湖陂,大寨,安全村作为监测点,调查改水设施使用情况,饮水含氟量,8-12周岁儿童尿氟及氟斑牙检出率.结果 2005,2006年共调查18个改水降氟设施,其中6个改水设施损坏并停止使用.湖陂,大寨,安全村2005年的饮水含氟量分别为2.10,1.22,0.15 mg/L,8-12周岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为54.23%(64/118),38.91%(79/203),9.10%(6/66),儿童尿氟中位数分别为0.95,0.90,1.05 mg/L,2006年饮水含氟量分别为2.01,1.57,0.21 mg/L:8-12周岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为26.47%(27/102),12.50%(23/184),6.15%(4/65),儿童尿氟中位数分别为0.97,0.61,0.59 mg/L.结论 丰顺县地氟病病区基本达到了地氟病病区控制标准.建议规范改水降氟设施工程的管理和使用.     

2008年山东省烟台市经济技术开发区改水降氟工程效果调查

目的 了解山东省烟台市经济技术开发区改水降氟工程对地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)的防治效果.方法 2008年在山东省烟台市经济技术开发区选取有改水降氟工程的4个地氟病病区(古现街道办事处、八角街道办事处、大季家街道办事处、长江社区)和1个非病区(对照区)作为调查地区,抽取7～12岁儿童945名,采用Dean法检查氟斑牙患病情况;对4个地氟病病区抽取水样,离子选择性电极法测定其含氟量.结果 古现街道办事处、八角街道办事处、大季家街道办事处、长江社区4个地氟病病区的儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为30.1%(55/183)、41.2%(73/177)、33.7%(66/196)、31.8%(64/201),均高于对照区[13.3%(25/188)],水氟中位数分别为1.84、3.46、2.39、2.10 mg/L,均高于国家卫生标准(1.00 mg/L).结论 烟台市经济技术开发区改水降氟工程对地氟病的防治效果不明显,尚须进一步完善.     

广东省汕头市地方性氟中毒病区改水降氟效果评价

目的 通过对汕头市地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区水氟及氟中毒状况的调查,为进一步改水工作提供依据.方法 于2001、2009年,对4个地氟病病区村(仙港村、范溪村、义英村、溪北村)和一个非地氟病病区村(上南村)检测水氟,每个村抽取约100名(男女各半)8～ 12岁儿童检查氟斑牙及采集尿样.水氟及尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,按照Dean法进行儿童氟斑牙诊断.结果 4个地氟病病区村改水后饮用水氟含量均＜ 1.0 mg/L.2001年儿童氟斑牙检出率[63.29％(1505/2378)]高于2009年[14.12％(462/3271),x2=1466.48,P＜ 0.01].在2009年,与上南村[5.88％(77/1309)、(0.54±0.25)mg/L]相比,仙港村儿童氟斑牙检出率[30.95％(321/1037)]和尿氟水平[(0.75±0.58)mg/L]均较高(x2=258.20,t=17.40,P均＜0.05).结论 汕头市改水降氟效果显著,管理部门仍应坚持地氟病病区的定期监测工作.     

2004～2005年山东省梁山县地方性氟中毒重点监测结果分析

目的 了解2004～2005年山东省梁山县地方性氟中毒防治工作现况及重点监测点东徐村地氟病病情变化. 方法 按照全国地方性氟中毒监测方案的要求,调查梁山县的改水进度,已改水工程管理、使用、饮水含氟量现况;对重点监测点东徐村10户居民末梢水含氟量进行检测,调查该点8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率、氟斑牙指数以及即时尿氟含量等. 结果 监测县梁山共有地氟病村215个,已完成降氟改水139个(128处改水降氟设施),改水完成率64.7%;128处改水设施能够正常使用的69处,占53.9%;69处正在使用的降氟设施水含氟量≤1.0 mg/L的2年检测平均为72.1%,水氟最高达4.28 mg/L.重点监测点东徐村10户末梢水含氟量每年检测均在0.5 mg/L以下且持续稳定;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙患病率两年分别为8.33%和6.25%,氟斑牙指数分别是0.24和0.18,尿氟含量几何均值在1.0 mg/L左右,已完全达非病区标准. 结论 改水降氟是控制饮水型地方性氟中毒行之有效的主要措施,但是监测县改水降氟措施落实进度缓慢,改水设施的正常利用率不高,对此,应加大投入,强化管理,加快改水降氟工作步伐,在整体上有效控制地方性氟中毒的发生.     

陕西省蒲城县饮水型地方性氟中毒病区改水前后儿童智商及氟斑牙患病情况调查

目的 了解防氟改水前后陕西省蒲城县饮水型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区儿童智力发育和氟斑牙患病情况.方法 2009年,在陕西省蒲城县饮水型地氟病病区中,从改水与未改水病区各抽取8～12岁儿童200名,采用瑞文测验进行儿童智商测定,Dean法进行儿童氟斑牙检查.结果 改水和未改水病区儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为28.50%(57/200)、87.88%(203/231),两者比较差异有统计学意义(x2=159.19,P＜0.01);氟斑牙指数分别为0.57、1.97,呈边缘、中等流行.改水病区智商≥90的儿童占89.5%(179/200),而未改水病区占91.5%(183/200),两者比较差异无统计学意义(x2=0.46,P＞0.05).结论 防氟改水明显降低病区儿童氟斑牙的发生,但对儿童智力发育作用不明显.     

长乐市地方性氟中毒病区改水效果分析

目的了解长乐市改水后地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)的患病情况,评价改水降氟措施的落实情况及防治效果.方法抽查全市高氟病区8～12岁儿童1 359人,按Dean法查其氟斑牙患病情况,再从中随机采集236份尿样及病区53份水样用氟电极法测其尿氟及水氟含量.结果儿童氟斑牙检出率从改水前35.8%降到改水后9.57%,尿氟中位数达0.7 mg/L,其中＜1.5 mg/L占94.49%,水氟均符合生活饮用水标准.结论改水降氟措施使长乐市地氟病达到基本控制标准.改水降氟是决定一个地区氟中毒病情控制与消陈的重要环节.     

辽宁省地方性氟中毒的流行和防治现状

目的 了解辽宁省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)流行现状和防治措施落实情况.方法 对改水和未改水饮水型地氟病病区分层抽样开展饮用水含氟量筛查和8-12岁儿童氟斑牙,16岁以上成人临床氟骨症病情普查,检测8-12岁儿童志愿者尿氟.结果 全省普查842个未改水村(屯)和1829个改水村(屯),未改水村(屯)居民饮用水水氟0.01-7.10 mg/L,平均(0.96±0.64)mg/L,29.2%(246/842)的未改水村(屯)饮用水含氟量＞1.2 mg/L,在1829个改水村(屯)中调查了1234个降氟改水工程,水氟0.06-7.67 mg/L,工程正常运行且水氟≤1.2 mg/L的工程占调查工程的68.31%(843/1234),已改水村(屯)有31.69%(391/1234)的工程没有发挥其降氟改水作用.普查12127名8-12岁儿童和85 636名16岁以上成人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为24.4%(2960/12 127),成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为2.22%(1900/85 636).轻,中,重病区儿童氟斑牙检出情况比较,差异有统计学意义(X2＝19.25,P＜0.01),重病区儿童氟斑牙检出率较高,个别未改水的重病区村(屯)儿童氟斑牙检出率达到100%,成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为18.03%(97/538).重病区和轻病区(未改水及工程报废)儿童尿氟中位数分别为2.01,2.00 mg/L.结论 辽宁省未改水的饮水型地氟病中,重病区的病情仍然十分严重,工程停运或报废病区仍亟须落实降氟改水防治措施.     

2010年山东省地方性氟中毒重点调查结果与分析

目的 了解山东省4个县(市)正常运转的改水降氟工程水氟含量及地方性氟中毒病情现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照《山东省地方性氟中毒监测方案》要求,2010年5-11月对高密、嘉祥、郓城、博兴县(市)正常运转的改水工程使用情况、水氟含量进行调查.同时在4个县(市)重点调查了9个村居民饮水含氟量,儿童氟斑牙患病情况和尿氟含量.水、尿氟检测应用离子选择性电极法,儿童氟斑牙检查采用Dean法.结果 4个县(市)共调查288处正常运转改水工程,水氟均值为1.35 mg/L,最大值为6.27 mg/L;水氟合格工程148处(≤1.00 mg/L),合格率为51.39％,不合格率为48.61％.检测9个重点调查村居民饮用水26份,水氟均值为2.02 mg/L,水氟范围为0.62～ 4.36 mg/L;检查8～12岁儿童685人,检出氟斑牙549例,总检出率为80.14％,牙齿缺损率为15.33％( 105/685),氟斑牙指数为1.56;检测儿童尿样379份,尿氟几何均数为3.04 mg/L,尿氟范围为0.66 ～ 13.28 mg/L.结论 本次调查的4个县(市),近50％的改水工程水氟超标(＞1.00 mg/L),9个调查村儿童氟斑牙氟总检出率超过80％,说明山东省氟中毒病区居民病情仍然较重,防治形势依然严峻.     

2008年北京市延庆县地方性氟中毒病情监测分析

目的 了解北京市延庆县地方性氟中毒病区改水降氟措施的效果和发病趋势,为制订防治措施提供依据.方法 2008年,采用分层随机抽样方法在延庆县抽取3个村(谷家营村、簸箕营村和胡家营村),用离子选择电极法检测枯水期和丰水期生活饮用水含氟量:对63名8～12岁儿童和664名16岁以上成人测定尿氟,并检查氟斑牙患病情况.结果 3个村生活饮用水含氟量枯水期为(0.72±0.12)mg/L,丰水期为(0.76±0.18)mg/L.儿童尿氟中位数为1.11 mg/L,范围为0.32-4.15 mg/L;成人尿氟中位数为1.42 mg/L,范围为0.37～4.65 me/L.儿童氟斑牙检出率为23.81%(15/63),氟斑牙指数为0.45;成人氟斑牙检出率为54.97%(365/664),氟斑牙指数为1.70.结论 延庆县生活饮用水含氟量符合国家标准,地方性氟中毒病情有所下降,改水降氟措施效果显著.     

2004年和2005年河北省三河市地方性氟中毒监测结果报告

目的了解河北省三河市地方性氟中毒（简称地氟病）防治效果及降氟设施使用情况。方法按《全国地方性氟中毒重点监测方案》对三河市100个改水工程的使用情况进行调查；对三河市燕郊镇赵辛庄村和皇庄镇皇庄村进行地氟病病情监测，儿童氟斑牙检查用Dean法，水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法。结果三河市100个集中式改水设施，饮水含氟量在1．0mg／L以下的仅有54个，占54％。2004、2005年燕郊镇赵辛庄村水氟均值分别为0．53、0．45mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为19．5％、21．7％，儿童尿氟分别为1．51、1．15mg／L；皇庄镇皇庄村水氟均值分别为0．57、0．68mg／L，8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率分别为26．7％、24．5％，儿童尿氟分别为1．41、1．38mg／L。结论三河市2个地氟病病区村的饮水含氟量均符合国家标准．8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率等主要监测指标已降至非病区水平，监测点氟中毒病情得到有效控制。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.