新生儿难治性肺炎临床特点及诊治分析

目的：讨新生儿难治性肺炎的病因及可行诊疗方法。方法：回顾性分析68例新生儿难治性肺炎的临床资料。结果：68例肺炎中,男42例,女26例;胎龄〈37周57例,胎龄≥37周11例;出生体质量〈1500g 23例,1500g-2500g 30例,≥2500g 15例;住院时间平均25天（15-52天）,治愈58例。导致难治性肺炎的病因主要包括：感染强毒力的病原体,耐药病原体或多病原感染,合并消化道异常,心血管异常等,通过合理使用抗生素,配合雾化吸痰、处理相关合并症或并发症,取得较好的疗效。结论：应采取多病原检测方法,查找病原菌,寻找导致肺炎迁延不愈的并发症或合并症,及时调整治疗方案,加强营养支持等综合措施,方可提高难治性肺炎的诊治水平。     

分娩方式对足月新生儿小时胆红素值的影响

目的：创建足月新生儿生后小时胆红素均值曲线图,分析不同分娩方式对小时胆红素值的影响。方法选择胎龄≥37周且出生体重≥2500 g的新生儿1796例,生后开始每6小时监测经皮胆红素值,直至生后96 h。将所测得胆红素数据绘制生后小时胆红素均值曲线图;并分析分娩方式对生后小时胆红素的影响。结果小时胆红素生后的变化随着生后时龄的延长逐渐增高;不同分娩方式新生儿生后小时胆红素值差异有统计学意义;母亲合并高危因素的新生儿同一时龄的小时胆红素值剖宫产分娩亦高于自然分娩。结论足月新生儿小时胆红素正常值对指导新生儿高胆红素血症的防治起着重要作用,剖宫产分娩新生儿小时胆红素值高于同时龄自然分娩新生儿。     

新生儿血清25羟维生素D3水平的动态变化及意义

【目的】 通过动态监测不同胎龄新生儿血清25羟维生素D₃[25-(OH)D₃]水平的变化,了解不同胎龄新生儿维生素D的营养状况,探讨外源性维生素D的补充时机。【方法】 选择95例新生儿为研究对象,按胎龄分为3组:A组30例(胎龄≤33周),B组34例(33周＜胎龄＜37周),C组31例(37周≤胎龄＜42周),于生后第1天、第14天及第30天检测血清25-(OH)D₃水平。【结果】 生后第1天A组血清(25-(OH)D₃)平均浓度[(35.03±9.72) nmol/L]低于B组和C组血清(25-(OH)D₃)平均浓度[(41.31±11.35) nmol/L和(42.05±15.93) nmol/L](P＜0.05)。生后第1 、14天及第30天各有76.8%、53.7% 和75.8%的新生儿存在维生素D缺乏[25-(OH)D₃<50 nmol/L]。【结论】 新生儿普遍存在维生素D缺乏,生后应尽早补充维生素D。     

两种新生儿生长参照值的应用比较

目的 比较中国1988与Fenton 2003新生儿生长参照值在实际应用中的差别, 为合理选择新生儿生长评价标准提供参考依据。方法 以2011年1月-2012年11月期间南、北方2所妇幼保健院出生的活产新生儿为研究对象, 分别用中国1988及Fenton 2003参照值评估不同胎龄新生儿的初生状态, 比较两种参照值的生长评价结果。结果 1)新生儿出生体重与中国1988参照值相比37周之前较低, 之后较高;与Fenton 2003相比32周之前差别不明显, 之后略低。出生体重的第10、50百分位(P₁₀, P₅₀)曲线形态与两种参照值曲线一致;而第90百分位(P₉₀)与中国1988参照值曲线存在较大差别, 但与Fenton 2003参照曲线基本一致。2)按中国1988、Fenton 2003参照值计算体重Z值分别为0.18(95%CI:0.17~0.20)、-0.16(95%CI:-0.18~-0.15)。3)37周之前采用中国1988参照值和Fenton 2003参照值的小于胎龄儿(small-for-gestational-age, SGA)检出率分别为16.7%、12.4%, 而37周后分别为5.9%、7.2%;37周之前两者的大于胎龄儿(large-for-gestational-age, LGA)检出率分别为3.8%、6.1%, 37周后分别为17.8%、4.4%。结论 两种参照值的评价结果存在明显差别, 中国1988参照值会筛检出更多的早产SGA儿、足月LGA儿, 而Fenton 2003则筛检出更多的早产LGA儿和足月SGA儿。两种参照值的应用比较结果提示Fenton 2003更为适用。     

Neonatal mortality of low-birth-weight infants in Bangladesh

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the role of low birth weight (LBW) in neonatal mortality in a periurban setting in Bangladesh. METHODS: LBW neonates were recruited prospectively and followed up at one month of age. The cohort of neonates were recruited after delivery in a hospital in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and 776 were successfully followed up either at home or, in the event of early death, in hospital. FINDINGS: The neonatal mortality rate (NMR) for these infants was 133 per 1000 live births (95% confidence interval: 110-159). The corresponding NMRs (and confidence intervals) for early and late neonates were 112 (91-136) and 21 (12-33) per thousand live births, respectively. The NMR for infants born after fewer than 32 weeks of gestation was 769 (563-910); and was 780 (640-885) for infants whose birth weights were under 1500 g. Eighty-four per cent of neonatal deaths occurred in the first seven days; half within 48 hours. Preterm delivery was implicated in three-quarters of neonatal deaths, but was associated with only one-third of LBW neonates. CONCLUSION: Policy-relevant findings were: that LBW approximately doubles the NMR in a periurban setting in Bangladesh; that neonatal mortality tends to occur early; and that preterm delivery is the most important contributor to the NMR. The group of infants most likely to benefit from improvements in low-cost essential care for the newborn accounted for almost 61% of neonatal mortalities in the cohort.     

Risk Factors of Birth Asphyxia among Newborns at Debre Markos Comprehensive Specialized Referral Hospital,Northwest Ethiopia: Unmatched Case-Control Study

BackgroundDespite a global decline in under-five deaths, the neonatal mortality rate remains slow in developing countries and birth asphyxia remains the third cause of neonatal deaths. Globally, neonatal deaths accounts for 45% of under-five deaths, birth asphyxia causes 23–40% of neonatal deaths in Ethiopia. There is limited data on risk factors of asphyxia in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the risk factors of birth asphyxia among newborns.MethodsThis research followed a hospital-based unmatched case-control study design at Debre Markos comprehensive specialized referral hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, among 372 newborns (124 cases and 248 controls). Data were collected by interviewing index mothers and chart review using a pre-tested questionnaire. Then it was entered in Epi-data version 3.1 and transferred to STATA version 14.0 for analysis. Bivariate and multiple variable logistic regression were carried out to the possible risk factors. Finally, statistical significance was declared using adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI and p-value <0.05.ResultsProlonged labor >12, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, assisted vaginal delivery, gestational age < 37 weeks, noncephalic presentation, comorbidity, birthweight<2500grams were found to be significant factors of birth asphyxia.ConclusionIn this study, Prolonged labor >12 hours, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, assisted vaginal delivery, gestational age < 37 weeks, non-cephalic presentation comorbidity, fetal distress, birthweight<2500grams were found to be risk factors of birth asphyxia were risk factors of birth asphyxia. Therefore, to reduce neonatal mortality associated with birth asphyxia, attention should be given to holistic pregnancy, labor and delivery care, and post-natal care. Moreover, interventions aimed at reducing birth asphyxia should target the identified factors.     

Mineral Composition of Meconium

Objectives: We hypothesized that the concentration of major essential mineral elements in meconium correlate with gestational age (GA) or birth weight. To verify this premise we determined the concentration in meconium of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, copper, zinc, iron, and manganese.

Methods: Thirty-four appropriate for age singleton infants without major congenital anomalies were divided into four GA groups (in weeks): 24 to 28; 29 to 33; 34 to 37; 38 to 42, or in birth weight groups (in g): <1500; 1500–1999; 2000–2499; ≥2500. Meconium was collected until the appearance of transitional stools and lyophilized for analysis.

Results: When adjusted for birth weight, the concentrations of calcium, copper, iron and phosphorus were higher in the meconium of 24 to 28 week GA infants than in those of the 38 to 42 week GA newborns. Birth weight adjusted copper concentration was highest in the 29 to 33 week GA group, while the remaining elements did not change across the range of GA. Meconium copper concentration in infants born with <2000 g was higher than in those born with a weight ≥2500 g.

Conclusions: These results could serve as normative data of a noninvasive examination of the mineral nutritional “history” of the fetus, and, eventually, to better evaluate possible neonatal deficiencies in infants with intrauterine growth retardation or other types of complicated intrauterine courses.     

The effect of socio-economic status on birth weight in Saudi Arabia

In order to study the effect of socio-economic status on the birth-weight of Saudi newborns, we studied a random sample of 4498 pregnant Saudi women from four major hospitals in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Birth-weight was classified into four categories for comparison, using a modified Dowding (1981) classification: low birth weight (less than 2500 g), sub-optimal (2500-2999 g), optimal (3000-3999 g) and above optimal (greater than 4000 g). Measure of the socio-economic status was based on the family income, since in Saudi Arabia this is the most potent indicator which affects living standards. The results indicate that there is a direct correlationship between family income and birth weight (P less than 0.001, chi 2 test).     

智能手机应用软件在线监测对新生儿高胆红素血症胆红素水平的临床价值

目的:研究智能手机移动应用软件(APP)在新生儿高胆红素血症中的应用及对其胆红素水平的监测价值。方法:选取医院就诊的300例高胆红素血症新生儿,依据生化分析仪检测总血清胆红素(TSB)水平,将轻度、中度和重度高胆红素血症患者定义为轻度组(174例)、中度组(70例)和重度组(56例)。采集所有患儿清晨空腹静脉血2 ml作为血液样本,分别采用经皮测胆仪经皮胆红素测定(TcB)和iPhone8智能手机自动拍照检测胆红素(AIB)。结果:重度组TcB胆红素水平高于轻度组和中度组血清TSB水平,差异有统计学意义(F=3.934,P<0.05)。胎龄<35周、出生体质量≥2500 g和出生>7 d新生儿AIB检测胆红素水平高于TcB和TSB水平(t=2.203,t=1.859,t=1.994,t=2.113,t=2.330,t=2.125;P<0.05)。胎龄<35周新生儿TcB、血清TSB及AIB水平高于胎龄≥35周新生儿(t=18.450,t=16.382,t=10.307;P<0.05)。出生体质量≥2500 g新生儿TcB、血清TSB及AIB水平高于出生体质量<2500 g新生儿(t=19.779,t=20.499,t=52.036;P<0.05)。出生>7d新生儿TcB、血清TSB及AIB水平低于出生3~7d、<3d新生儿(F=8.306,F=7.440,F=11.640;P<0.05)。结论:智能手机APP采用血清AIB检测新生儿胆红素值效果良好,与末梢血测定总胆红素值保持一定的一致性,在新生儿高胆红素血症随访监测中具有较高的临床价值。     

Factors determining admission to neonatal units in Jamaica

In order to identify the factors associated with admission to neonatal care units in a developing country, 1,823 newborns admitted to Jamaica's eight neonatal care units over a 6-month period were compared with 9,563 newborns identified during an island-wide population morbidity study. Maternal sociodemographic characteristics, past obstetric history, infant's growth parameters at birth and mode and place of delivery were investigated. Babies of mothers resident in the two regions of the island where specialist paediatric services were available had increased odds of admission (OR= 1.45, 1.22) compared with those living elsewhere (OR=0.70, 0.80). Maternal history of a previous miscarriage, termination or early neonatal death were associated with subsequent admission, but a previous stillbirth or late neonatal death were not. Very low birthweight infants of gestational age 28-31 weeks were more likely to be admitted than those < 28 weeks with ORs of 1.45 and 0.34 respectively. Factors determining neonatal admission in the developing world may be quite different from those of developed countries. The development of guidelines and support services to ensure wider access to these services for those most in need could contribute to more equitable utilisation of services.     

新生儿6162例健康状况及影响因素分析

目的了解新生儿健康状况,掌握新生儿常见疾病的发病率、死亡率、死亡原因及影响因素。方法以人群为基础整群分层抽样横断面抽取沈阳市2010年10月1日-2011年9月30日出生的6 162例新生儿进行调查。结果新生儿出生体重均值为(3 399.24±459.69)g;不同性别及胎龄婴儿出生体重均值比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);母亲孕期体重增长越多,婴儿出生体重越大(r=0.15,P0.001);父、母亲吸烟、被动吸烟或饮酒均可导致低体重发生率增高(P0.01);低出生体重儿在新生儿期就出现追赶增长趋势。早产儿发生率为5.37%,低出生体重儿发生率为3.55%,巨大儿发生率为10.68%;剖宫产率为69.96%;新生儿死亡率为3.8‰,第一位死因是早产低出生体重。结论应加强孕产期及新生儿保健工作,控制孕期体重增长在正常范围,消除父母亲不良生活嗜好,可降低早产、低体重和巨大儿的发生,进一步降低剖宫产率及新生儿死亡率;应重点加强新生儿的发育监测和管理,是提高儿童健康水平的关键。     

A case-control study of hypocalcemia in high-risk neonates: racial, but no seasonal differences

A role for vitamin D in the defense against falling serum calcium (Ca) concentrations following cord clamping has been suggested. Since race and season are known to affect vitamin D status, we theorized that black race and birth in winter are additional risk factors for neonatal hypocalcemia (NHC). We retrospectively studied 13,462 infants born at University Hospital (Cincinnati, OH) between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1987. Serum Ca was measured at 24 hours of age routinely in infants with low birth weight (less than 2500 g), preterm delivery (less than 2500 g), preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks), neonatal asphyxia, and diabetic mothers. After exclusion of infants of diabetic mothers (to remove maternal diabetes as a major confounder) and infants with major congenital anomalies, 714 infants remained. In multiple regression analysis, low serum Ca values were significantly associated with low gestational age (p less than 0.01), low Apgar score (p less than 0.01), and white race (p less than 0.01) (R2 = 0.457). Season or month of birth was not significant. In pair-matched analysis controlling for factors other than season, season of birth did not affect serum Ca. In pair-matched analysis controlling for factors other than race, white race was once again a risk factor for hypocalcemia. Thus, low gestational age, low Apgar score, and white race, but not black race and delivery in winter, are risk factors for NHC. We speculate that in our climate and with the prevailing diet in pregnancy, vitamin D deficiency does not appear to play a role in NHC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

A case-control study of hypocalcemia in high-risk neonates: racial,but no seasonal differences.

A role for vitamin D in the defense against falling serum calcium (Ca) concentrations following cord clamping has been suggested. Since race and season are known to affect vitamin D status, we theorized that black race and birth in winter are additional risk factors for neonatal hypocalcemia (NHC). We retrospectively studied 13,462 infants born at University Hospital (Cincinnati, OH) between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1987. Serum Ca was measured at 24 hours of age routinely in infants with low birth weight (less than 2500 g), preterm delivery (less than 2500 g), preterm delivery (less than 37 weeks), neonatal asphyxia, and diabetic mothers. After exclusion of infants of diabetic mothers (to remove maternal diabetes as a major confounder) and infants with major congenital anomalies, 714 infants remained. In multiple regression analysis, low serum Ca values were significantly associated with low gestational age (p less than 0.01), low Apgar score (p less than 0.01), and white race (p less than 0.01) (R2 = 0.457). Season or month of birth was not significant. In pair-matched analysis controlling for factors other than season, season of birth did not affect serum Ca. In pair-matched analysis controlling for factors other than race, white race was once again a risk factor for hypocalcemia. Thus, low gestational age, low Apgar score, and white race, but not black race and delivery in winter, are risk factors for NHC. We speculate that in our climate and with the prevailing diet in pregnancy, vitamin D deficiency does not appear to play a role in NHC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Changing patterns of low birthweight and preterm birth in the United States, 1981-98

Low birthweight (LBW) and preterm birth are primary risk factors for infant morbidity and mortality in the US. With increasing multiple births and delayed childbearing, it is important to examine the separate contributions of these characteristics to the increases in LBW and preterm birth rates. US natality records from 1981, 1990 and 1998 were used to calculate LBW (% births <1500, 1500-2499, <2500 g) and preterm (% births <29, 29-32, 33-36, <37 weeks gestation) rates. Data were stratified by maternal race (black or white) and plurality (singleton vs. multiple birth). LBW and preterm rates among singletons were adjusted for maternal age to examine the influence of demographic shifts on LBW trends. From 1981 to 1998, LBW increased 12% among white infants, but remained relatively stable among black infants. During the same time, preterm birth increased 23% among white infants compared with 3% among black infants. For both black and white infants, the increase in LBW and preterm births was greater among multiple births than among singletons. Adjustment for maternal age did not reduce the temporal increase in LBW or preterm birth among singletons. Black infants continue to experience a markedly higher incidence of LBW and preterm birth, but the racial gap in these outcomes has narrowed slightly in recent years as a result of increasing LBW and preterm birth among white births. The differing trends for white and black infants are the consequence of a disparate trend in the incidence and outcome of multiple births coupled with increases in LBW and preterm birth among white singletons. Understanding the differential patterns in birth outcomes among white and black infants is necessary to develop effective interventions designed to decrease racial disparities in pregnancy outcome.     

2009-2014年南京市新生儿死亡情况分析

摘要:目的　了解南京市2009-2014年新生儿死亡状况,为进一步降低新生儿死亡率提供科学依据。方法　收集南京市2009-2014年5岁以下儿童死亡监测网中的新生儿死亡数据以及新生儿死亡评审资料进行分析。结果　2009-2014年南京市新生儿死亡率为2.92‰,其中早期新生儿死亡率2.12‰,占所有新生儿死亡的72.71%。新生儿死亡率呈逐年下降趋势（χ2＝26.725,P＜0.001）,男童新生儿死亡率（3.29‰）高于女童（2.49‰）。2009-2014年南京市新生儿死亡疾病前5位主要病种依次为早产低出生体重,出生窒息,其他先天异常,其他新生儿病,先天性心脏病,其中早产低出生体重（χ2＝44.873,P＜0.001）、出生窒息（χ2＝20.610,P＜0.01）的死因别死亡率呈下降趋势。6年间南京市区县级新生儿死亡评审共260例,市级复评审72例,诊断不相符的占31.94%。结论　减少早期新生儿死亡,加强新生儿主要死因的预防与控制,进一步完善新生儿死亡评审工作,以最大限度降低新生儿死亡率。     

Neonatal Mortality by the Day of the Week in the 1974-75 Arkansas Live Birth Cohort

This study is an analysis of daily variations in neonatal mortality among 66,049 live births in the 1974-75 Arkansas live birth cohort. Weekends and holidays in general, and Sundays in particular, were found to have the fewest number of deliveries. Variations in deliveries by the day of the week were attributed to obstetric practices. Births weighing less than 2500 gms. were over-represented among weekend deliveries as were infants experiencing a birth-related injury. Neonatal mortality was found to be higher among weekend deliveries with a Sunday rate that was 27 per cent above the weekly average. Separate analysis by race and birth weight revealed the weekend peak to be more pronounced among non-whites. Analysis of daily variations by cause of death showed that Sundays exceeded the overall average for seven of the eight cause of death categories examined. (Am J Public Health 1981;71:601-605.)     

Interpregnancy Interval and Childbirth Outcomes in California, 2007–2009

Objectives The goals of interconception care are to optimize women’s health and encourage adequate spacing between pregnancies. Our study calculated trends in interpregnancy interval (IPI) patterns and measured the association of differing intervals with birth outcomes in California. Methods Women with “non-first birth” deliveries in California hospitals from 2007 to 2009 were identified in a linked birth certificate and patient discharge dataset and divided into three IPI birth categories: <6, 6–17, and 18–50 months. Trends over the study period were tested using the Cochran-Armitage two-sided linear trend test. Chi square tests were used to test the association between IPI and patient characteristics and selected singleton adverse birth outcomes. Results Of 645,529 deliveries identified as non-first births, 5.6 % had an IPI <6 months, 33.1 % had an IPI of 6–17 months, and 61.3 % had an IPI of 18–50 months. The prevalence of IPI <6 months declined over the 3-year period (5.8 % in 2007 to 5.3 % in 2009, trend p value <0.0001).Women with an IPI <6 months had a significantly higher prevalence of early preterm birth (<34 weeks), low birthweight (<2500 g), neonatal complications, neonatal death and severe maternal complications than women with a 6–17 month or 18–50 month IPI (p < 0.005). Comparing those with a 6–17 month vs 18–50 month IPI, there were increased early preterm births and decreased maternal complications, complicated delivery, and stillbirth/intrauterine fetal deaths among those with a shorter IPI. Conclusions for Practice In California, women with an IPI <6 months were at increased risk for several birth outcomes, including composite morbidity measures.

     

A role for magnesium in neonatal parathyroid gland function?

Little is known of the factors regulating parathyroid function in the neonatal period. Twenty-seven term infants born after uncomplicated pregnancies, labors, and deliveries were studied to test the hypothesis that in normal newborns the amplitude of parathyroid hormone (PTH) response to decreasing serum ionized calcium (iCa) correlates with serum magnesium (Mg) concentrations. Serum iCa (ion selective electrode, Radiometer ICA 1), PTH (1-84 intact molecules, radioimmunoassay) and Mg (atomic absorption) were measured at birth (cord blood) and 24 hours of age. Repeated measures analysis of covariance showed decreasing serum iCa (p less than 0.01) and increasing serum Mg (p less than 0.01) and PTH (p less than 0.01) over time. The change in PTH over the first 24 hours was directly correlated with cord blood (r = 0.38, p less than 0.05) and 24-hr Mg concentrations (r = 0.53, p less than 0.01). We conclude that the ability of the parathyroid gland to respond to decreasing serum iCa after birth is directly related to Mg status. We speculate that neonatal hypomagnesemia may lead to a blunted PTH secretory response, thus contributing to early neonatal hypocalcemia.     

Predictive value of the "Clinical Risk Index for Babies" for the risk of neonatal death]

OBJECTIVE: Several indicators, mainly birthweight and gestational age, have been used to predict the mortality risk in neonatal intensive care units. In order to assess the potential value of CRIB in predicting neonatal mortality, the score was used over the first 12 hours of life of the newborns admitted to this unit, during the year of 1996. METHOD: The inclusion criteria consisted of all infants without inevitably lethal congenital malformations, birthweight below 1,500 g and/or gestational age less than 31 weeks. Newborn children who died within 12 hours after delivery were excluded. The CRIB score covers birth weight, gestational age, the presence of congenital malformations (not inevitably lethal) and three indexes of physiological status during first 12 hours after birth-maximum and minimum appropriate fraction of inspired oxygen and maximum (most acidotic) base excess. RESULTS: In a prospective cohort, seventy one newborn children were studied. The birthweight (average) was 1,119 +/- 275.6 g, gestational age 30 weeks 4/7 +/- 2 weeks 3/7; male (57%); Apgar 1(0) min. score < or = 3 (36.2%) and Apgar 5 degrees min. score < 5 (5.8%). The mortality rate was 29.6% (gold standard). But mortality rate by birthweight less than 1,000 gr. or gestational age lower than 29 weeks was 60.0% and for the CRIB score above 10 was 100%. DISCUSSION: The specificity and predictive positive values for CRIB score above 10 were greater than any other two parameters. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for predicting death was significantly greater for CRIB than for birthweight alone. It was concluded that the CRIB score is a better predictive indicator for mortality than are birthweight and gestational age.     

超早产儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的临床特点分析

目的 分析不同胎龄新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)的临床数据,探讨超早产儿NEC的临床特点,为超早产儿NEC的诊断提供帮助.方法 收集2016年1月1日—2020年6月30日深圳市妇幼保健院NICU中诊断为NEC的病例129例,根据出生胎龄分为＜28周组(超早产儿组)和≥28周组(非超早产儿组,对照组),对其临床表现、...