脂肪因子chemerin与骨质疏松症的关系展望

骨质疏松症是世界常见病、多发病,医学界对骨质疏松症发病机理与防治的研究愈显重要。近年研究表明,各种原因导致的骨量减少常伴有骨髓中脂肪组织含量的增加。骨质疏松的发生可能与骨代谢中成脂和成骨的比例有关。骨髓中脂肪组织在骨形成和造血支持中发挥重要作用,脂肪组织具有内分泌调节功能,释放出一系列重要的分泌性因子,比如：leptin、adiponectin、chemerin、resistin、visfatin等,在调节骨髓间充质干细胞向脂肪细胞分化过程中起关键作用。chemerin是新发现的脂肪因子,它在免疫应答、脂质代谢、糖类代谢、炎症反应等生理病理过程中都起着重要的作用。它与leptin、adiponect等脂肪因子一样参与骨代谢的调节,对维持骨代谢的平衡起着重要的作用。chemerin及其受体CMKLR1信号传递通路的激活可以调节骨髓间充质干细胞的分化,促进破骨细胞的生成,从而影响影响骨的重建。现在chemerin/CMKLR1信号通路影响骨代谢的作用机制还不是很明确,深入研究chemerin及其受体与骨质疏松的关系,可以进一步了解骨质疏松症发生机制,为治疗及预防骨质疏松症及提供了新的方向。     

chemerin信号通路在骨质疏松症中的作用

chemerin蛋白是一种分泌性的脂肪因子,其生理或病理功能的发挥要求与胞膜上CMKLR1、GPR1或CCRL2三种受体之一相结合,进而激发不同的下游分子事件或静默chemerin信号。chemerin/CMKLR1信号通路在免疫、脂肪生成、能量代谢以及维持骨量等生理进程中发挥作用。由于GPR1与CMKLR1在结构上具有较高的相似度,chemerin/GPR1信号通路也被证明具有类似的功能,目前对这两条信号通路的上下游分子调控机制也有一定的了解。但是,体外实验中chemerin结合CCRL2后,并未出现可检测到的下游信号激活。在骨质疏松的研究领域,对chemerin信号的研究主要集中于与受体CMKLR1结合后的分子事件及其调控。chemerin/CMKLR1信号通路可促进骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)成脂分化,抑制其成骨分化,并刺激造血干细胞(HSC)破骨分化,直接影响骨重塑过程,进而引起骨质疏松。干预该通路不仅可以从调控BMSC分化方向的角度刺激新骨形成,还可抑制非依赖成骨细胞的破骨细胞生成过程,减少骨吸收,因而具有治疗骨质疏松的潜力。     

Notch信号通路在骨髓间充质干细胞及骨代谢疾病中的功能研究进展

骨髓间充质干细胞是存在于骨髓基质中的一种多能干细胞,具有多向分化的潜能,其天然再生能力对骨骼的生长代谢和骨转换起着至关重要的作用。Notch信号通路是一条在进化中高度保守的信号转导通路,与骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、分化与凋亡密切相关,影响人体骨骼发育,也是多种骨代谢疾病的重要调节通路。以往对Notch信号通路的研究主要集中在神经干细胞,对骨髓间充质干细胞的研究较少。本文通过查阅文献,阐述不同的影响因素介导Notch信号通路对骨髓间充质干细胞分化的调节,并总结了Notch信号通路在骨代谢疾病如Alagille综合征、Adams Oliver综合征、脊椎肋骨发育不良、HajduCheney综合征、骨折愈合中的研究近况。     

MicroRNA调控骨髓间充质干细胞成脂分化途径的研 究进展

骨质疏松症患者骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSCs)成骨分化能力减弱,成脂肪分化能力增强,脂肪组织增多,进而导致骨量 减少,可能是导致骨质疏松的原因之一。mioroRNA是一类起源于内源性转录物的单链非编码RNA,在BMSCs向脂肪细胞分 化及细胞发育成熟的过程中起重要的调控作用。本文通过检索有关BMSCs、mkroRNA、成脂肪细胞分化的相关文献并进行综 述,阐明了 mkroRNA通过调节Wnt、BMP和TGF-P信号通路上因子的表达来决定BMSCs向脂肪细胞分化,再通过调节 PPAR、C/EBP的表达来促使脂肪细胞成熟。因此,深人研究mkroRNA介导的BMSCs成脂肪细胞分化途径,将为我们深人了 解骨质疏松的发病机制具有重要意义。     

线粒体对间充质干细胞成骨分化功能的研究

间充质干细胞成骨分化能力异常减弱和成骨细胞数量异常下降都会导致生物体内骨代谢紊乱，诱导骨质疏松症的发生。线粒体在MSC多能性保持和成骨分化过程中具有十分重要的作用，通过能量代谢、抗氧化途径、代谢相关信号通路、线粒体生物发生、线粒体动力学和线粒体自噬等参与间充质干细胞成骨分化的调控，形成了复杂的调节网络。本文综述了MSC成骨分化中线粒体的重要功能和作用，以及部分通过调节线粒体功能发挥抗骨质疏松治疗的药物，为进一步探讨间充质干细胞成骨分化功能失调的机制提供新的思路，为临床治疗骨质疏松症提供新的靶点。     

Hedgehog信号通路调控骨形成探讨中药防治骨质疏松症的研究进展

Hedgehog信号通路是一种高度保守而重要的信号通路，参与多种细胞的增殖和分化。骨质疏松症是一种常见的以骨量减少、骨组织微结构破坏为特征，导致骨质脆性增加和易于骨折的全身性骨代谢疾病，给社会造成了巨大的负担。骨质疏松症的发生发展受多种信号通路调控。近年来，国内外研究发现，Hedgehog通路是一个很有前途的参与骨形成和骨稳态的信号通路。已有研究证实，Hedgehog信号通路可能通过增加骨形成相关因子的表达，诱导骨髓间充质干细胞成骨分化，促进成骨细胞增殖分化，对防治骨质疏松症具有重要意义。本文综述了目前Hedgehog信号通路在骨形成调节中的作用机制及中医药的干预作用，旨在为促进骨形成、防治骨质疏松症提供新的作用靶点。     

骨髓间充质干细胞治疗局部骨质疏松

骨质疏松症(Osteoporosis)是一种全身性的骨代谢障碍性疾病,以骨量减少,骨微结构退化,骨脆性增加,易发生骨折为特征的全身性疾病。随着社会逐渐进人老龄化,骨质疏松症也日趋成为影响健康的主要疾病,对骨质疏松治疗方面的研究就显得更加重要了。对骨质疏松症的更进一步研究发现骨髓间充质干细胞（BMSC)的衰老也是骨质疏松的发病机制之一。骨髓间充质干细胞(BMSC)是多能的干细胞,即能够自我更新并分化成多种细胞类型,包括脂肪细胞、成骨细胞、软骨细胞。 BMSC的植人能够有效增加局部骨量,提高骨密度,改善局部骨质疏松情况,可纠正骨代谢失衡,减少骨量丢失,增加成骨,为局部骨质疏松的治疗提供了一种新方法。     

HIF-1α在骨血管及骨代谢方面与骨质疏松症相关性研究进展

骨质疏松症(osteoporosis,OP)是一种骨退行性慢性代谢性疾病,以骨量减少、骨组织微观结构退化,易骨折和骨的力学性能下降为特征。骨血管的生成、骨代谢中骨生成和骨吸收的平衡以及骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、迁移和向成骨分化作用对于骨质疏松的发生发展及防治至关重要,氧是骨细胞生长、发育及功能代谢的重要条件,骨微环境处于天然的低氧状态下,其中维持骨稳态的成骨细胞和破骨细胞均属于氧感应细胞,缺氧诱导因子-1(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1)是具有转录活性的核蛋白,其活性亚基HIF-1α是细胞感知和适应氧调节机制的核心调控因子,在细胞氧调控中发挥着不可替代的作用,HIF-1α对骨血管生成以及骨代谢作用的研究为骨质疏松症的防治提供了更多可能。研究证明HIF-1α可通过多种信号通路、蛋白、miRNA等调节骨血管生成、成骨细胞和破骨细胞生成分化,调控骨髓间充质干细胞的增殖、迁移以及向成骨分化作用,HIF-1α可能成为防治骨质疏松症极具潜力的新靶点。本文旨在综述HIF-1α在骨血管生成及骨代谢方面对骨质疏松症发生发展的影响及防治作用。     

脂肪因子Chemerin对骨代谢影响的研究进展

现代社会肥胖人群逐年增多,肥胖相关代谢性骨病的患者也日益增多,严重危害人群健康。Chemerin作为一种脂肪因子,主要由脂肪细胞和肝细胞分泌,在循环中水平高于经典脂肪因子如Leptin和Adiponectin,对全身代谢和免疫发挥重要作用。近年研究发现,肥胖状态下伴随着外周脂肪组织的增多,骨髓内脂肪组织也急剧增加。骨髓内脂肪细胞分泌Chemerin,通过旁分泌或自分泌方式抑制成骨细胞分化和促进破骨细胞分化以及影响骨髓腔微环境。本文将系统回顾国内外有关Chemerin与骨代谢相关研究的文献,并探讨Chemerin对骨代谢的影响及其机制。     

BMP-2/Smads信号通路促进骨代谢失衡大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的成骨分化

目的 本研究旨在探讨BMP-2/Smads信号通路对骨代谢失衡大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞(rBMSCs)成骨分化的影响.方法 切除雌性SD大鼠双侧卵巢,建立大鼠骨代谢失衡模型,即骨质疏松(osteoporosis,OP)模型.通过成骨诱导鉴定rBMSCs的成骨分化.采用脂肪诱导和流式细胞术(FCM)检测脂肪分化和rBMSC表...     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.