糖尿病足感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

目的：调查糖尿病足部感染的病原菌分布、耐药性,分析导致糖尿病足发生耐药菌感染的危险因素。方法选择无锡市第三人民医院与无锡市第二人民医院住院的糖尿病足感染患者110例,取患者足部创面分泌物,置于灭菌试管内,样本1小时内送检,对所培养出的病原菌分布情况和耐药性进行分析,分析糖尿病足发生耐药菌感染的危险因素。结果110例糖尿病足感染分泌物培养阳性71例,阳性率为64．5％,共分离出病原菌72株,革兰阴性菌43株（59．7％）,以铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌较为常见;革兰阳性菌23株（31．9％）,以金黄色葡菌菌、粪肠球菌居多;真菌6例（8．3％）;其中革兰阳性菌对万古霉素和头孢类药物的耐药率较低,革兰阴性菌对万古霉素和阿米卡星的耐药率较低。经过单因素和多因素分析发现：糖尿病病程＞10年（OR ＝2．115）,使用抗菌药物＞2次／年（OR ＝2．342）,出现骨髓炎（OR＝4．579）是糖尿病足感染发生耐药的相关危险因素。结论糖尿病足感染的病原菌种类繁多,且对抗生素耐药情况较为普遍,糖尿病足发生耐药菌感染与多种因素有密切的关系,临床应根据耐药菌检测结果合理用药,以降低耐药感染的发生。     

ICU下呼吸道感染者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的 探讨医院ICU下呼吸道痰培养病原菌的分布及耐药性.方法 回顾性分析该院2011年1～12月ICU下呼吸道感染者278份合格痰标本中培养的315株病原菌及耐药性.结果 株病原菌中革兰阴性菌218株,占69.2％,革兰阳性菌80株,占25.4％,真菌17株,占5.4％;革兰阴性菌中,鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌分别占16.5％、12.4％、11.4％、11.1％,耐药结果显示,其对β-内酰胺类抗菌药物有较高的耐药性;革兰阳性菌中,金黄色葡萄球菌占22.9％,这些革兰阳性菌中除对万古霉素和替考拉宁仍敏感外,对头孢菌素以及氨基糖苷类抗菌药物的耐药率很高.结论 医院ICU的感染以革兰阴性菌为主,大部分病原菌呈现高耐药和多药耐药的特点,及时监测病原菌变化及耐药趋势以指导临床用药至关重要.     

2006-2010年上海瑞金医院ICU病原菌分布调查

目的总结2006--2010年上海瑞金医院ICu临床送检标本分离出的病原菌分布特征。方法对2006—2010年瑞金医院急诊科ICU、呼吸科ICU及外科ICU送检的细菌学培养阳性标本进行分析。结果共分离出病原菌2040株,其中革兰阴性菌1451株（71．1％）,革兰阳性菌589株（28．9％）;痰液标本检出1023株（50．1％）;革兰阴性菌常见菌株为鲍曼不动杆菌358株（17．5％）,铜绿假单胞菌291株（14．3％）,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌135株（11．6％）;革兰阳性菌常见菌株为金黄色葡萄球菌236株（11．6％）,屎肠球菌135株（6．6％）,表皮葡萄球菌76株（3．7％）。结论2006-2010年瑞金医院ICU临床送检分离出的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,其中鲍曼不动杆菌居首位,革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主。     

2006-2010年我院临床主要病原菌菌群分布及耐药分析

目的：分析本院2006-2010年临床分离的病原菌菌群分布特点及对抗生素耐药情况,为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。方法：对门诊及住院患者送检痰液、尿液、血液等89 074份标本进行病原菌培养,采用最低抑菌浓度法进行药物敏感试验。结果：89 074份标本中共分离出病原菌13 183株,其中革兰阴性菌9 583株(72.7％),革兰阳性菌2 187株(16.6％),真菌1 413株(10.7％)。检出率居前5位的菌株依次为铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。革兰阴性菌、革兰阳性菌耐药率均逐年增加。革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南耐药率较低,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素耐药率低。结论：临床应加强病原菌的监测,关注致病菌分离及耐药性变化情况,合理选用抗生素。     

重症监护病房患者下呼吸道感染细菌分布及耐药性监测

目的对重症监护病房（ICU）患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布及耐药性进行监测分析,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法对我院2007—2009年ICU患者下呼吸道感染痰液标本所分离的病原菌,进行菌种和耐药情况回顾性统计分析。结果3年来,共分离出病原菌483株,其中革兰阳性菌89株,占18．4％,革兰阴性菌331株,68．5％,真菌63株,占13．1％。排名前几住的依次为铜绿假单胞菌,金黄色葡萄球菌,鲍曼不动杆菌,嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,肺炎克雷伯菌,大肠埃希菌。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药率达31．6％,胞曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南敏感率均达100％;金黄色葡萄球菌耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）分离率较高,占65．3％,未发现对万古霉素耐药菌株。结论加强ICU感染管理以及病原菌耐药情况的监测,合理使用抗菌素十分重要。     

小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌及耐药性调查

目的 调查温州地区小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌及其耐药性。方法 标本经分离培养，做菌株鉴定和药敏试验。结果 1763份下呼吸道感染患儿的痰液培养共分离出病原菌715株，总阳性率为40．6％。其中革兰阴性菌448株，占62．7％；革兰阳性菌148株。占20．7％；真菌119株。占16．6％。革兰阴性菌以肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌为主。肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的百分率分别为49．3％和46．5％。较敏感的抗生素为弧胺培南、丁胺卡那霉素、环丙沙星、哌拉西林／他唑巴坦和头孢哌酮／舒巴坦；除铜绿假单胞菌对复方新诺明的耐药率为100％外，铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对各种抗生素的耐药性均较低。革兰阳性菌中以肺炎链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌为主。肺炎链球菌对青霉素的耐药率达到71．1％，对环丙沙星和万占霉素敏感，耐药率为0％。金黄色葡萄球菌中MRSA占18．0％，对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星和万占霉素敏感。结论 小儿下呼吸道感染的病原菌以革兰阴性荫为主。肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主要病原菌。对抗生素的耐药性较强，临床上应注意对这些菌株的检测，积极防治。     

重症监护室痰标本病原菌构成与耐药性分析

目的分析重症监护室（ICU ）痰标本中病原菌构成及常见病原菌的耐药性,指导临床合理用药。方法对分离出的 ICU 病原菌进行抗菌药物敏感性的测定。结果 ICU 痰标本共分离病原菌186株,以革兰阴性菌为主,铜绿假单胞菌居首位,其次为洛菲不动杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,革兰阳性菌主要为金黄色葡萄球菌。病原菌普遍对头孢类抗菌药物耐药率高。结论大丰市人民医院 ICU 病原菌耐药性高,细菌的耐药性分析对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

呼吸机相关性肺炎的危险因素及病原菌分析

目的探讨呼吸机相关性肺炎（VAP）的危险因素及其病原菌的构成。方法回顾性分析2010年1月到2013年10月进行机械通气的210例患者中115例VAP发生情况,相关因素以及病原菌培养结果。采用单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析VAP的危险因素。结果单因素分析结果显示,VAP的危险因素有机械通气时间、插管次数、住院时间、年龄和原发病等。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,VAP的独立危险因素有插管次数（OR=2．219,P=0．040）、机械通气时间（OR：5．674,P=0．000）和住院时间（OR=2．014,P=0．030）等,其中机械通气时间与VAP的相关度最大。105例患者中共分离出225株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌176株（78．22％）,革兰阳性菌44株（19．56％）,真菌5株（2．22％）,前三类主要的病原菌为鲍氏不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和肺炎克伯雷菌。结论VAP的危险因素主要有机械通气时间、插管次数、住院时间、年龄和原发病等。引发VAP的病原菌主要有革兰阴性菌。     

重症监护病房患者病原菌分布及其耐药性分析

目的：探讨广州市花都区人民医院重症监护病房（IC U ）近年来病原菌分布情况及对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。方法对广州市花都区人民医院IC U 2012年2月至2013年2月收集的患者标本进行病原培养及药敏试验,以进行病原学及耐药性分析。结果共675份标本培养出菌株640株,640株菌株以革兰阴性菌为主,共计418株（65．3％）,主要为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌;革兰阳性菌120株（18．8％）,主要为金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌;真菌102株（15．9％）,主要为白色假丝酵母菌。革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦均较敏感;革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁高度敏感;真菌对两性霉素B较为敏感。结论 IC U的病原菌分布改变主要表现为真菌比例逐渐升高,而各种病原菌均呈现出广泛耐药性,临床应加强病原菌分布监测,并合理使用抗菌药物以减少耐药菌产生。     

老年患者下呼吸道感染病原分析及耐药性监测

目的 了解近年来老年患者下呼吸道感染病原菌耐药特点,为临床合理使用抗生素提供科学依据.方法 采用纸片扩散法对本院3年内自老年患者痰培养标本中分离的病原菌进行体外药敏试验,分析常见病原菌的耐药状况.结果 分离出临床菌株1161株,分别为革兰阴性菌966株(83.2%),革兰阳性菌129株(11.1%),真菌66例(5.7%).革兰阴性菌中主要病原菌依次为铜绿假单胞菌(27%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(20.7%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(10.2%)、大肠埃希菌(5.5%).革兰阳性菌中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占葡萄球菌属的84.3%,甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)占15.7%.头孢哌酮/舒巴坦对铜绿假单胞菌、不动杆菌和肠杆菌科细菌抗菌活性均较高.亚胺培南和美罗培南对不动杆菌的耐药率超过60%.结论 老年患者下呼吸道感染以革兰阴性菌为主,细菌耐药现象严重,应根据药敏试验结果合理选择抗菌药物.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。