感染性休克并发多器官功能障碍综合征患者的急救及护理

目的 探讨感染性休克并发多器官功能障碍综合征患者的临床急救与护理措施.方法 2008年9月至2010年9月选择急诊ICU接受治疗的感染性休克并发多器官功能障碍综合征患者106例,对其临床急救与护理方法进行了总结与探讨.结果 106例患者经过积极的急救与护理后,其中死亡31例,死亡率29.25%.18例3个以上脏器功能障碍者中死亡15例,死亡率达83.33%;17例2个脏器功能障碍者死亡7例,死亡率达41.18%;7l例1个脏器功能障碍者死亡9例,死亡率达12.68%;3组死亡率有明显差异.这表明累及器官数与死亡呈正相关.结论 及时有效的急救与护理措施可以逆转器官功能衰竭的发生,提高存活率.     

多器官功能障碍综合征患者的凝血功能变化与APACHE Ⅱ评分的关系

目的探讨多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者凝血功能变化与APACHEⅡ评分的关系。方法将2013年12月至2015年5月收治的90例MODS患者根据入院时APACHEⅡ评分分为A组(<10分,36例)、B组(10~19分,32例)、C组(≥20分,22例),同时根据预后分为生存组(62例)和死亡组(28例),比较A、B、C 3组及生存组、死亡组凝血功能指标水平,探讨凝血功能指标与APACHEⅡ评分的相关性。结果 A组PT、APTT水平明显低于B、C组,生存组PT、APTT水平明显低于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);A、B、C 3组PLT水平差异均有统计学意义,生存组PLT水平高于死亡组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);MODS患者凝血功能指标PT、APTT、PLT水平与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论凝血功能指标和APACHEⅡ评分可用于判定MODS预后,进而为临床治疗提供参考。 更多还原     

连续血液净化治疗ICU多器官功能障碍综合征患者的疗效

<正>多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)是重症监护室(ICU)常见的危重病,是患者在严重创伤或感染后同时(或序贯)出现的2个或以上系统器官功能不全的临床综合征,病情危重,是引起危重患者死亡的重要疾病之一[1]。目前研究[2]认为MODS的发病机制为炎性介质或细胞因子产生过多,进而引起全身炎症反应综合征(SIRS),损伤多个脏器。因此成功救治危重病患者的关键环节     

呼吸频率及潮气量对老年CO2气腹患者呼吸功能及胃黏膜pH值变化的预测价值

目的研究呼吸频率及潮气量在腹腔镜胆囊切除中CO₂气腹对老年患者呼吸功能及胃黏膜pH值(pHi)的影响。 方法42例腹腔镜胆囊切除CO₂气腹的老年患者(≥65岁),在全麻CO₂气腹压力为13mmHg(1mmHg＝0.133kPa),依术中呼吸频率、潮气量分为A、B组。A组22例(呼吸频率12次/min,潮气量9ml/kg),B组20例(呼吸频率14次/min,潮气量7ml/kg),分别于气腹前(T1)、气腹后20min (T2)、气腹结束后20min(T3)监测气道压力峰值(PPEAK)、呼气末CO₂分压(P_ETCO₂)及pHi值。 结果A、B两组在PPEAK、P_ETCO₂及pHi参数方面各组组间T2同节点比较,差异有统计学意义[(分别为(25.68±2.61)mmHg,(22.03±4.12)mmHg;t＝3.46 ,P<0.05;(35.68±1.61)mmHg,(33.09±1.12)mmHg;t＝5.99 ,P<0.05;(7.08±0.08)mmHg,(7.26±0.05)mmHg;t＝8.64,P<0.05]。 结论使用适当的高通气频率、低潮气量通气方法,对CO₂气腹腹腔镜胆囊切除老年患者的呼吸功能及胃黏膜pH值具有正向作用。     

重症脑功能损伤并发多器官功能障碍及其预后

目的 :了解脑损伤并发多器官功能障碍的发生发展规律 ,为加强多器官系统功能的保护与治疗提供依据。方法 :急性脑功能损伤 189例 ,按格拉斯哥昏迷评分 (GCS)分为重症组 (131例 )和非重症组 (5 8例 ) ,对 2组进行各器官功能障碍的比较性研究。结果 :重症组 4个脑外器官功能障碍高于非重症组 (P<0 .0 5 )。重症组器官功能障碍率最高的是代谢功能紊乱 (高血糖 6 6 .3% ,低蛋白血症 2 8.3% )和肺功能障碍 (6 4 .9% ) ,其次是胃肠功能障碍 (49.6 % )和肾功能障碍 (16 .8% )。重症组并发严重感染的问题更加突出 (77.1% ) ,特别是下呼吸道感染。重症组符合多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)诊断标准的占 80 .1% ,脑外 2～ 4个器官损伤的例数最多 ,占 MODS的 85 .7% ,器官损伤数目越多 ,预后越差。结论 :重症脑功能损伤的监测与救治必须着眼于整个机体多器官系统。     

急诊心肺复苏患者氧利用率的变化及意义

目的:探讨急诊心肺复苏患者氧利用率(O2UC)的变化及意义。方法:①将71例危重病人分为急诊心肺复苏组(A组,26例)、非心肺复苏危重病人组(B组,45例);设正常人对照组(C组,30例)。②A、B组患者于急诊入院抢救时和住院后1,2,3,5,7,10天分别于晨8时抽动、静脉血各一次查血气,并计算O2UC(C组仅做一次)。结果:①急诊入院时和住院第1天,A、B组的O2UC均显著高于C组(P<0.01),而A组亦高于B组(P<0.01)。②住院第3天起,A、B组O2UC均很快下降(与C组比较,P<0.05),且A组较B组下降更明显(P<0.05)。B组于第5天起O2UC逐渐回升至正常;而A组于第3天起,O2UC持续低于C组(P<0.01)。结论:急诊心肺复苏后患者早期O2UC常升高,而中晚期则常明显下降,且病情严重、预后差。O2UC可作为判断急诊心肺复苏病人组织缺氧、病情严重程度和评估预后的有效指标。     

胃黏膜pH值监测在ICU的应用与护理

目的 探讨胃黏膜pH值(pHi)监测在ICU危重病人治疗、护理及评估病人预后中的应用以及ICU护理人员在胃pHi监测过程中的注意事项.方法 将60例ICU危重病人,按照疾病危重度评分(APACHE Ⅱ),应用分层随机化法分为2组.试验组(30例)采用胃pHi监测,当pHi下降时及时采取干预措施使pHi维持正常;对照组(30例)行常规ICU治疗与护理.观察两组病人多器官功能不全(MODS)发生率、病死率、存活率及住ICU时间.结果 试验组多器官功能不全发生率、病死率、及住ICU时间显著低于对照组(均P<0.05).结论 胃PHi监测对器官功能不全发生有良好的预警作用,及时对pHi降低的病人采取干预措施可以明显提高病人存活率并缩短住ICU时间.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除二氧化碳气腹对中、老年患者呼吸及循环的影响

目的研究腹腔胆囊切除术中二氧化碳气腹对中、老年患者呼吸及循环系统的影响。方法老年组患者51例(按气腹压力设定分为:A1组,12mmHg,16例;A2组,14mmHg,20例;A3组,16mmHg,15例),中年组患者18例(B组:压力设定为14mmHg)。观察A2组与B组气腹前10min、气腹后10min及术毕10min各项血气指标,观察A1、A2和A3组不同气腹压力下气腹前10min及气腹后10min各项血气指标变化。结果A2组和B组与气腹前比较:心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、呼气末二氧化碳值(PETCO2)和RRP明显上升(P<0.01),pH、最低血氧饱和度(SaO2)明显下降(P<0.01),术毕各项指标与气腹前比较差异无显著性。与B组比较,气腹前A2组各项指标较B组差异无显著性,气腹后HR、SBP、PETCO2和RRP明显偏高(P<0.01),DBP无明显变化,pH和SaO2明显偏低(P<0.01),与A1组比较,气腹后A2和A3组HR、SBP、PETCO2和RRP明显偏高(P<0.01),SaO2明显偏低(P<0.01)。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术中二氧化碳气腹对老年患者呼吸、循环功能的影响较其对中年患者的影响更为明显,在12mmHg低气腹压力下行LC术,可显著降低气腹对老年患者生理功能的干扰。     

连续性血液净化对多器官功能障碍综合征患者凝血及免疫功能的影响

目的探讨连续性血液净化对多器官功能障碍综合征患者凝血及免疫功能的影响。方法将我院收治的70例多器官功能障碍综合征患者随机分为常规组和连续组,各35例。常规组采用常规治疗,连续组采用连续性血液净化治疗。比较两组的治疗效果。结果连续组治疗总有效率高于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,两组APTT、PT均缩短,FIB、DD水平均降低,且连续组优于常规组(P<0.05)。治疗后,连续组IgA、IgG、IgM及CD4+均高于常规组,CD8+低于常规组(P<0.05)。结论给予多器官功能障碍综合征患者连续性血液净化治疗,可改善其凝血及免疫功能,促使疾病转归。     

心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征的临床分析

目的:分析心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征临床特点.方法:回顾分析2013年3月至-2015年3月期间在我院治疗的74例心肺复苏患者临床资料,分析心肺复苏后多器官功能障碍综合征发生情况以及患者复苏后预后效果.结果:74例患者中存活19例,存活率为25.67％;不幸死亡55例,死亡率为74.32％;19例存活着中7例患者永久性昏迷,永久性昏迷患者存活时间范围在9月-2年;51例患者发生多器官功能障碍综合征,其中2种功能障碍不全者16例,3种功能障碍不全者27例,4种及4种以上功能障碍不全者8例;55例死亡患者因2种器官衰竭死亡12例,因3种器官功能衰竭死亡20例,因4种器官衰竭死亡23例.发生多器官功能障碍综合组51例患者,未发生多器官功能障碍综合征组23例,两组患者机械通气时间、住院死亡率、住院天数对比差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论:心肺复苏后发生多器官功能障碍综合征患者病情更严重,机械通气时间更长,住院病死率更高.     

Regional carbon dioxide monitoring to assess the adequacy of tissue perfusion

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Tissue dysoxia is now widely regarded as the major factor leading to organ dysfunction in critically ill patients. Recent data suggests that early aggressive resuscitation of critically ill patients, which limits and/or reverses tissue dysoxia may prevent progression to organ dysfunction and improve outcome. The traditional clinical and laboratory markers used to assess tissue dysoxia are, however, insensitive and have numerous limitations. Regional carbon dioxide monitoring appears to be ideally suited to monitoring the adequacy of resuscitation. This review provides an update on this evolving technology. RECENT FINDINGS: Gastric intramucosal carbon dioxide as measured by gastric tonometry has proven to be useful as a prognostic marker, in evaluating the response to specific therapeutic interventions and as an end point of resuscitation. Gastric tonometry is, however, cumbersome and has a number of limitations that may have prevented its widespread adoption. The measurement of carbon dioxide in the sublingual mucosa by sublingual capnometry is technically simple, noninvasive, and provides near instantaneous information. Clinical studies have demonstrated a good correlation between gastric intramucosal carbon dioxide and sublingual mucosa carbon dioxide. Sublingual mucosa carbon dioxide responds more rapidly to therapeutic interventions than does gastric intramucosal carbon dioxide and may be a better prognostic marker. SUMMARY: Sublingual capnometry may be the ideal technology for guiding early goal directed therapy. This technology may be useful for monitoring tissue oxygenation, titrating therapeutic interventions, and as an end point for resuscitation in critically ill and injured patients.     

Does nasoenteral feeding afford adequate gastroduodenal stress prophylaxis?

Serial pH measurements were performed on 366 gastric aspirates from 20 critically ill patients receiving nasoenteral feeding with Osmolite or Isocal HCN, with no other means of gastric acid buffering. Ten patients (group A) received continuous intraduodenal feeding, and ten patients (group B) received continuous intragastric feeding. Gastric pH was at least 5.0 in 33 (23%) aspirates from group A, compared to 120 (54%) from group B (p less than .001). Only two (20%) group A patients had gastric pH values of 5.0 or greater for at least half of the measurements, compared to six (60%) group B patients. These data indicate that continuous intragastric feeding with Osmolite or Isocal HCN controlled gastric pH better than did intraduodenal feeding. However, neither technique adequately neutralized gastric acidity in these critically ill patients.     

多器官功能障碍综合征的死亡危险因素分析及临床对策

目的　调查多器官功能障碍综合征 (MODS)的病死率及病死危险因素。方法　回顾性调查 1991至 1996年的 10 5 6例危重病患者 ,利用队列研究方法对MODS病死危险因素进行分析。结果　 10 5 6例危重病患者中 ,339例发生MODS ,病死率 49 3%。 1991～ 1996年 6年期间MODS病死率无明显变化 ,以年龄 ( >6 0 )和APACHEⅡ评分 ( >2 0分 )对病死率进行调整 ,调整率 6年间均无显著变化。 16个因素参与统计学分析 ,结果显示器官衰竭数目、免疫功能低下、转入时的APACHEⅡ评分、非手术、感染性休克等因素与MODS患者的病死关系显著 (P <0 0 5 )。发生 2个器官功能衰竭者病死率 17 8% ,3个器官衰竭者为 47 1% ,4个器官衰竭者为77 0 % ,而发生 5个或 5个以上器官功能衰竭者 ,病死率为 87 9%。结论　 90年代以来MODS病死率依然很高 ,充分认识MODS病死的危险因素 ,并积极调控机体炎症反应 ,防治感染性休克发生 ,可能是降低MODS病死率的关键     

PCT在预测危重病患者发生MODS或死亡风险的临床价值

目的探讨危重病患者血清降钙素原（PCT）水平与急性生理学与慢性健康状况Ⅱ（APACHEⅡ）评分及预后的相关性。方法选择重症监护病房（ICU）危重病患者120例,采用APACHEⅡ评分评价患者的病情,并据此分组;测定患者人院后第1、3、5、7天的血清PCT、C反应蛋白（CRP）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）浓度。结果APACHEⅡ评分高评组（〉25分）患者的血清PCT阳性率、CRP、IL-6水平均显著高于APACHEⅡ评分中评组（15～25分）和APACHEⅡ评分低评组（〈15分）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;PCT水平与APACHEⅡ评分有良好的相关性（r=0．685,P〈0．05）。PCT〈10μg/L的患者均未发生多器官功能障碍综合征（MODS）,发生MODS或死亡者PCT浓度始终维持较高水平（〉10μg/L）。结论血清PCT是-个预测患者发生MODS或死亡风险的较为敏感的指标。     

Gastric mucosal pH as a prognostic index of mortality in critically ill patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if measurements of gastric intramucosal pH have prognostic implications regarding ICU mortality. DESIGN: Prospective comparison of outcome. SETTING: General adult ICUs in two teaching hospitals. PATIENTS: Eighty consecutive patients age 18 to 84 yrs (mean 63.4), 50 men and 30 women, 55% in the medical and 45% in the surgical services. METHODS: Gastric intramucosal pH was measured on ICU admission and again 12 hrs later. A value of greater than or equal to 7.35 was used to differentiate between normal and low gastric intramucosal pH. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Fifty-four patients had a normal gastric intramucosal pH and 26 patients had a low gastric intramucosal pH on ICU admission. The mortality rate was greater in the low gastric intramucosal pH group (65.4% vs. 43.6%; p less than .04). The frequency of sepsis and the presence of multisystem organ failure also were greater in the low gastric intramucosal pH group (p less than .01). Further stratification of patients according to gastric intramucosal pH measured 12 hrs after admission showed a greater mortality rate in patients with persistently low gastric intramucosal pH when compared with patients with normal gastric intramucosal pH during the first 12 hrs (86.7% vs. 26.8%; p less than .001). CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of gastric intramucosal pH on ICU admission, and again 12 hrs later, have a high specificity for predicting patient survival in this ICU patient population (77.8% to 80.6%). Furthermore, given its relative noninvasive nature, tonometrically measured gastric intramucosal pH may be a useful addition to patient monitoring in the ICU.     

Le syndrome compartimental abdominal

A rapid and uncontrolled increase in the volume of intra-abdominal organs can induce an intra-abdominal hypertension which leads to organ dysfunctions: renal, gastro-intestinal, hemodynamic, respiratory and neurologic. The association of these organ dysfunctions to an increased abdominal pressure level over 15–20 mmHg has been known as the abdominal compartment syndrome. Along with surgical and traumatic patients, the syndrome has been described in medical critically ill patients. Suggestive systemic symptoms are mainly decreased cardiac output with metabolic acidosis, oliguria, hypoxia and increased airway pulmonary pressure. Finally, it can result in multiple organ failure. The confirmation of abdominal compartment syndrome is simply performed by the measurement of bladder pressure. The syndrome might lead to an increased mortality rate in critically ill patients. The specific treatment remains not determined: early surgical decompression might improve the outcome but different medical treatments (neuromuscular blockade, gastric suctioning, hemofiltration) remain to be evaluated. A greater awareness of abdominal compartment syndrome might improve the management of multiple organ failure syndrome especially in medical critically ill patients.     

重症急性肾损伤患者行床边开放式解剖法留置腹膜透析导管的安全性研究

目的:探讨重症急性肾损伤(AKI)患者行床边开放式解剖法留置腹膜透析导管的安全性。方法:广州市第一人民医院2010年1月-2011年12月期间所有行床边开放式解剖法留置腹膜透析导管的重症患进行前瞻性观察,时间为置管后一个月至病人死亡或因各种原因拔除腹膜透析导管,观察置管术后出现的各急性并发症如手术伤口感染、出血、渗液,腹透液引流障碍,腹膜炎等。结果:入组23名患者均为多器官功能竭并AKI,置管术后有发生导管功能不良2例,出现手术伤口脓肿(表面葡萄球菌)、导管出口处感染(表面葡球菌)、同时出现血性腹水和导管出口处出血各1例,无并发腹膜炎。结论:重症AⅪ行床边开放式解剖法留腹膜透析导管安全。     

小剂量肝素治疗危重儿伴全身炎症反应综合征的疗效观察

目的：观察小剂量肝素持续静脉滴注对伴全身炎症反应综合征（SIRS）的危重儿临床疗效及患儿血小板计数、C反应蛋白（CRP）水平变化。方法：对符合诊断标准的115例SIRS患儿随机分为间断用药组和持续用药组，观察两组临床效果及血小板计数及CRP水平变化。结果：两组治疗前后比较，持续用药组，血小板计数均明显升高，CRP水平均明显下降（均P〈0．05），与间断用药组相比，持续用药组多脏器功能不全（MODS）发生率有显著降低（P〈0．05）．SIRS的持续时间缩短。结论：持续小剂量肝索静脉滴注疗效优于间断用药，可以明显改善危重儿的预后。     

完善后的预警评分分析法对急诊潜在危重症患者的预测效果

目的探讨完善后的预警评分（MEWS）分析法预测急诊潜在危重症患者的可行性研究。方法对急诊科与抢救室298例患者进行MEWS评分法评测,对MEWS不同分值的急诊心肺复苏、重症监护室与专科普通病房所收住的患者、门诊治疗、出院〈1个月、出院≥1个月、转上级医院、死亡的构成比进行分析,并对所有患者进行预后追访。结果MEWS不同分值患者接受不同处置方式的概率比较差异有统计学意义（）（2=258．697,P〈0．001）;预后情况比较差异有统计学意义（X^2=115．938,P〈0．001）;患者病情与MEWS的分值成正相关（r=0．848,P〈0．001）。结论MEWS于急诊潜在危重症患者的预测上具有可行性,可作为急诊评估专用系统进行推广。     

Monitoring global volume-related hemodynamic or regional variables after initial resuscitation: What is a better predictor of outcome in critically ill septic patients?

OBJECTIVE: Regional variables of organ dysfunction are thought to be better monitoring variables than global pressure-related hemodynamic variables. Whether a difference exists between regional and global volume-related variables in critically ill patients after resuscitation is unknown. DESIGN: Prospective diagnostic test evaluation. SETTING: University-affiliated mixed intensive care unit. PATIENTS: Twenty-eight critically ill patients. INTERVENTIONS: Using standardized resuscitation, hemodynamic optimization was targeted at mean arterial pressure, heart rate, occlusion pressure, cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and urine output. Primary outcome variable was in-hospital mortality. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: During resuscitation, global volume-related hemodynamic variables were measured simultaneously and compared with regional variables. At admission no variable was superior as a predictor of outcome. During resuscitation, significant changes were seen in mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, oxygen delivery, systemic vascular resistance, total blood volume, right heart and ventricle end-diastolic volume, right ventricle ejection fraction, right and left stroke work index, intramucosal carbon dioxide pressure, gastric mucosal pH, mucosal-end tidal Pco2 gap, indocyanine green blood clearance, indocyanine green plasma clearance, and plasma disappearance rate. Multivariate analysis identified lactate, gastric mucosal pH, mucosal-end tidal Pco2 gap, mucosal-arterial Pco2 gap, indocyanine green plasma clearance, and plasma disappearance rate of dye as nondependent predictors of outcome. Patients who subsequently died had a significantly lower gastric mucosal pH, higher intramucosal carbon dioxide pressure and mucosal-end tidal Pco2 gap, and lower indocyanine green blood clearance, indocyanine green plasma clearance, plasma disappearance rate, and right ventricular end-diastolic volume index, of which gastric mucosal pH, mucosal-end tidal Pco2 gap, and indocyanine green blood clearance were the most important predictors of outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Initial resuscitation of critically ill patients with shock does not require monitoring of regional variables. After stabilization, however, regional variables are the best predictors of outcome.