高脂血症、糖尿病与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的：探讨中老年人群高脂血症、糖尿病与年龄相关性白内障（age-related cataract,ARC）的关系。方法：采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法,病例组由年龄45～85岁的360例ARC患者所组成;对照为与病例同期入住相同医院,未患与ARC有关眼病的360例患者,对照组与病例采取1：1匹配方式。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式、疾病既往史等,同时收集研究对象的临床生化检测资料,包括空腹血糖、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、总胆固醇（TC）及甘油三酯（TG）等。采用多因素Logistic回归分析,估计研究因素与ARC关联的比值比（OR）及其相应的95%可信区间（CI）。结果：调整了年龄和性别因素后,高脂血症、高脂血症病程、TC及TG与发生ARC的危险性无关（P〉0.05）,仅HDL-C下降与发生ARC的危险性升高有关（OR=1.519,95%CI：1.093～2.110,P=0.013）。在调整了多种潜在性混杂因素后,经多因素Logistic回归分析的结果显示,空腹血糖受损的研究对象发生ARC的危险性升高了73%（OR=1.734,95%CI：1.102～2.725,P〈0.001）,而已确诊的糖尿病患者发生ARC的危险性升高了94%（OR=1.938,95%CI：1.293～2.906,P〈0.001）。糖尿病病程也与ARC呈显著性正相关,糖尿病病程〈10a和10～19a的病例发生ARC的危险性分别是未患糖尿病对照的2倍（OR=2.347,95%CI：1.502～3.752,P=0.010）和3倍（OR=2.683,95%CI：1.267～5.683,P〈0.001）。结论：HDL-C下降及糖尿病可使中老年人群发生ARC的危险性增加。     

中老年人心血管疾病与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的:评价人群心血管疾病对年龄相关性白内障(age-related cataract,ARC)发生的影响。方法:采用回顾性病例对照研究方法,2009-09/2011-03对360例病例和匹配的360例对照进行了调查。主要的测量指标为心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease,CVD)与ARC关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查。结果:病例组与对照组之间,年龄、职业,以及居住地的差异无统计学意义。调整了多种潜在性混杂因素后,空腹血糖受损的研究对象和已确诊的糖尿病患者发生ARC的危险性分别升高了62.4%和69.8%(OR=1.624,95%CI:1.068～2.553,P=0.007;OR=1.698,95%CI:1.412～2.719,P=0.009);高血压患者与ARC的关联性较强(OR=1.431,95%CI:1.098～1.997,P=0.007);现行吸烟者和现行饮酒者发生ARC的危险性也显著增高(OR=1.712,95%CI:1.312～2.344,P=0.010;OR=1.912,95%CI:1.310～2.896,P=0.003)。结论:糖尿病、高血压、吸烟及饮酒可使发生ARC的危险性增加,最终导致ARC的发生。     

生命早期及儿童期影响因素对年龄相关性白内障的影响

目的：评价生命早期及儿童期影响因素与成人年龄相关性白内障( age-related cataract,ARC)发病的关系,为早期预防、早期发现、早期治疗ARC提供理论依据。
　　方法：我院2011-04/2012-10开展以医院为基础的病例对照研究,病例由41~60岁的360例360眼施行白内障摘除术的患者所组成。对照组由与病例的年龄和性别进行匹配、因罹患各种与ARC无关的疾病、同期入住相同医院的360例非白内障的患者所组成。采用自制的调查问卷对所有研究对象进行调查,包括研究对象的一般状况、生命早期影响因素,以及儿童期暴露因素。采用非条件Logistic回归模型对结果进行分析。
　　结果：出生时胎龄越早,出生时体质量越低,均与发生ARC的危险性具有显著性关联(分别为 OR =1.152,95%CI：1.029~2.235, P=0.024;OR=1.374,95%CI：1.156~2.581,P=0.037);母亲孕前糖尿病( OR=1.587,95%CI：1.177~2.915,P =0.019)、孕期糖尿病(OR =1.763,95%CI：1.375~2.367,P =0.004)、先兆子痫( OR=1.581,95%CI：1.139~1.996,P=0.021),以及妊娠期高血压(OR=1.517,95%CI：1.032~1.963, P=0.024)均可使发生ARC的危险性升高;而儿童期的影响因素只有10岁时的身高低于同龄儿童和体质量高于同龄儿童才与发生ARC危险性具有十分显著性关联(分别为 OR=1.329,95%CI：1.072~2.351,P=0.038;OR=2.302,95%CI：1.323~3.196,P=0.011)。
　　结论：出生时胎龄越早、低体质量出生、母亲孕前糖尿病、孕期糖尿病、先兆子痫、妊娠期高血压、10岁时身高较矮,以及体质量升高均是ARC发病的危险因素。但需要进一步开展历时长、大规模的前瞻性研究,以证实我国人群ARC的早期危险因素。     

水果和蔬菜摄入量对年龄相关性白内障的影响

目的:验证中老年人膳食水果和蔬菜摄入量增加能否使发生年龄相关性白内障(ARC)的危险性下降。方法:选取2009-09/2011-03因晶状体混浊进行人工晶状体植入治疗,年龄45～85岁的360例ARC患者为病例组,对照组由同期入住相同医院的360例非白内障的患者组成,采取1:1匹配。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式以及既往史等,同时还采用一份有效的半定量化食物频率调查表(FFQ),获取研究对象膳食水果和蔬菜的摄入量。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计水果和蔬菜摄入量与ARC关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。结果:调整多种潜在性混杂因素后,水果、蔬菜以及总水果蔬菜摄入量与ARC呈显著性负相关,与摄入量为最低四分位数的对照相比较,摄入量为最高四分位数的病例发生ARC的危险性分别下降了19%(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.67～0.97),19%(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.69～0.94)和29%(OR=0.71,95%CI:0.60～0.93)。随着水果(P=0.014)、蔬菜(P<0.001)以及总水果蔬菜(P=0.023)摄入量的升高,发生ARC的危险性逐渐下降。进一步进行分层分析后的结果表明,从不吸烟者和非糖尿病患者中水果和蔬菜的摄入量与ARC之间的负相关关系依然存在。结论:膳食水果和蔬菜摄入量增加可使发生ARC的危险性下降,合理营养、平衡膳食可能有助于预防ARC。     

膳食碳水化合物及脂肪摄入量与年龄相关白内障的关系

目的:探讨中老年人膳食碳水化合物及脂肪摄入量与年龄相关白内障(age-related cataract,ARC)危险性之间的关系。方法:采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究方法。病例由45～85岁的360例白内障患者组成,对照由同期入住相同医院的360例非白内障的患者组成,采取1∶1匹配。采用自行设计的调查表对研究对象进行调查,内容包括人口学特征、生活方式、以及既往史等,同时还采用一份有效的半定量化食物频率调查表(FFQ),获取研究对象膳食营养素的摄入情况。应用多因素Logistic回归分析估计碳水化合物及脂肪摄入量与ARC关联的比值比(OR)及其相应的95%可信区间(CI)。结果:调整多种潜在性混杂因素后,碳水化合物摄入量增加可使发生ARC的危险性升高,与摄入量为最低四分位数的对照相比较,摄入量为最高四分位数的病例发生ARC的OR为2.161(95%CI:1.107～5.016,P<0.001)。同样,多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量也与ARC呈正相关,摄入量为最高四分位数的病例发生ARC危险性是最低四分位数对照的3倍(OR=2.989,95%CI:1.764～5.062,P<0.001)。总脂肪摄入量与ARC无关(P=0.778)。结论:膳食碳水化合物及多不饱和脂肪酸摄入量增加可使发生ARC的危险性升高,合理营养、平衡膳食可能有助于预防ARC。     

白内障超声乳化吸除术对糖尿病视网膜病变进展影响的Meta分析

目的 采用Meta分析的方法系统评价白内障超声乳化吸除术对糖尿病合并白内障患者术后糖尿病视网膜病变进展及糖尿病性黄斑水肿发生率的影响。设计 系统综述。研究对象 Medline、EMbase、Cochrone图书馆及中国生物医学文献数据库和中国期刊全文数据库中一眼行白内障超声乳化术,对侧未手术眼作为对照的糖尿病合并白内障患者为研究对象的文献。方法 对纳入文献进行Meta分析。计算机检索上述数据库,同时手工检索相关书籍、期刊和会议论文及其参考文献。依据纳入和排除标准筛选文献,对纳入研究进行数据提取。统计学分析采用RevMan5.0软件,二分类变量采用比值比（OR）及其95%置信区间CI来表示。主要指标 白内障超声乳化吸除术后双眼糖尿病视网膜病变的进展率及糖尿病性黄斑水肿的发生率。结果  7项研究纳入分析,其中手术眼579眼,对侧未手术眼574眼作为对照。手术眼术后糖尿病视网膜病变进展率高于对侧未手术眼（OR=1.47,95%CI：1.09～1.98,P=0.01）。手术眼术后糖尿病性黄斑水肿发生率高于对侧未手术眼（OR=1.89,95%CI：1.05～3.39,P=0.03）。结论  白内障超声乳化吸除术会加速糖尿病合并白内障患者糖尿病视网膜病变进程且增加糖尿病性黄斑水肿的发生率,但仍需大样本、长期随访的研究进一步证实。     

前葡萄膜炎合并黄斑水肿的相关因素分析

目的分析前葡萄膜炎患者并发黄斑囊样水肿（CME）的发生率及相关危险因素。方法采用回顾性病例分析方法,连续收集在天津市眼科医院就诊的各种原因所致的前葡萄膜炎患者108例129眼,详细询问病史并进行眼科检查,应用光学相干断层扫描（OCT）检查或荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）检查确定CME的存在。结果前葡萄膜炎患者108例129眼中单眼发病者87例,双眼发病者21例。出现CME改变者41例43眼,发生率为33.3%。其中并发CME患者的最低平均矫正视力为0.41±0.16,未发生CME患者的最低平均视力为0.56±0.13,二者比较差异有统计学意义（q=5.040,P=0.000）;2组患者恢复期平均矫正视力（0.82±0.18/0.85±0.14）比较差异无统计学意义（q=1.130,P=0.260）。对2组患者的眼部及全身相关因素的多变量Logistic回归分析发现,CME的发生与病史反复发作（P=0.017,OR=7.62,95%CI：1.44～40.23）、HLA-B27阳性（P=0.049,OR=3.93,95%CI：1.01～15.30）、玻璃体细胞（P=0.023,OR=3.46,95%CI：1.19～10.04）、年龄较大（P=0.001,OR=1.09,95%CI：1.04～1.15）和初诊时矫正视力低（P=0.007,OR=0.01,95%CI：0.00～0.25）均呈明显相关,性别（P=0.09,OR=0.39,95%CI：0.13～1.16）、伴随的高血压病（P=0.960,OR=1.04,95%CI：0.32～3.35）或糖尿病史（P=0.510,OR=1.57,95%CI：0.41～6.06）、幼年性关节炎（P=0.470,OR=2.61,95%CI：0.19～35.27）和最终矫正视力（P=0.870,OR=0.73,95%CI：0.02～30.20）与CME的发生均无明显相关。结论病情反复发作、HLA-B27阳性、玻璃体细胞和年龄是前葡萄膜炎患者并发CME的主要危险因素。经积极治疗后,多数患者视力恢复较好,仅少数患者造成永久性视力损害。     

广东省东莞市横沥镇居民2型糖尿病患者糖尿病视网膜病变危险因素分析

背景国外研究表明,随着糖尿病发病率的升高,糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）已成为青壮年患者首要的致盲因素,而加强中国对DR发病危险因素的分析对于DR的防治具有重要意义。目的调查广东省东莞市横沥镇40岁及以上居民2型糖尿病患者发生DR的危险因素。方法采用横断面研究设计及整群抽样法,对广东省东莞市横沥镇40岁及以上居民进行糖尿病和DR发生率的现场流行病学调查。首先根据2010年美国糖尿病协会（ADA）制定的糖尿病诊断标准对糖尿病患者进行筛查,然后根据2002年悉尼国际DR分期标准对糖尿病患者进行DR筛查。所有受检者均接受一般资料调查、问卷调查、体格检查和实验室检查,专科检查包括裸眼视力、矫正视力、日常生活视力、验光检查以及眼压测量（非接触眼压计）、裂隙灯显微镜检查、眼底检查和眼底照相。分别采用,检验、独立样本t检验和单因素方差分析对DR患者与非DR者（NDR）的各项调查和检测结果进行比较,采用Logistic相关回归模型对DR危险因素进行分析。结果Logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,男性、糖尿病病程、收缩压、空腹血糖（FPG）和糖化血红蛋白（HBA1c）是影响2型糖尿病患者发生DR的独立危险因素,其中男性糖尿病患者发生DR的风险明显高于女性患者（OR=1．914,95％CI：1．382～2．651）;糖尿病病程为1—4年、5～9年和≥10年的患者发生DR的风险明显高于新诊断糖尿病患者,分别为新诊断患者的3．336倍（95％CI：2．322～4．880）、3．890倍（95％CI：2．327～6．503）和12．499倍（95％CI：6．607～23．647）;相对于收缩压≤120mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）的糖尿病患者,收缩压为120～139mmHg、≥140mmHg的糖尿病患者发生DR的风险分别为1．953倍（95％CI：1．081～3．528）和1．950倍（95％CI：1．076～3．532）;与FPG≤5．6mmol／L的糖尿病患者比较,FPG为5．6—6．9mmol／L、≥7．0mmol／L的糖尿病患者发生DR风险分别增加1．567倍（95％CI：0．889～2．732）和2．170倍（95％CI：1．252～3．761）;此外,HBA1c≥6．5％的糖尿病患者DR发生风险明显高于HBA1c〈6．5％的糖尿病患者（OR=1．577,95％CI：1．105～2．253）。结论男性、糖尿病病程、平均收缩压、FPG和HBA1c是2型糖尿病患者发生DR的独立危险因素。早期诊断、控制高血糖、高血压等相关危险因素可以减少DR的患病率,并控制其进展。     

社区2型糖尿病患者自我管理行为与糖尿病视网膜病变的相关分析

目的 了解社区2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者自我管理行为与糖尿病视网膜病变（DR）的关系。设计 横断面研究。研究对象 2015年7月在深圳市银湖社康中心进行年度体检的T2DM患者252例。方法 采用糖尿病患者自我管理行为量表进行问卷调查,根据结果将患者分为自我管理行为良好、中等、不良。同时测定空腹血糖（FBG）、糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）。根据眼底检查分为无糖尿病视网膜病变（DWR）、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（NPDR）和增生性糖尿病视网膜病变（PDR）,比较DR患者与DWR患者的自我管理行为以及血糖指标控制情况。主要指标 糖尿病自我管理行为、FBG、HbA1c水平。结果 252例T2DM患者中228例（90%）完成调查,其中DR者62例（27.2%）,病程10年以上DR患者34例（54.8%）,明显多于DWR患者（65例,39.2%）（χ2=4.519,P=0.034）。228例T2DM患者自我管理行为良好率20.6%、中等50.9%、不良28.5%;其中,DR患者自我管理行为良好率11.3%低于DWR患者 （24.1%）（χ2=4.524,P=0.033）。228例T2DM患者血糖控制达标率FBG 29.4%、HbA1c 28.5%;其中DR患者血糖控制达标率FBG 19.4%、HbA1c 17.7%,低于DWR患者FBG 33.1%、HbA1c 32.5%（χ2=4.129,P=0.042;χ2=4.844,P=0.028）。病程为<5年、5~10年、>10年的T2DM患者自我管理行为不良率分别为15.0%、20.2%、41.4%（χ2=16.764,P=0.002）。分级为DWR、NPDR、PDR的T2DM患者自我管理行为不良率分别为25.9%、28.0%、66.7%（χ2=9.132,P=0.010）。多因素Logistic回归分析模型中,饮食行为（OR=0.241,95%CI:0.163~0.287）、运动行为（OR=0.536,95%CI:0.481~0.692）、遵医嘱用药（OR=0.056,95%CI:0.018~0.172）,FBG达标率（OR= 2.255,95%CI:1.315~3.873）、HbA1c达标率（OR=1.376,95%CI:1.197~1.584）以及糖尿病病程（OR=0.573,95%CI:0.038~0.714）与DR的发生及严重程度相关。结论 糖尿病病程长、饮食控制不佳、较少运动、用药欠规范和FBG、HbA1c控制不达标与DR的发病相关,提高社区T2DM患者自我管理行为有助于血糖控制,降低DR发生的风险。（眼科,2016, 25： 326－329）     

高血压合并糖尿病与白内障的相关性

目的：探讨年龄相关性白内障(ARC)与合并型高血压、糖尿病的关系。

方法：排除创伤、先天性异常,相关药物或白内障手术史,年龄相关性白内障定义为至少一只眼睛存在有晶状体混浊。从我科2011-01-01/2017-05-20收治的6 467例50岁及以上眼科患者中,4 316例出院确诊为白内障, 其中的3 343为ARC。同一时期入住我科的379例50岁及以上眼外伤患者,检查确认无白内障的临床证据者作为年龄匹配对照组纳入分析。我们使用非条件Logistic回归模型估计似然比(OR),同时获取年龄、性别、城乡差别和医疗保健的可及性。

结果：男性白内障患者中, 29.54%(n=1 275)同时患有高血压; ARC男性患者,30.12%(n=1 007)同时患有高血压。眼外伤患者中只有10.82%(n=41)患者合并高血压。研究合并糖尿病患病率：男性白内障患者中,16.64%(n=718)同时患有糖尿病; ARC男性患者中, 16.48%(n=551)同时患有糖尿病, 而同龄的眼外伤患者中只有4.22%(n=16),在女性患者中观察到类似的模式。多因素分析表明高血压与ARC的相关性相对微弱 \〖OR=1.83(95% CI=1.23,2.74)\〗,糖尿病与ARC的相关性较强\〖OR=3.38(95% CI=1.86,6.15)\〗,但合并型高血压和糖尿病与ARC有着极强的相关性,OR=18.20(4.38,75.59)。

结论：非合并型高血压或糖尿病与ARC轻微或中度相关。合并型高血压和糖尿病与ARC则高度相关。合并有高血压和糖尿病的患者应为白内障防治的重点人群。     

Relationship between dietary macronutrient intake and the risk of age-related cataract in middle-aged and elderly patients in northeast China

AIM: To examine the association between dietary macronutrient intake and the risk of age-related cataract (ARC) in middle-aged and elderly men.METHODS:A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from December 2009 to November 2011. Cases (n=360) were patients with cataract aged 45-85 years old, and controls (n=360) were patients who had been admitted to the same hospital for diseases not related with cataract. All subjects were interviewed using a structured interviewer-administrated questionnaire that included information on socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle habits and detailed medical history, simultaneously, the dietary intakes of nutrients were collected via a valid semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). The odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of three types of ARC were estimated using multiple logistic regression models.RESULTS: After adjusting for multiple potential confounders, total dietary intake of carbohydrate was positively associated with cortical cataract, compared to controls in the lowest quartile, and the OR for cases in the highest quartile of intake was 2.471 (95%CI:1.348-6.043, P=0.027). Higher dietary intakes of protein were protective for posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC) (OR=0.528, 95%CI:0.148-0.869, P=0.023). Dietary fat intake was not associated with any type of cataract, however, participants in the highest quartile of polyunsaturated fatty acids intake had 2.7 times the risk of nuclear cataract as did those in the lowest quartile (OR=2.742, 95%CI:1.790-4.200, P=0.033).CONCLUSION: A high intake of carbohydrate and polyunsaturated fatty acid may increase the odds of cortical and nuclear cataract, respectively, whereas high intake of protein, especially animal protein, may protect against PSC cataract. It is possible that dietary changes of target population may reduce the risk of ARC.     

Hypertension and diabetes synergistically strengthen the association with cataracts among Chinese

AIM: To examine the relationship between age-related cataracts (ARC) and comorbid hypertension and diabetes. METHODS: We analyzed the administrative records of 6,467 patients aged 50 years and older admitted to the ophthalmological department of a tertiary hospital from January 1st, 2011 to May 20th, 2017. With either eye considered, an ARC (n=3,343) was defined as the presence of lens opacity or previous cataract surgery without evidence of trauma, congenital anomalies or using certain medications. Patients admitted to the same department during the same period due to ocular traumas without clinical evidence of cataracts (n=379) were recruited as the cataract-free controls. Unconditional logistic regressions were obtained the odds ratio (OR) of hypertension and diabetes among ARC patients adjusted for age, sex and health care accessibility. RESULTS: Hypertension was diagnosed in 29.54% of men with any type of cataracts, in 30.12% of men with an ARC, and 10.82% of men of cataract-free controls. Diabetes was diagnosed in 16.64% of men with any type of cataracts, in 16.48% of men with ARC and 4.22% of men of cataract-free controls. Similar patterns were observed among women. After adjusting for age, sex, and health care accessibility, hypertension was weakly [OR=1.83 (95%CI: 1.23, 2.74)] and diabetes was strongly [3.38 (1.86, 6.15)] associated with ARCs. The adjusted OR of comorbid hypertension and diabetes among adults with ARC was 18.20 (4.38, 75.59). CONCLUSION: Hypertension and diabetes were independently associated with ARC. Hypertension and diabetes, if co-existing, multiplicatively strengthened the association with ARC.     

Association of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus with cataract extraction. A case-control study

The authors conducted a case-control hospital-based study to assess the prevalence of systemic diseases and drugs in 161 cataract extraction patients and 196 surgical patients matched by age, sex, and race. The data were analyzed using matched multiple logistic regressions. A statistically significant increased risk of cataract extraction was found in patients with systemic hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.49, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.06-2.09) and diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.23-2.60). Estimation of the combined effect of systemic hypertension and diabetes mellitus resulted in an even higher risk for cataract extraction (OR = 2.66, 95% CI = 1.67-4.23). A positive association of cataract extraction and treatment of systemic hypertension with the diuretic furosemide was also found (OR = 1.95, 95% CI = 1.02-3.74).     

The application of ultra-wide-field fundus autofluorescence in early metastatic choroidal tumor screening

AIM: To summarize quantitatively the prospective association between physical activity and the risk of age-related cataract (ARC). METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched for all follow up studies until July 2019. Data from each follow up study on the adjusted relative risks (RRs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were extracted to calculate a pooled risk estimates. The dose-response relationship was assessed using generalized least-squares trend estimation. RESULTS: Six prospective cohort studies, involving 19 173 cases in 6.2-12y follow up of 171 620 participants, were included in the analysis. Increased physical activity was significantly associated with reduced risk of ARC by 10% (RR: 0.90; 95%CI: 0.81, 0.99, P=0.04). Stratified analysis by assessment method for physical activity suggest that studies using metabolic equivalent (MET) per day tended to report a slightly stronger association with ARC (RR:0.85; 95%CI: 0.81, 0.90, P<0.001) than studies which assessed activity by weekly activity (RR:0.96; 95%CI: 0.89, 1.03, P=0.24). Dose-response analysis indicated that the risk of ARC decreased by 2% (RR: 0.98; 95%CI: 0.98, 0.99, P<0.001) for every 6 METs per day increase in activity. CONCLUSION: The findings from this meta-analysis provide additional evidence that increased physical activity is associated with reduced risk of ARC dose-responsively.     

Physical activity and risk of age-related cataract

AIM: To investigate the relationships between the changes of heat shock protein 27 antibody (anti-HSP27) in serum/cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), intraocular pressure (IOP), retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in a rat glaucoma model and disclose the underlying pathogenesis of glaucoma. METHODS：A total of 115 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was the ocular hypertension group by condensing 3 episcleral & limbal veins or episcleral area of right eye (HP group, n=25) and sham operation group with conjunctiva incision without coagulation (n=25). Group 2 was injected with HSP27 or dose-matched PBS into vitreous cavity (V-HSP27 group, n=15; V-PBS group, n=15). Group 3 was injected subcutaneously into the hind limb with HSP27 and complete Freund''s adjuvant or dose-matched PBS accompanied to intaperitoneal injection of pertussis toxin [sensitized group (I-HSP27 group), n=15; I-PBS group, n=15)]. Group 4 was normal group without any treatment (n=5). IOPs of the rats were measured before, day 3, weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 after treatment. Paraffin-embedded sections were prepared for HE staining and RGCs apoptosis were detected by TUNEL. Anti-HSP27 level in serum and CSF were examined by ELISA. RESULTS: IOPs were elevated significantly in HP and V-HSP27, V-PBS groups (P<0.01) and positively related to anti-HSP27 levels in serum and CSFs. Anti-HSP27 levels in serum and CSF were elevated significantly in I-HSP27 group compared to other groups (P<0.05). However, the IOPs did not show any relationship with the high-level anti-HSP27 in serum and CSFs. RGC apoptosis were all elevated significantly in the HP, V-HSP27, V-PBS and I-HSP27 groups and also positively relative with anti-HSP27 level in serum and CSFs except that high-level of anti-HSP27 in the serum of I-HSP group. CONCLUSION: The increases of anti-HSP27 levels in serum and CSFs both promote IOP escalation and the increase of RGC apoptosis in retina when anti-HSP27 was at low level. The case of high-level anti-HSP27 is opposite and shows protective function in preventing IOP increase and RGC apoptosis.     

The epidemiology of cataract: a study in Greece

Purpose: We conducted a case–control study to identify risk factors for cataract in the Mediterranean Greek population. Three hundred and fourteen cases and 314 frequency‐matched controls of both genders, aged 45–85, attending the ophthalmology department of a major teaching hospital in Athens, Greece, were included in the study. Methods: Cases were medically diagnosed and classified. Controls were healthy visitors without cataract. A detailed questionnaire, covering demographic, socioeconomic, somatometric, lifestyle and medical history variables, provided data on possible risk factors for cataract. Analyses were conducted through multiple logistic regression. Main outcome measures: Cataract overall and by type: nuclear, cortical and posterior subcapsular (PSC). Results: Statistically significant increased risk for cataract overall was found for current (OR = 1.99, 95%CI: 1.23–3.23) and ex‐smokers (OR = 1.64, 95%CI: 1.02–2.70), history of coronary heart disease (OR = 2.25, 95%CI: 1.43–3.55), family history of ophthalmologic diseases (OR = 1.51, 95%CI: 1.03–2.20) and higher sunlight exposure at the beach (OR = 2.26, 95%CI: 1.37–3.72) as well as at work (OR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.32–3.12). Use of measures protecting against sunlight at the beach, i.e. hat (OR = 0.58, 95%CI: 0.39–0.85) and vision repair spectacles (OR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.30–0.65), were associated with reduced risk. Results for cataract overall were also evident for the nuclear type and in most circumstances for PSC type, but were only suggestive for the cortical type of cataract. Conclusion: We identified certain possible risk factors for age‐related cataract. In a Mediterranean Greek population, we found that smoking, use of cortisone drops, cardiovascular heart disease and sunlight exposure increase the risk for cataract, while use of hat and vision repair spectacles act protectively.     

DNA修复基因的拷贝数变异与年龄相关性白内障的关系

目的　探讨中国汉族人群中DNA修复基因的拷贝数多态性（copy number variations，CNV）与年龄相关性白内障（age-related cataract，ARC）易感性的关系。方法　研究对象来自“江苏眼病研究”流行病学人群，包括ARC组780例和对照组525人。采集受试者外周静脉血，提取全血基因组DNA。通过实时荧光定量PCR方法检测四种DNA修复基因的拷贝数（copy number，CN），分析ARC组和对照组基因CN的差异以及相对危险度（odds ratio，OR）。结果　在WRN基因中发现了新的CNV。WRN基因高拷贝（CN=3+）与ARC的易感性有关（OR=1.88，P=0.02）；HSF4基因低拷贝（CN=1）的人群对ARC易感（OR=4.09，P=0.004）。WRN基因高拷贝与核性以及后囊下性ARC的易感性有关（OR=2.06、3.72，均为P=0.02）。HSF4基因低拷贝与核性以及后囊下性ARC的易感性有关（OR=5.73，P=0.001；OR=6.80，P=0.01）。WRN和HSF4基因的联合作用显著增加了ARC的易感性。经过多重校正以后，仅有HSF4的CNV与ARC的易感性有关，尤其与核性和后囊下性ARC的易感性有关。结论　HSF4基因与WRN基因的CNV可能与中国汉族人群ARC的易感性有关。DNA修复基因对ARC易感性有一定的作用，并且对不同亚型ARC产生不同的影响。