门静脉高压症的微创治疗

肝硬变是我国常见病,失代偿期的患者5年生存率仅24%～30%。门静脉高压症是肝硬变失代偿期的重要临床特点,常伴有食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血、顽固性腹水、肝性脑病等并发症。门静脉高压症的传统治疗方法包括内科治疗与外科治疗。内科治疗包括药物治疗(血管加压素、生长     

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据统计约有 80 %的原发性肝癌病人伴有不同程度的肝硬变 ,因此肝癌合并门静脉高压症在临床上并不少见[1] 。文献报道 ,肝癌病人合并食管胃底静脉曲张的发生率约为2 7%～ 35 7% ,约有 15 %～ 2 8%肝癌病人死于食管静脉曲张破裂出血 ,占肝癌直接死亡原因的第 2位。因此 ,在治疗肝癌的同时能否有效地处理门静脉高压症的问题直接关系到肝癌病人的预后。随着肝癌早诊、早治、二期切除以及外科综合治疗的发展 ,肝癌的总体疗效逐步提高 ,对肝癌合并门静脉高压症及其并发症的防治已引起外科医生的重视。1　发病机制肝癌合并门静脉高压与一般门静脉…     

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分流术是治疗门静脉高压症食管静脉曲张破裂出血的有效方法 ,但术后仍有一定的再出血率 ,且随着时间的延长而升高。我们在 1989～ 1999年的 10年间 ,外科治疗 392例门静脉高压症 ,其中门体分流术的再出血率为 13 91% ,选择性分流术的再出血率为 8 47% [1] 。1　术后再出血的原因1 1　肝硬变进行性改变门静脉高压症的主要病因是肝硬变 ,分流术主要针对门静脉高压症引起的上消化道出血 ,而术后肝硬变这一根本因素依然存在 ,肝硬变进行性加重是术后再出血的根本原因之一。1 2　手术因素在分流术中 ,由于技术等原因致分流术后吻合口狭窄、扭曲或…     

肝硬变门静脉高压症并门静脉血栓的外科治疗(附6例报告)

肝硬变门静脉高压症并门静脉血栓的外科治疗（附６例报告）河南省人民医院肝胆外科（郑州，４５０００３）薛涣洲张宏伟王延芳姜青峰田建国自１９９２年３月至１９９５年５月，我们为６例肝硬变门静脉高压症并门静脉血栓病人施行了手术治疗。经１年至４年２个月的随访，效...     

肝移植时代门静脉高压症外科手术方式的选择

肝硬变门静脉高压症最致命的并发症是食管和胃底静脉曲张破裂出血问题,外科手术治疗均试图从不同途径解决该并发症。国内外诸多学者创立并改良了多种分流及断流手术,但疗效始终无法令人满意。Starzl于1963年成功开展了全球首例肝移植手术,给门静脉高压症的外科治疗带来了革     

脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症45例

目的：总结脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的疗效。方法：对45例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者采用脾切除术加贲门周围血管离断术治疗,观察治疗效果。结果：总有效率95.5%,术后并发症发生率22.2%,1例死于腹水感染及呼吸衰竭,1例死于肝昏迷。结论：脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症效果好,并发症少。     

门静脉高压症外科的现状

我国对门静脉高压症的外科治疗，经过五十年的临床实践和实验研究，获得了许多改进和创新。现在门静脉高压症的外科治疗，已普及到我国城乡各基层医院，抢救了大量患者。特别自七十年代以来，对肝硬变和肝纤维化的血流动力学进行了深入研究后，使门静脉高压症的外科治疗逐...     

门静脉高压症食管胃底曲张静脉的经腹断流和栓塞术

食管、胃底静脉曲张是肝硬变门静脉高压症的一种危险并发症。曲张静脉一旦破裂出血,半数病例可因此死亡,且不论用何种方法止血。由于肝硬变难以逆转,患者在术后不仅有再出血的危险,另一部分患者还终将死于肝功能衰竭。 治疗食管、胃底静脉曲张/出血的方法有多种,但就其治疗原则而论不外三类:一类手术是在门静脉系统与体静脉之间作各种分流术,如脾肾、脾腔、     

门静脉高压症患者血儿茶酚胺浓度及其拮抗剂的作用

为了解儿茶酚胺类递质在肝硬变门静脉高压症发病中的作用，作者测定了１３例经病理证实实的雨水 死后肝硬变门静脉高压症患者及３４例无肝脏和心血管疾病的对照者周围静脉血压中的肾上腺素及去甲肾上腺素的浓度，并观察了从周围静脉输入α肾上腺素受体拮抗剂酚妥拉明前后肝硬变门静脉高压症患者肝静脉楔入压、自由肝静脉压和肝静脉压力梯度的变化。     

门静脉高压症患者行脾切除术对肝癌发生及复发影响的研究进展

目的探讨门静脉高压症患者行脾切除对肝癌发生及复发的影响。方法复习近年来国内外关于肝硬变合并门静脉高压症患者及肝癌合并门静脉高压症患者行脾切除术的研究文献,并进行综述。结果目前大部分学者认为,对肝硬变合并门静脉高压症患者行脾切除术可以降低肝癌的发生率,而对肝癌合并门静脉高压症患者同期行肝脾联合切除手术不增加围手术期死亡率,并能降低肝癌的复发率。结论门静脉高压症患者行脾切除是安全可行的,脾切除能抑制肝癌的发生及进展,但具体机制仍待进一步研究。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.