旋毛虫机蚴抗原诱导小鼠抗日本血吸虫保护性免疫的研究

目的：探讨旋毛虫幼虫抗原免疫小鼠对日本血吸虫攻击感染的交叉保护作用。方法：用4种不同的旋毛虫幼虫抗原制剂经颈部皮下多点免疫小鼠，然后用日本血吸虫尾蚴30条或100条攻击感染，攻击后45d剖杀小鼠，收集成虫、肝组织和粪便中的虫卵，并计数。结果：4种不同制剂均可诱导不同程度的保护性免疫效应，以旋毛虫幼虫匀浆上清可溶性抗原（TsSA）效果较好，减虫率为21．3％，加用福氏佐剂时，其减虫率为29．3％，肝组织和粪便中的虫卵减少率分别达48％和58．5％，平均每鼠肝组织和粪便中的虫卵EPG减少率分别为41．7％和48．9％；当抗原剂量为10000条旋毛虫并加用福氏佐剂时，其减虫率达39．6％。结论：旋毛虫抗原免疫小鼠能诱导抗日本血吸虫攻击感染的免疫效应。     

日本血吸虫及其中间宿主原肌球蛋白免疫小鼠的保护作用

目的：探讨从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫及其中间宿主湖北钉螺头足部分离的天然原肌球蛋白（分别称为ＳｊｃＴＭ和ＯｈＴＭ）免疫小鼠后对日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染的保护作用。方法：参照Ｃｏｔｅ和Ｓｍｉｌｉｅ文献改进的方法从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫及其中间宿主湖北钉螺头足部分别提取天然原肌球蛋白（ＴＭ）抗原，用ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ分析其纯度和分子量，并以所提纯之ＴＭ抗原加福氏佐剂皮下多点注射免疫Ｃ５７ＢＬ／６雌性小鼠，共免疫３次，攻击感染后６ｗｋ解剖小鼠，门脉灌注收集成虫，并分类计数小鼠肝脏和肠组织内的未成熟和成熟虫卵。同时设立佐剂对照组。结果：日本血吸虫大陆株成虫和湖北钉螺ＴＭ分子量相似约４０ｋＤａ。与佐剂对照组相比，日本血吸虫和湖北钉螺ＴＭ免疫组：减虫率分别为２１．１％和２８．２％；平均每对成虫肝脏减卵率分别为２０．１％和５２．２％，肠组织减卵率分别为３２．８％和２８．１％；肝脏成熟虫卵减少率分别为２５．９％和４６．８％，在肠组织的减少率分别为３９．７％和６６．８％。结论：日本血吸虫和湖北钉螺ＴＭ抗原具明显的免疫原性，免疫小鼠后具有抗感染和抗血吸虫病免疫的作用。可作为血吸虫病候选疫苗分子作进一步研究。     

日本血吸虫磷酸丙糖异构酶小鼠免疫试验

目的：探讨从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫分离的天然磷酸丙糖异构酶抗原（ＳｊｃＴＰＩ）免疫小鼠后对尾蚴攻击感染的保护性作用。方法：采用丙酮沉淀法从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫中提取天然的ＴＰＩ抗原，并以所提纯的ＳｊｃＴＰＩ抗原加福氏佐剂经皮下和肌肉注射免疫ＮＩＨ小鼠，攻击感染后６ｗｋ收集小鼠血清并计数成虫负荷及肝、肠组织虫卵数。同时设有日本血吸虫成虫抗原（ＳＷＡＰ）免疫对照组和攻击感染对照组。结果：天然ＳｊｃＴＰＩ抗原免疫小鼠后减虫率为２１．４％－２５．０％，肝组织减卵率达５７．８％－６０．３％；ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＴＰＩ免疫小鼠血清抗ＴＰＩ抗体ＯＤ值明显高于对照组小鼠的ＯＤ值（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论：天然的ＳｊｃＴＰＩ抗原具明显的免疫原性和抗原性，可以继续进行编码ＴＰＩ基因的克隆与表达。     

日本血吸虫及其中间宿主原肌球蛋白免疫小鼠的保护作用

目的：探讨从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫及其中间宿主湖北钉螺头足部分离的天然原肌球蛋白（分别称为SjcTM和OhTM）免疫小鼠后对日本血吸虫尾蚴攻击感染的保护作用。方法：参照Cote和Smilie文献改进的方法从日本血吸虫大陆株成虫及其中间宿主湖北钉螺头足部分别提取天然原肌球蛋白（TM）抗原，用SDS－PAGE分析其纯度和分子量，并以所提纯之TM抗原加福氏佐剂皮下多点注射免疫C57BL／6雌性小鼠，共免疫3次，攻击感染后6wk解剖小鼠，门脉灌注收集成虫，并分类计数小鼠肝脏和肠组织内的未成熟和成熟虫卵。同时设立佐剂对照组。结果：日本血吸虫大陆株成虫和湖北钉螺TM分子量相似约40kDa。与佐剂对照组相比，日本血吸虫和湖北钉螺TM 免疫组: 减虫率分别为21.1% 和28.2%; 平均每对成虫肝脏减卵率分别为20.1%和52.2% , 肠组织减卵率分别为32.8% 和28.1%; 肝脏成熟虫卵减少率分别为25.9% 和46.8% ,在肠组织的减少率分别为39.7% 和66.8%。结论: 日本血吸虫和湖北钉螺TM 抗原具明显的免疫原性, 免疫小鼠后具有抗感染和抗血吸虫病免疫的作用。可作为血吸虫病候选疫苗分子作进一步研究。     

旋毛虫肌肉期幼虫分泌排泄物中46—58kD抗原诱发小鼠保护性免疫的研究

为探讨旋毛虫肌肉期幼虫分泌排泄物（ＴｓＬ１－ＥＳ）中４６－５８ＫＤ抗原的保护性免疫作用，本文用该纯化原组分加福氏完全佐剂（ＦＣＡ）腹腔注射免疫昆明小鼠３次，继以旋毛虫感染性幼虫３００条攻击感染，感染后第７天计数小鼠肠道成虫数、第３０天肌肉继虫数和血清抗体ＩｇＧ滴度。结果：４６－５８ＫＤ抗原免疫鼠的肠道成虫减虫率、肌肉幼虫减虫率和血清抗体ＩｇＧ的几何平均倒数滴度分别为４１．８％、４６．１％和２８４１     

重组日本血吸虫副肌球蛋白诱导小鼠保护力的研究

目的 用重组日本血吸虫副肌球蛋白（rSj97)免疫小鼠,观察保护效果。方法 小鼠随机分为3组,免疫组在0、2、15周,皮下注射rSj97加佐剂Quil,同一时间佐剂对照组和空白对照组注射等量QuilA和缓冲液A,第3次免疫后,每鼠经腹部贴片攻击感染50条尾蚴,感染后45d剖杀小鼠,观察其减虫和减卵效果。结果 与缓冲液和QuilA对照组相比,rSj97 QuilA免疫组的减虫率分别为44．1％（P＜0．01）和17．8％（P＜0．05）,每克肝组织虫卵数（LEPG）减少率分别为76．5％（P＜0．01）和16．9％（P＜0．05）,每雌肝组织虫卵数（LEPF）减少率分别为62．2％（P＜0．01）和6．1％（P＜0．05）。结论 rSj97加佐剂QuilA可诱导小鼠产生明显的抗血吸虫攻击感染的保护性免疫力及抗生殖免疫力。     

旋毛虫编码新生幼虫p46 kDa抗原基因重组融合蛋白对小鼠的免疫保护性研究

目的 探讨旋毛虫编码新生幼虫p46 kDa抗原基因重组融合蛋白WN10对小鼠的免疫保护性。方法 将纯化的重组融合蛋白WN10以20μg/只的剂量分3次免疫小鼠后，攻击感染旋毛虫肌幼虫200条／只，检查旋毛虫7日龄成虫数、雌虫体外产生新生幼虫数、感染35d的肌幼虫数并计算减虫率，同时用ELISA法检测血清中抗WN10抗体IgG滴度。结果WN10免疫小鼠后获得旋毛虫7日龄成虫、肌幼虫的减虫率分别为64．28％和61．21％，均与感染对照组和佐剂对照组差异显著；获得雌虫产新生幼虫的减虫率为16．46％，与感染对照组和佐剂对照组差异不显著；WN10免疫组小鼠在第3次免疫后1周可检测到高滴度的抗WN10抗体IgG，在攻击感染旋毛虫9周后仍维持在较高水平。结论 编码旋毛虫新生幼虫p46 kDa抗原基因重组融合蛋白可诱导小鼠产生较强的抗旋毛虫保护性免疫。     

日本血吸虫重组抗原保护性免疫力的诱导

采用日本血吸虫重组抗原加福氏佐剂免疫小鼠,攻击感染后,不仅可减少虫负荷(减虫率为29.2％—51.0％),还可降低血吸虫雌虫的产卵量(减卵率为52.1％—74.3％),抗体滴度在初次免疫后3wk即显著升高,并持续维持较高水平。结果表明,经大肠杆菌表达的日本血吸虫重组抗原能够诱导抗攻击感染的保护性免疫力,可望作为混合多价疫苗的候选组分。     

日本血吸虫云南品系SIEA对小鼠感染皖鄂品系血吸虫的免疫保护作用

目的观察日本血吸虫云南品系未成熟卵可溶性抗原SIEA免疫小鼠后攻击感染皖鄂品系血吸虫尾蚴,是否也能诱导出免疫保护效果。方法20只ICR小鼠随机分为免疫组和对照组,经日本血吸虫云南品系SIEA免疫后攻击感染皖鄂品系血吸虫尾蚴,感染后46d观察减虫率、粪卵减少率、雌虫子宫内虫卵数、肝表面虫卵结节数、肝脏各期虫卵数及各期虫卵构成比。结果SIEA免疫后粪卵及雌虫子宫内虫卵减少率分别为34．45％,23．69％（P〈0．05）;肝表面虫卵结节密度下降29．03％（P〈0．05）;肝组织内虫卵减少29．07％（P〈0．05）,成熟虫卵减少48．41％（P〈0．05）。肝组织内成熟虫卵比例下降,未成熟卵比例增加（P〈0．05）。结论日本血吸虫（云南品系）未成熟卵可溶性抗原（SIEA）的抗原性较强,小鼠经云南品系SIEA免疫后攻击感染皖鄂品系血吸虫尾蚴也诱导小鼠产生了抗卵胚发育及抗雌虫生殖免疫力,结果提示将来在中国大陆使用SIEA疫苗时,似可不必考虑血吸虫品系的影响。     

旋毛虫肌肉期幼虫分泌排泄物中46-58kD抗原诱发小鼠保护性免疫的研究

为探讨旋毛虫肌肉期幼虫分泌排泄物（ＴｓＬ１ＥＳ）中４６５８ｋＤ抗原的保护性免疫作用，本文用该纯化抗原组分加福氏完全佐剂（ＦＣＡ）腹腔注射免疫昆明小鼠３次，继以旋毛虫感染性幼虫３００条攻击感染，感染后第７天计数小鼠肠道成虫数、第３０天肌肉幼虫数和血清抗体ＩｇＧ滴度。结果：４６５８ｋＤ抗原免疫鼠的肠道成虫减虫率、肌肉幼虫减虫率和血清抗体ＩｇＧ的几何平均倒数滴度分别为４１８％、４６１％和２８４１２；与ＴｓＬ１ＥＳ诱导的保护性免疫力（４８３％、５０２％和３４５８６）水平接近；显著高于佐剂对照组（４８％、８３％和７４８６）。表明：ＴｓＬ１ＥＳ中４６５８ｋＤ抗原组分可产生明显的保护性免疫作用     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.