斑点追踪技术对急性前壁心肌梗死患者左心室扭转及解旋运动的研究

目的 应用斑点追踪技术(STI)评价急件前壁心肌梗死(AMI)患者左心室扭转及解旋运动的变化.方法 38例AMI患者根据左室射血分数(LVEF)分为两组:LVEF正常组(LVEF≥45%,21例)和LVEF减低组(LVEF<45%,17例).20例正常人作为对照组.取左室心尖和心底短轴二维图像,应用EchoPAC超声工作站进行脱机分析,计算左室扭转角度峰值(Ptw)、收缩末期扭转角度(AVCtw)、等容舒张末期扭转角度(MVOtw)、解旋率(UntwR)、扭转速度峰值(PTV)、扭转速度达峰时间(TPTV)、解旋速度峰值(PUV)和解旋速度达峰时间(TPUV).结果 与对照组及LVEF正常组相比,LVEF减低组Ptw、AVCtw、MVOtw、UntwR明显减低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).三组之间PUV、PTV及TPTV差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).UntwR与LVEF及左室收缩末期容积有相关性.结论 STI技术可准确评价前壁AMI患者左室扭转及解旋.AMI患者LVEF减低组左室扭转角度及UntwR明显减低;左室扭转及解旋影响左窒收缩功能.     

斑点追踪技术对高血压并左室肥厚患者左室扭转及解旋运动的研究

目的 应用斑点追踪技术(STI)评价高血压合并左室肥厚(LVH)患者左室的扭转及解旋运动.方法 采集29例正常人和50例原发性高血压伴轻度左室肥厚(LVH)及中-重度LVH患者左室短轴心尖和心底水平二维图像,用EchoPAC工作站脱机分析.计算扭转角度峰值(Ptw)、收缩末期扭转角度(AVCtw)、等容舒张末期扭转角度(MVOtw)、解旋率(UntwR)、扭转速度峰值(PTV)、扭转速度达峰时间(TPTV)、解旋速度峰值(PUV)和解旋速度达峰时间(TPUV).结果 高血压轻度LVH及中-重度LVH组Ptw、AVCtw、MVOtw较正常组明显增加(P<0.05).UntwR在三组间两两比较,差异均有显著性(P<0.05).与正常组及轻度LVH组比较,中-重度LVH组TPUV明显延长(P<0.05).结论 STI技术可准确评价高血压LVH引起的左室功能的改变;UntwR可能成为一个评价左室舒张功能的新指标.     

超声斑点追踪技术评价尿毒症与原发性高血压患者左心室扭转及解旋运动

目的 应用超声斑点追踪技术(STI)比较尿毒症高血压患者及原发性高血压患者左心室扭转解旋运动。方法 对尿毒症组、原发性高血压组各20例,正常对照组20名,计算左心室扭转角度峰值(Ptw)及达峰时间(Time at Ptw)、舒张末期扭转角度(AVCtw)、扭转速度峰值(PTV)、解旋率(UntwR)、解旋减半时间(HTU),比较三组的差异。结果 ①尿毒症组较正常对照组Ptw、AVCtw、PTV减低,Time at Ptw延长,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05),原发性高血压组较正常对照组Ptw和AVCtw增大,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。②尿毒症组和原发性高血压组UntwR小于、且HTU大于正常对照组(P均<0.05)。结论 采用STI技术可准确比较尿毒症患者与原发性高血压患者的左心室扭转解旋运动的异同。     

超声二维斑点追踪显像评价肥厚型心肌病左心室扭转和径向位移的初步研究

目的 采用超声二维斑点追踪显像技术(STI)探讨肥厚型心肌病(HCM)患者左室扭转运动的特征.方法 随机选取心功能测值正常的HCM患者及正常对照各35例,取胸骨旁左室心尖和心底短轴观二维图像对左室旋转及径向位移进行测量分析,记录并计算心底部旋转角度峰值(Prot-MV)、心尖部旋转角度峰值(Prot-AP)、扭转角度峰值(Ptw)、收缩期末扭转角度(AVCtw))、等容舒张期末扭转角度(MVOtw)、解旋率(Untw R)、解旋减半时间(HTU)、收缩期末径向位移(AVCdisp)、等容舒张期径向位移(IVRTdisp),比较两组间上述各参数的差别;同时构建左室扭转一径向位移环,并分析其各形态参数.结果 ①与对照组比较.HCM组Prot-MV、Prot-AP、Ptw、AVCtw、MVOtw、HTU测值均增加,Untw R测值减低,两组间差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05),而AVCdisp、IVRTdisp测值差异无统计学意义.②HCM组内左室旋转心尖部达峰时间较心底部测值增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).③与对照组比较,HCM组收缩期及等容舒张期左室扭转-径向位移环的变化斜率均增加,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 STI显示HCM患者左室旋转运动力学参数较正常人有明显异常改变.     

速度向量成像技术评价正常人左室扭转及解旋运动

目的评价正常人左室扭转及解旋,并观察正常人心室扭转和解旋随着年龄变化的特征。方法选取94例健康志愿者,按年龄分成青年组（18～45岁）、中年组（46—64岁）、老年组（65～79岁）、老老年组（1〉80岁）,留取心底部、心尖部左室短轴切面二维灰阶图像,应用速度向量成像技术获得左室各节段及整体的旋转角度及旋转速度,计算左心室扣转角度、扭转速度、解旋速度参数,并计算左室解旋率。结果正常人左室心底部与心尖部心肌旋转角度、旋转速度曲线随心动周期规律变化;随着年龄增加,左室收缩期最大扭转角度（Ptw）、主动脉瓣关闭时左室扭转角度（AVCtw）、二尖瓣开放时左室扭转角度（MVOtw）及解旋速度（PUV）逐渐增加,左室解旋率随年龄增加而减小。结论速度向量成像技术可以评价左室扭转及解旋运动,左室扭转及解旋随年龄增加而改变。     

斑点追踪显像评价原发性高血压患者左心室旋转和扭转

目的 探讨斑点追踪显像(STI)评价原发性高血压(EH)患者左心室旋转和扭转运动早期改变的价值.方法 对65例左心室正常构型(LVN)的EH患者和45名正常人,经胸采集左心室短轴心尖水平和心底水平的二维图像,计算心底水平旋转角度峰值(MV-Prot)、心尖水平旋转角度峰值(AP-Prot)、扭转角度峰值(Ptw)、收缩期末扭转角度(AVCtw)、等容舒张期末扭转角度(MVOtw)、解扭转率(Untw R)和解扭转减半时间(HTU).结果 在NLAE组和LAE组中,MV-Prot和AP-Prot间差异无统计学意义.与正常组相比,NLAE组和LAE组MV-Prot、AP-Prot、Ptw、AVCtw和MVOtw增大,Untw R减低、HTU延长.结论 EH患者早期左心室旋转及扭转运动功能改变的特征是心尖部相对心底部旋转优势消失、旋转和扭转增高、解扭转降低.     

二维斑点追踪技术评价不同冠脉病变支数对冠心病患者左室解旋运动的影响

目的探讨二维斑点追踪(2DSTI)技术评价不同冠脉病变支数对冠心病患者左室解旋运动的影响,为准确评估冠心病患者左室舒张功能提供依据。方法 75例疑为冠心病的患者根据冠脉造影结果分为冠心病组45例(其中单支病变组27例和多支病变组18例)和对照组30例。应用2DSTI技术测量左室峰值扭转角度(Ptw)、峰值扭转角速度(PTV)、收缩末期扭转角度(AVCtw)、等容舒张末期扭转角度(MVOtw)、等容舒张期左室解旋率(Untw-R)、解旋速度峰值(PUV)、解旋角速度达峰时间(T-PUV)及解旋减半时间(UHT)。结果与对照组比较,冠心病组患者Ptw、PTV及PUV差异无统计学意义;冠心病组Untw-R低于对照组(P﹤0.001),T-PUV和UHT高于对照组(P﹤0.001)。多支病变组患者Untw-R和PUV明显低于单支病变组,T-PUV和UHT较对照组明显延长,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论冠心病患者左室解旋运动出现明显减低与延迟,多支冠脉狭窄患者左室解旋运动减低与延迟较单支冠脉狭窄患者更为明显。     

二维斑点追踪技术在评估急性心肌梗死患者远期预后中的应用

目的 应用二维斑点追踪(STI)技术评估急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者不同治疗方法的远期效果.方法 选择30名健康查体者(对照组)及80例AMI患者(AMI组),其中急诊冠状动脉介入(PCI)组30例,择期PCI组25例,保守治疗组25例,AMI患者分别在出院后4～6个月进行随访.采用彩色多普勒超声仪Simpson法测量左心室射血分数(LVEF),以STI技术测量左心室心尖和心底各个节段旋转角度,同步记录左心室扭转峰值(Ptw)、心尖旋转峰值(PAR)、心底旋转峰值(PBR)、收缩末期左心室扭转角度(AVCtw)、等容舒张期末扭转角度(MVOtw)、解旋率(UntwR)、解旋减半时间(HTU),并分析Ptw与LVEF的相关性.结果 3组AMI患者Ptw(F=22.481)、PAR(F=12.899)、AVCtw(F=18.923)、MVOtw(F=16.423)明显低于对照组(P均＜0.05),急诊PCI组出院后随访Ptw[(18.61±8.08)°]、PAR[(12.16 ±6.98)°]较住院期间升高[(13.76±6.31)°与(7.03±5.76)°],择期PCI组随访时Ptw[(19.54±7.73)°]、PAR[(13.49±7.02)°]较住院期间升高[(15.25±6.83)°与(9.69±6.72)°],差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-2.607、-3.104,-2.079、-1.955,P均＜0.05);AMI患者Ptw与LVEF呈显著正相关(r=0.527,P＜0.05).结论 STI技术可通过定量检测收缩期左心室扭转运动较好地评价AMI患者左心室收缩功能,是指导临床诊治的新型无创性方法.     

斑点追踪显像技术对正常成人左室扭转和解旋运动的初步研究

目的使用斑点追踪显像（speckle tracking imaging,STI）技术评价正常成人左室扭转和解旋运动,并探讨年龄对其运动的影响。 方法记录76例健康成人的左室基底部和心尖部短轴高帧频二次谐波图像,应用二维应变分析软件分别获得2个平面的旋转角度-时间和旋转速度-时间曲线,根据其平均值绘制左室整体的扭转角度-时间和扭转速度-时间曲线,测量扭转峰值、等容舒张末期扭转角度、扭转速度峰值及达峰时间,计算解旋率。 结果收缩期左室产生扭转运动,包括基底部顺时针旋转和心尖部逆时针旋转,收缩末后立即发生快速解旋运动。老年组的扭转峰值、等容舒张末期扭转角度明显大于中年组（P〈0.001）和青年组（P〈0.001）,老年组（P〈0.05）及中年组（P〈0.05）的解旋率明显低于青年组,扭转速度负向达峰时间也延迟（P〈0.05）。 结论二维斑点追踪技术可以无创评价左室扭转和解旋运动,年龄是其影响因素。     

超声二维斑点追踪成像技术评价尿毒症患者左心室扭转与同步性运动

目的 应用超声二维斑点追踪成像技术(STI)探讨尿毒症患者的左心室旋转及扭转运动特征,并评价心肌同步性运动.方法 尿毒症患者30例,正常对照组31例.经胸采集并存储标准左心室基底部及心尖部短轴二维图像,运用EchoPAC超声工作站进行脱机分析.计算左心室心尖部旋转角度及达峰时间、心底部旋转角度及达峰时间、左心室峰值扭转角度及达峰时间、主动脉瓣关闭时间点扭转角度、解旋率,并比较两组间各参数的差异.结果 ①尿毒症患者左心室心尖部旋转角度峰值(Prot)、峰值扭转角度(Ptw)、主动脉瓣关闭时间点扭转角度(AVCtw)及解旋率(UntwR)较正常对照组明显减低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001).②尿毒症患者心尖部旋转角度达峰时间、扭转角度达峰时间均明显延迟于主动脉瓣关闭时间,而心底部旋转角度达峰时间早于主动脉瓣关闭时间,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).③尿毒症患者Ptw与左心室射血分数(LVEF)、收缩末期容积(LVESV)、舒张末期容积(LVEDV)及心尖部旋转速度峰值(PTVap)高度相关(P<0.05).结论 STI技术可准确、无创地评价左心室旋转及扭转运动,并能从旋转运动的角度评估心肌运动的同步性.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.