外源性表面活性剂对咽鼓管开放功能影响的实验研究

外源性表面活性剂对咽鼓管开放功能影响的实验研究郑国玺汪立李宝树张正民朱有玲王学勤卫小红杨妙丽我们通过鼓室内注入外源性表面活性物质（ＳＡＳ），观察不同状态下咽鼓管的被动开放压（ＰＯＬ），为探索分泌性中耳炎的治疗方法提供实验依据。一、材料和方法１．材料：...     

分泌性中耳炎咽鼓管功能障碍的临床观察

目的：分析成人分泌性中耳炎咽鼓管主动和被动开放功能,方法：以正－负压平衡试验法,检测34耳外伤性鼓膜穿孔和57耳分泌性中耳炎鼓膜切开后的咽鼓管功能。结果：外伤性鼓膜穿孔耳的咽鼓管开放压分布在175－400kPa间,正压平衡试验时,经3次吞咽全部受检耳外耳道压力都降至所加压力的一半以下,负压平衡试验时,全部受检耳外耳道压力都有部分恢复。在57耳分泌性中耳炎耳中,咽鼓管开放压超过400kPa的11耳;正压平衡试验时,23耳不能恢复到压负荷的一半水平,负压平衡试验时,45耳经3次以上吞咽,外耳道鼓室压基本无变化。结论：成人分泌性中耳炎的咽鼓管功能,以负压平衡试验障碍为主,表现为主动开放功能不良。     

慢性中耳炎鼓膜紧张部穿孔患者的咽鼓管功能的评价

目的分析鼓膜穿孔的慢性中耳炎患者咽鼓管功能和咽鼓管功能障碍的发生率。方法以正-负压平衡法结合Valsalva测试,检测42例(46耳)外伤性鼓膜穿孔和225例(248耳)慢性中耳炎患者的咽鼓管功能。结果外伤性鼓膜穿孔患者咽鼓管主动和被动开放功能均优于慢性中耳炎患者。前者咽鼓管功能障碍的发生率为2.17%(1/46),而后者高达76.21%(189/248)。结论在慢性中耳炎患者群体中,负压状态下咽鼓管开放压最先受到损伤。咽鼓管功能障碍的高发,主要表现为腭帆张肌功能不良为主的主动开放功能障碍。     

从小儿急性中耳炎的临床表现探讨分泌性中耳炎的发病机制

本文目的在于探讨分泌性中耳炎是否由咽鼓管阻塞引起抑或直接来自中耳的急性感染。为此,作者观察伴有鼓膜内陷及中耳渗液的急性中耳炎92例。发现咽鼓管均通畅,提示中耳渗液与咽鼓管阻塞无关。咽鼓管导管通气时见鼓膜紧张部全面膨起,提示有鼓室峡闭塞。多数病例经鼓膜切开排液1次即治愈,表明该部位系因分泌物贮留而闭塞,故病变为可逆。作者们发现鼓室负压形成并非均因咽鼓管阻塞,咽鼓管通畅者咽下动作时鼻咽腔负压可影响鼓室导致鼓室负压形成。应用抗生素治疗后中耳渗液内即难检出细菌。渗液一开始即可呈浆液性或为胶耳(glue     

表面活性物质在分泌性中耳发病中的作用研究

本文就表面活性物质在分泌性中耳炎发病中的作用研究进展进行综述,讨论了表面活性物质的组成、功能及在中耳腔、咽鼓管及鼻咽部的分布特征。纵观表面活性物质研究的历史及新进展,认为内源性表面活性物质缺乏可引起中耳腔及咽鼓管粘膜表面张力改变,使咽鼓管开放压增高而致中耳积液,从而发生分泌性中耳炎。而外源性表面活性物质的运用及激发内源性表面活性物质的分泌可为预防和治疗分泌性中耳炎开辟一条新途径。     

咽鼓管表面活性物质与分泌性中耳炎关系的研究进展

咽鼓管功能障碍被认为是引起分泌性中耳炎最重要的原因之一,在咽鼓管有表面活性物质,它能影响咽鼓管的功能.本文就咽鼓管功能与分泌性中耳炎,咽鼓管表面活性物质与咽鼓管的开放压、顺应性、纤毛粘液系统、先天性非特异性免疫及对分泌性中耳炎治疗作用等方面进行综述.     

表面活性物质在分泌性中耳炎发病中的作用研究

本文就表面活性物质在分泌性中耳炎发病中的作用研究进展进行综述，讨论了表面活性物质的组成，功能及在中耳腔，咽鼓管及鼻咽部的分布特征。纵观表面活性物质研究的历史及新进展，认为内源性表面活性物质缺乏可引起中耳腔及咽鼓管粘膜表面张力改变，使咽鼓管开放压增高而致中耳积液，从而发生分泌性中耳炎，而外源性表面活性物质的运用及激发内源内源性表面活性物质的分泌可分为预防和治疗分泌性中耳炎开辟一条新途径。     

咽鼓管表面活性物质与分泌性中耳炎关系的研究进展

咽鼓管功能障碍被认为是引起分泌性中耳炎最重要的原因之一，在咽鼓管有表面活性物质，它能影响咽鼓管的功能。本就咽鼓管功能与分泌性中耳炎，咽鼓管表面活性物质与咽鼓管的开放压、顺应性、纤毛粘液系统、先天性非特异性免疫及对分泌性中耳炎治疗作用等方面进行综述。     

纤维鼻咽喉镜下经咽鼓管咽口鼓室灌注治疗分泌性中耳炎

20 0 0年 10月～ 2 0 0 1年 2月 ,对门诊 98例共 134耳分泌性中耳炎患者在纤维鼻咽喉镜下经咽鼓管咽口吹张、鼓室灌注治疗 ,效果满意 ,报道如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料　经门诊确诊的分泌性中耳炎患者 98例共134耳 ,其中男 5 2例 75耳、女 4 6例 5 9耳。年龄 6～ 77岁 ,平均 4 1.3岁。鼓室积液 4 4耳 (鼓膜见液平线 32耳 ,鼓膜无液平线但在经咽鼓管鼓室灌注时见有黄色粘稠液体从咽鼓管咽口流出 11耳 )。纯音测听示传导性聋 82耳 ,混合性聋5 2耳 ,其气骨导差平均 2 3ｄＢ。声导抗检查鼓室导抗图Ｂ型为 88耳 ,Ｃ型为 4 2耳 ,同侧镫骨肌…     

咽鼓管球囊扩张术治疗慢性分泌性中耳炎的疗效探讨

目的探讨咽鼓管球囊扩张术治疗慢性分泌性中耳炎的效果。方法收集慢性分泌性中耳炎患者24例(32耳),所有患者均接受过药物治疗,至少一次鼓膜穿刺治疗,效果欠佳。声导抗B型图或C型图,咽鼓管测压显示咽鼓管开放异常。所有患者均行咽鼓管球囊扩张,术后随访至6个月。术后观察鼓室积液状况,咽鼓管测压,通过VAS量表等方式评价手术效果。结果32耳手术顺利,术后耳闷,听力下降,耳鸣等不适VAS评分较术前好转,差异有统计学意义。咽鼓管测压R值出现率从术前的12.5%提高到术后93.8%,术后患者鼓膜内陷及鼓室积液状况也明显改善。结论咽鼓管球囊扩张术可以改善咽鼓管功能,对治疗慢性分泌性中耳炎安全有效。     

Effect of exogenous surfactant on eustachian tube function in the rat

Three solutions, surfactant prepared from pig lungs, a mixture of synthetic phospholipids, and saline solution, were instilled into the middle ears of rats. The middle ear pressure necessary to force the eustachian tube open was studied. Ten minutes after instillation of pulmonary surfactant there was a 0.58 +/- 0.10 kPa decrease in the pressure opening level (P less than .001). The reduction persisted throughout the 50-minute experiment. There was also a reduction 0.17 +/- 0.16 kPa in the pressure opening level (P less than .01) after the administration of the synthetic phospholipid mixture. This reduction was significantly less than the reduction produced by the pulmonary surfactant. No decrease in the pressure opening level was seen after the instillation of saline solution into the middle ear cavity. The fact that surfactants are demonstrable in the middle ear and eustachian tube, coupled with these findings of an effect on the tubal opening, suggests a physiologic role for surface tension-lowering substances in tubal function.     

Surfactant and isoprenaline effect on eustachian tube opening in rats with acute otitis media

Purulent otitis media was induced in 12 middle ears of Sprague-Dawley rats by inoculation of pneumococci type 3. The pressure required to open the eustachian tube was recorded 4 days later and was found to be 3.05 +/- 0.10 kPa (mean +/- SEM), which was 1.08 +/- 0.15 kPa lower than the mean value obtained in a control group of healthy rats (P less than or equal to .001). We also measured the effects of pulmonary surfactant instilled into the middle ear as well as isoprenaline injected intravenously. The presence of surfactant further reduced the pressure opening level by 0.72 +/- 0.05 kPa; this reduction did not differ from that found in the control group (P greater than .8). Isoprenaline reduced the pressure opening level in the control group by 0.20 +/- 0.03 kPa (P less than or equal to .001), and no reduction was found in the rats with otitis media. Although the part played by surface tension-lowering factors in eustachian tube function is still uncertain, such factors apparently also exert an effect in the inflamed tube. However, isoprenaline, which is considered to act by the secretion of surface tension-lowering substances, did not facilitate opening of the eustachian tube in rats with acute otitis media.     

Surface tension lowering substance in Eustachian tube function

Direct evidence is presented that establishes the existence of an Eusta-chian tube surface tension lowering substance (S.T.L.S.) in the canine experimental model. The physiological role of this Eustachian tube S.T.L.S. is to facilitate middle ear ventilation by lowering the opening pressure needed to aerate the Eustachian tube and middle ear. While S.T.L.S. possesses characteristics similar to those of the pulmonary surfactant, experimental data suggest that it does not reduce the surface tension in the auditory conduit of the middle ear to the degree that the surfactant does in pulmonary system. Neither does Eustachian S.T.L.S. exhibit the physical characteristic of “hysteresis” that the alveolar surfactant demonstrates. The paper presents brief discussion of the physical phenomenon of surface tension as it exists in the Eustachian tube. Various methods of physical surface chemistry used in measuring the surface pressure of the canine Eustachian S.T.L.S. extract are discussed, including criticism of the indirect methodology of previous researchers in investigating the possibility of an Eustachian tube S.T.L.S. Direct methodology, utilizing the Langmuir Trough with Wilhelmy surface balance, was employed. S.T.L.S. is considered in its physiologic role in maintaining Eustachian tube patency. It is suggested that a decreased amount of Eustachian S.T.L.S. may be implicated in the pathophysiology of the serous acellular sterile middle ear transudate in serous otitis media. Finally, it is stressed that this preliminary work needs further histochemical and physiological investigation.     

咽鼓管功能障碍的慢性化脓性中耳炎治疗分析

目的 探讨合并咽鼓管功能障碍的慢性化脓性中耳炎病例的适宜手术方案。 方法 收集咽鼓管功能障碍的慢性化脓性中耳炎病例68耳,分为观察组(28耳),同期行中耳乳突手术及咽鼓管球囊扩张术,对照组(40耳),仅行中耳乳突手术。术前,术后3个月、6个月、12个月分别以ETDQ-7评分、听阈、气骨导差进行对比。 结果 观察组术后6~12个月随访气导平均听力改善率为89%(25/28),干耳率93%(26/28)。对照组听力改善率为75%(30/40),干耳率95%(38/40)。观察组术后3~6个月EDDQ-7评分及听阈达到较明显缓解,但术后6~12个月上述指标有加重趋势。观察组及对照组术后听力均比术前听力提高,有统计学差异,两组的术后听力相对比,观察组优于对照组,有统计学意义。 结论 在咽鼓管功能障碍的慢性化脓性中耳炎患者中,中耳手术同期咽鼓管球囊扩张术较单纯中耳手术的听力改善率高,改善程度高,重新内陷率低,重新粘连率低,干耳率无明显差别。术后3~6个月患者咽鼓管相应症状达到较明显缓解,6~12个月症状有反复。     

The effects of grommet insertion on Eustachian tube function

A prospective study on the effect of grommet insertion on the passive Eustachian tube opening pressure was undertaken in children's ears with otitis media with effusion. After an initial immediate improvement following aspiration of the middle ear no further change in Eustachian tube function occurred over 4 subsequent weeks. Grommet insertion probably has no effect on Eustachian tube function.     

鼓室成形术后的咽鼓管功能检测及意义

目的探讨咽鼓管功能对慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓室成形术后疗效的影响。方法用咽鼓管鼓室-气流动态图(tube-tympanoaerodynamicgraphy,TTAG)法及音响法对53耳鼓室成形术后的咽鼓管功能进行检测,并分析鼓室成形术后咽鼓管功能正常耳与异常耳的鼓膜生长及听力变化情况;并用鼻窦镜观察咽鼓管咽口,分析咽鼓管咽口与咽鼓管功能的关系。结果53耳鼓室成形术后咽鼓管功能正常37耳,其中29耳鼓膜生长良好;咽鼓管功能异常16耳中,有4耳鼓膜生长良好,比较咽鼓管功能正常耳与异常耳鼓膜生长良好耳数,两者有显著性差异(P<0.05);53耳术后有9耳咽鼓管咽口充血肿胀,其中2耳咽鼓管功能正常,7耳咽鼓管功能不良,提示术后咽鼓管功能障碍与咽鼓管咽口病变有关。结论慢性化脓性中耳炎鼓室成形术后咽鼓管功能与疗效关系密切,术后咽鼓管功能障碍可能是导致手术失败的原因之一。     

慢性鼻窦炎对中耳功能的影响

目的：研究慢性鼻窦炎的病变范围、病程长短对中耳功能的影响。方法：利用纯音测听及声阻抗检测５６例慢性鼻窦炎患者的纯音听力,鼓室导抗图和咽鼓管功能。结果：慢性鼻窦炎虱咽鼓管功能异常４８．３％,鼓室导抗图异常４２．０％,气导听阈提高３３．９％,前组鼻窦炎和中耳功能比较有级性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）,病程〉５年和≤５年比较,有极显著性差异（Ｐ〈０．０１）。结论：慢性鼻窦炎对中耳功能的影响,随着病变范围的扩大,     

Otoscopic appearances and tympanometric changes in narghile smokers

Narghile (water-pipe) smoking requires the generation of significant negative intrapharyngeal pressure, which may be transmitted to the middle ear through the Eustachian tube. A total of 80 ears from regular narghile smokers were examined otoscopically and by tympanometry. Seventy ears from heavy cigarette smokers were similarly examined and served as a control group. There was a highly significant increase in the prevalence of attic retractions (P < 0.01) in the narghile smokers. The tympanometric changes were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05).     

Histo-morphological changes of eustachian tube of guinea pigs with effusion after being treated by pulmonary surfactant]

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of pulmonary surfactant on otitis media with effusion in guinea pigs to find a new way to manage otitis media with effusion. METHODS: Nonviable heat-killed pneumococci (HKP) solution was inoculated into the middle ear cavity in guinea pigs via a transeardrum approach to set up a model of otitis media with effusion in guinea pigs. Seven days after being injected with pulmonary surfactant (PS) by transeardrum approach, ABR threshold and histomorphological changes of eustachian tube mucosa of guinea pigs were examined by light microscopy and scanning microscopy. RESULTS: Five days following inoculation of HKB serous effusion were present in the middle ear cavity of guinea pigs, but disappearance of light cone. Response (mean +/- s) threshold raised from (14.0 +/- 3.1) dB to (45.0 +/- 5.7) dB. The eustachian tube mucosa was thickened and lined eosin-stained structureless matter over mucosa, while cilia of eustachian tube mucosa irregularly arranged. Seven days after being treated by PS, serous effusion of tympanum was reduced or disappeared, and response threshold decreased from (45.0 +/- 5.7) dB to (23.5 +/- 6.3) dB. There was significantly difference between them (P < 0.001). Eustachian tube mucosa was thinned, Cilia of eustachian tube mucosa regularly arranged to the nasopharynx. CONCLUSION: Pulmonary surfactant plays a important role in otitis media with effusion of guinea pigs.     

Transient inflammation and dysfunction of the eustachian tube secondary to multiple exposures of simulated gastroesophageal refluxant

Gastroesophageal reflux is a common problem in the newborn and preschool periods. Recent research suggests that it may be related to eustachian tube dysfunction and otitis media with effusion. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the relationship between simulated gastroesophageal reflux and eustachian tube dysfunction. Rat middle ears were repeatedly exposed (transtympanically) to pepsin in hydrochloric acid or to phosphate-buffered saline solution. Their eustachian tube function was evaluated by assessing passive opening and passive closing pressures, and active clearance of positive and negative pressure. The passive pressure function tests showed variable results. The rats exposed to pepsin in hydrochloric acid had an impaired ability to clear positive and negative pressure from the middle ear as compared to the rats exposed only to phosphate-buffered saline solution. The results demonstrate that multiple middle ear exposures to pepsin in hydrochloric acid leads to eustachian tube dysfunction in rats.