老年及高龄老人记忆及认知功能生理增龄性及整体增龄性动态改变的研究

目的研究老年记忆及认知功能生理增龄性及整体增龄性动态改变。方法共调查两个群体3 234例各年龄组对象(其中≥75岁高龄老人1 741例),检测记忆商及MMSE,并定记忆商(MQ;WMS)≥100分,MMSE为28~30为认知正常;MQ<100分,MMSE为28~30为AAM I;MQ<100分,MMSE为24~27分为MC I;MQ<100分,MMSE≤23分为痴呆。研究记忆及认知功能生理性(除外MC I及痴呆)及整体性(排除痴呆,而仍包括MC I)增龄性动态改变。全组中2 666例老年人(≥65岁)除外MC I 782例,痴呆157例后,余1 727例作为生理性增龄改变观察组。而将包括认知正常、AAM I及MC I各867、860及782例共2 509例作为整体性增龄改变观察对象。检测方法用WMS及MMSE。结果①WMS:生理性增龄改变组老年及高龄组量表分平均值介于83.54±15.04~82.12±13.74;MQ计算结果介于99.01±13.05~98.05±12.64.②WMS:整体性增龄改变组观察结果显示老年组量表平均值低于生理性增龄改变组7.5分。③MMSE生理性增龄改变组65~74、75~84、85~98岁组MMSE总分中位值均为29分,高于整体性增龄改变组中位值28分。④MMSE按各年龄组异常标准推算式为“该年龄组MMSE总分x-1.5s”计算,则作为与认知正常区别的切点为≤27分。结论①记忆及认知功能均呈现显著增龄性减退改变。②本文“生理增龄性”组测定结果可作为对一般高龄、长寿老人各年龄组临床判断WMS检测结果意义时的参考(正常参考值)。可将老年人及高龄老人AAM I异常标准定为MQ<100分及量表分<83.0。③MMSE总分≤27分可作为与正常值区别的异常标准。将MMSE总分与痴呆的分界值切点定为≤23分。     

简易认知量表在门诊快速识别轻度认知障碍患者中的价值

目的比较简易认知(Mini-Cog)量表和简易精神状态检查(MMSE)量表在神经内科门诊筛查轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者中的价值。方法 MCI患者(MCI组)和健康对照组各105例,将MCI组按年龄分为三组,40～60岁为年龄组Ⅰ,61～80岁为年龄组Ⅱ,≥81岁为年龄组Ⅲ。同时将MCI组按受教育年限分为文盲(未受教育)组,小学(受教育年限≤6年)组,中学或以上(受教育年限>6年)组。研究对象均进行Mini-Cog量表、MMSE量表、汉密尔顿抑郁量表(HAMD)、汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)、临床痴呆评定(CDR)量表测试。结果 MCI组和健康对照组的Mini-Cog量表评分(t=11. 55,P<0. 05)和MMSE量表评分(t=13. 52,P<0. 05)差异均有统计学意义,但Mini-Cog量表识别MCI的敏感性、特异性(85. 71%、78. 09%)均较MMSE量表(64. 77%、70. 48%)高,其中特异性差异无统计学意义(χ~2=1. 60,P> 0. 05)。不同年龄和不同教育程度MCI患者应用Mini-Cog量表效果优于MMSE量表(P<0. 05)。结论 Mini-Cog量表识别MCI患者比MMSE量表更具有优越性,Mini-Cog量表受年龄及教育程度的影响较MMSE量表小,同时具有耗时短(3～4 min)、易于被受检者接受的优点。     

探讨糖尿病对血管性痴呆认知功能影响

目的探讨糖尿病对血管性痴呆认知功能影响。方法该研究对象为该院2012年5月—2015年5月收治的180例血管性痴呆并发糖尿病患者,并根据患者糖尿病病程长短将其分为临床甲组(病程5年,60例)、临床乙组(5年≤病程10年,60例)、临床丙组(病程≥10年,60例)3组,采用神经心理测量表对临床甲、乙、丙3组患者的认知功能进行评估,并结合临床资料进行分析和研究。结果临床甲、乙、丙3组血管性痴呆并发糖尿病患者的MMSE总评分,组间相比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而ADL总评分以及DS总评分组间组间相比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论随着糖尿病病程的增加,糖尿病将逐渐减弱血管性痴呆患者的认知功能。     

外翻式颈内动脉内膜斑块切除术对老年颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响

目的 探讨外翻式颈内动脉内膜斑块切除术(eCEA)对不同年龄段老年颈动脉狭窄患者认知功能的影响。方法 选取2019年5月至2022年5月解放军联勤保障部队第九二〇医院血管外科行eCEA的老年患者56例,根据年龄分为60～69岁组31例,70～80岁组25例。采用简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)评分对2组患者术前1周内、术后1个月、6个月进行分析。结果 60～69岁组术后1个月、6个月MMSE评分较术前明显增高[(24.71±3.67)分vs(23.52±3.70)分,P<0.05;(25.48±3.19)分vs(23.52±3.70)分,P<0.01]。70～80岁组术后6个月MMSE评分较术前、术后1个月明显增高[(25.44±3.42)分vs(23.76±3.81)分,P<0.01;(25.44±3.42)分vs(23.90±3.65)分,P<0.01]。60～69岁组术后1个月-术前MMSE评分改善程度较70～80岁组明显增高,术后6个月-术后1个月MMSE评分改善程度较70～80岁组明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 老年颈动脉狭窄患...     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表(北京版)筛查农村老年人轻度认知障碍的价值

目的研究蒙特利尔认知评估表(Mo CA)北京版筛查农村老人轻度认知损害(MCI)的应用价值,探讨Mo CA筛查农村MCI患者的分界值。方法随机选取泰安市2 150位60岁以上农村老人,有效调查人数为1 971例,分为正常组(1 185例)、MCI组(651例)、痴呆组(135例)。Mo CA与简易智能状态检查(MMSE)评估后进行Mo CA量表的信度、效度分析,计算Mo CA筛查MCI患者的敏感性、特异性、Kappa值、约登指数,并选取最佳分界值。结果 Mo CA总分和MMSE总分相关性很好(r=0.737,PO.001);经过绘制受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线确定Mo CA得分值≥15为正常,其敏感性和特异性分别为1.000和0.986。结论 Mo CA得分与MMSE得分有较好的相关性。可以使用Mo CA量表筛查农村MCI患者,推荐15分为该类人群MCI的分界值,建议调整Mo CA量表部分条目。     

蒙特利尔认知评估量表在帕金森病认知功能损害筛查中的应用

目的探讨蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)和简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)在帕金森病(PD)患者认知功能损害筛查中的应用。方法选取1 29例年龄≥60岁的PD患者,根据认知功能将其分为正常组(60例)、轻度认知功能障碍(MCI,37例)组和PD痴呆(PDD,32例)组,采用MoCA和MMSE对患者进行评估和分析。结果 3组MoCA得分差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。与正常组比较,MCI组和PDD组患者在画立方体、复述、1 mm动物数、抽象能力、延迟回忆得分较低(P<0.01);与PDD组比较,正常组和MCI组患者在命名、数字广度和定向力得分较高(P<0.05)。此外,受试者ROC曲线结果显示,MMSE诊断MCI的曲线下面积为0.803;MoCA诊断MCI的曲线下面积为0.947。MMSE诊断PDD的曲线下面积为0.952;MoCA诊断PDD的曲线下面积为0.990。结论 MoCA可作为有效的PD患者认知功能损害的筛查工具,且随着PD患者病情的进展,MoCA得分逐渐降低。MoCA筛查MCI的最佳界值为≤23分,且MoCA在筛查PD患者MCI方面的敏感性较MMSE高。     

阿糖腺苷治疗HBV无症状携带者54例

1 一般资料 112例患者随机分为甲(治疗组)、乙(对照组)两组。甲组男34例,女22例,年龄20～54岁,平均35.7±8.36岁。乙组男40例,女16例,年龄19～47岁,平均33±8.65岁。全部病例符合下列标准:①血清HBsAg和HBV-DNA携带半年以上;②无临床症状。肝功能情况:甲组有4例患者ALT轻度升高,乙组患者ALT基本正常。     

阿尔茨海默病和轻度认知障碍患者血清皮质醇水平变化及意义

目的探讨阿尔茨海默病(AD)和轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者血清皮质醇水平的变化及意义。方法采集46例AD、42例MCI及44例正常对照者的外周静脉血进行血清皮质醇水平检测,所有受试者均进行简易精神状态量表(MMSE)、Hachinski缺血指数(HIS)及汉密顿抑郁量表(HAMD)评定,AD患者用临床痴呆评定量表(CDR)进行痴呆严重程度分级。结果 AD组血清皮质醇水平为(596.47±58.29)nmol/L,MCI组为(558.64±71.05)nmol/L,正常对照组为(408.65±79.86)nmol/L,AD组和MCI组均显著高于对照组(P0.01);AD组与MCI组比较无显著差异(P0.05)。AD组血清皮质醇水平与MMSE评分存在负相关(P0.05)。结论 AD和MCI患者存在血清皮质醇升高,且与AD严重程度显著相关,皮质醇可能参与了AD和MCI的病理过程。     

海南版简易智能状态检查量表和蒙特利尔认知评估量表界值划分的初步研究

目的初步探讨中文海南版(琼北闽语版)简易智能状态检查量表(MMSE)和蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分在本地人群认知筛查中的可行性及界值的划分。方法选取2019年1~9月海口市养老院和海南省人民医院门诊及住院的本地被试者217例,根据临床诊断分为正常组45例,轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)组54例,轻度痴呆组62例,中度以上痴呆组56例,同时进行MMSE及MoCA评分评估,进行两种量表评分相关性及界值。结果与正常组比较,MCI组、轻度痴呆组和中度以上痴呆组MMSE及MoCA评分明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。正常组、MCI组、轻度痴呆组和中度以上痴呆组MMSE评分明显高于MoCA评分(P<0.01)。Person相关分析显示,MMSE评分与MoCA评分呈正相关(r=0.940,P<0.01)。MCI组、轻度痴呆组和中度以上痴呆组ROC曲线界值为:MCI组MMSE评分低于27分,MoCA评分低于22分;轻度痴呆组MMSE评分低于23分,MoCA评分低于16分;中度以上痴呆组MMSE评分低于15分,MoCA评分低于11分。结论海南版(琼北闽语版)MMSE与MoCA评分有较好的一致性,联合应用对认知障碍及痴呆患者有较好的筛查应用价值。     

Addenbrooke改良认知评估量表对老年人认知障碍诊断效力的研究

目的探讨Addenbrooke改良认知评估量表(ACE-R)对老年人群认知功能障碍(cognitive impairment,CI)的诊断效力。方法选择2013年9月至2016年7月在江苏省老年医院就诊的老年人269例,其中认知正常者139例(正常对照组),轻度认知功能障碍者63例(MCI组),痴呆者67例(痴呆组)。所有研究对象均完成ACE-R量表及简明精神状态量表(MMSE)测评,比较3组的ACE-R总分及各个子项目评分,并绘制ROC曲线,通过计算ROC曲线下面积的方法观察ACE-R对MCI及痴呆诊断的敏感性及特异性。结果 (1)正常组ACE-R总分及MMSE评分分别为(83.94±7.41)分,(28.40±1.29)分,MCI组评分为(67.76±10.97)分和(23.78±1.62)分,痴呆组评分为:(36.09±15.66)分和(14.64±4.74)分。3组间ACE-R总分、MMSE评分及各子项目评分差异均有统计学意义。(2)ACE-R量表以74/75作为分界值时筛查MCI灵敏度达93.5%,特异度达到65.1%,以65/66作为分界值时筛查痴呆灵敏度达98.6%,特异度达到98.3%。(3)ACE-R量表和MMSE量表呈显著正相关(r=0.926,P0.01)。(4)年龄及性别对ACE-R分值有影响,教育年限对ACE-R分值无影响。结论 ACE-R量表可以很好地反映CI病人相关认知域受损情况,可有效筛查MCI及痴呆病人。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.