尾状叶门静脉的应用解剖学

目的:为腹腔镜肝尾状叶切除等手术提供形态学基础.方法:32具尸体标本采用大体解剖方法观测尾状叶门静脉数量、直径、走行、来源、游离部长度(肝外长度)及毗邻解剖关系;对15例铸型标本的尾状叶门静脉进行观测;采用64排螺旋CT对5例新鲜肝标本进行扫描,并进行三维重建.记录螺旋CT影像下尾状叶门静脉内径、数量、走向及毗邻关系,与解剖研究结果比较.结果:1支以上的固有尾状叶门静脉的出现率为62.5%,其中主要以固有尾状叶门静脉后支和前支为主(27.5%),另外也有固有尾状叶门静脉左支和右支(12.5%);腔静脉旁部门静脉主要为1支,10例腔静脉旁部的实质也有固有尾状叶的分支(主要为右支或前支);尾状突门静脉主要为1支,来自于门静脉左、右支;重建的三维图像可以直观形象地体现尾状叶门静脉的空间位置关系,并可按各种方向任意旋转演示.结论:尾状叶门静脉呈左、右支双重供应,但以左侧供应为主;明胶-氧化铅血管造影可真实显示尾状叶门静脉.     

尾状叶切除术的应用解剖

目的：通过肝尾状叶的应用解剖学研究,为肝脏尾状叶切除术的入路和发展提供解剖学基础。方法：通过40具尸肝尾状叶标本的解剖观察和8具肝脏铸型标本的观察研究,揭示尾状叶的形状、边界、毗邻和血管胆管分布规律。结果：①尾状叶左侧的形态、大小、边界变异不大,其血液供应胆管引流有一个相对固定的“蒂”,手术切除比较容易;②尾状叶的血管供应胆管引流繁杂,但均连接于Glisson's管的一二级分支的前上缘,沿肝门板后方向上解剖找出尾状叶“蒂”,从中再解剖动脉、门静脉、胆管易行,甚至一起结扎、切断也可;③肝短静脉数量、注入部位变异大,然而其走行多与腔静脉壁垂直,顺着方向解剖比较安全。结论：尾状叶切除的手术入路有四条：左入路、右入路、前入路和后入路。     

肝尾状叶切除术中寻找肝静脉的探讨

目的　为肝尾状叶切除术提供解剖学依据。方法　选择 6 0例肝脏标本 ,对紧贴尾状叶的肝中、肝左、肝右静脉段进行解剖和形态观测。结果　紧贴尾状叶的肝中、肝左、肝右静脉从下至上距尾状叶脏面的距离越来越小 ,从下至上彼此的间距亦越来越小 ;肝中、肝左、肝右静脉不在同一平面 5 2例 (8 6 7% )。结论　在尾状叶切除术中 ,先找到肝中静脉末端之后 ,才能更容易寻找肝中、肝左、肝右静脉     

左半肝段的解剖观察及临床意义

目的观察左中肝外侧叶的分段情况及肝动脉、门静脉在左半肝的走行,分支和分布规律、为临床开展左半肝活体肝移植提供应用解剖学资料。方法解剖经福尔马林固定灌注红色乳胶的尸体肝脏标本30例,观察左半肝动脉、门静脉的走行、分支和分布规律,并测量有关数据;在15个肝脏铸型标本(6例全管道综合灌注、9例经门静和肝静脉分别进行单一管道灌注),进一步对比观察左半肝左外侧叶、段的内部结构特点。结果左半肝由左叶间裂分成左外叶和左内叶,左外叶以左外间裂分为外叶上段和下段:肝左动脉起始外径为(0.351±0.23)cm,于长(3.64±1.30)cm,左外叶动脉起始肝左动脉2l例(占70%),起始其它动脉9例(占30%);门静脉左干起始外径(1.1±0.12)cm,干长(2.10±0.240)cm;门静脉左干从门静脉主干发出后向左横行,发出分支分布于左内叶、左外叶上、下段。结论左外叶上段比左外叶下段小,分别占全肝的5%～7%和8%～10%左右,适合1～3个月和6～12月龄患儿肝脏移植。在活体肝脏移植时,外科医生熟悉肝动脉、门静脉的解剖结构和变异情况,在供肝的切取,选用适宜的重建方式,设计合理的手术方法有重要的临床意义。     

肝裂的定位与肝段的划分

目的：精确定位肝裂与肝段,为肝脏病变的诊断和治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：用过氯乙烯分色灌注肝静脉和门静脉。固定灌注后的肝脏,再用雕刻法移去肝组织,保留肝静脉和门静脉,并对其进行详细地解剖学观察。结果：3条肝静脉的位置可精确定位3条肝裂。门静脉左、右支可精确定位1条段间裂。肝裂和段问裂将肝脏分成5叶8段。结论：肝裂和段间裂确定了肝叶和肝段的精确定位与划分,对肝脏病变的诊断和治疗非常重要。     

肝尾状叶应用解剖的研究与手术原则

目的为肝脏尾状叶合理化切除提供应用解剖学理论依据.方法通过24具尸体的肝尾状叶标本的解剖观察,揭示尾状叶的形状、边界、毗邻和血管、胆管分布规律.结果①尾状叶左侧的形态、大小、边界变异不大,其血液及胆管引流有一个相对固定的“蒂”,手术切除比较容易;②尾状叶的血管供应、胆管引流繁杂,但均连接于Glisson＇s管的一、二级分支的前上缘;③肝短静脉数量、注入部位变异大,其走行多与腔静脉壁垂直.结论尾状叶切除的手术入路有四条可供选择：左入路、右入路、前入路和后入路.     

肝尾状叶的外科解剖及其临床应用

在42例成人肝脏标本上，研究了肝尾状叶的形态，动脉、静脉和肝管的分布特征；尾状叶常有3个突起，即尾状突、乳头突和下腔静脉后突，且变异较大；尾状叶有两个恒定的蒂，其结构排列由浅入深分别是门静脉支、肝动脉支和肝管。尾状叶静脉有2～5支，其中以3支居多，主要汇入下腔静脉肝后段的中、下1／3部的左前壁。中结合解剖学研究总结了施行肝尾状叶肿瘤切除术的方法和经验。     

国人肝段的再认识

目的:对肝内门静脉和肝静脉重新认识,提出一种新的国人肝段划分方法,为影像学和肝外科提供断层解剖学资料。方法:使用50例上腹部连续断层标本和20例多层螺旋CT图像及三维重建图像,研究了肝内门静脉的走行和分布以及肝静脉及其属支的回流范围及其两者之间的相互关系。结果:国人肝段新的划分方法:门静脉右支主干存在时,依肝中静脉所在的正中裂将肝分为左、右半肝。右半肝被一弯曲的右叶间裂分成右前上叶和右后下叶。右前上叶依垂直段间裂分为腹侧和背侧段。右前上叶的腹侧段被水平亚段间裂分为上、下两个亚段。右后下叶依水平段间裂分为上、下两段。肝左静脉主干存在时,依肝左静脉主干所在的左叶间裂将左半肝分成左后上叶和左前下叶。左前下叶依左段间裂分为内侧和外侧段。水平亚段间裂将左前下叶的内侧段分为上、下两个亚段。依弧形背裂分尾状叶和右前上叶及左前下叶内侧段。结论:国人肝段新的划分法不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,而且便于肝外科探索新的和更加安全的术式来施行各种肝切除和肝移植。     

肝段在矢状断面上的划分：断层标本与磁共振图像对照研究

目的：为ＭＲ矢状图像精确定位肝内占位性病变提供断层解剖学依据。方法：对照观察３８例腹部连续矢状断层标本、４１例胎肝管道铸型和８例活体腹部ＭＲ矢状图像，探讨肝段在矢状断面上的划分。结果：依肝左静脉可区分段Ⅱ和段Ⅲ，门静脉左支矢状部是段Ⅱ、段Ⅲ与段Ⅳ间的天然良界，段Ⅰ位于静脉韧带裂后方或／和下腔静脉前方，肝中静脉与肝门或胆囊窝的连线可用以区分段Ⅳ与段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ，依肝右静脉、胆囊窝和门静脉右支及其分支可区分出段Ⅴ、段Ⅷ、段Ⅵ、段Ⅶ。结论：依肝静脉、门静脉和肝的自然沟裂，在ＭＲ矢状图像上可精确划分肝段     

右半肝内门静脉的断层影像解剖学研究

目的 探讨右半肝内门静脉的走行、分布规律及门静脉肝裂和肝静脉的关系,进而为肝段的划分提供断层解剖学依据. 方法使用30例上腹部连续断层标本(10例横断面、20例冠状面)以及20例多层螺旋CT图像和三维图像,探讨右半肝内门静脉的分支类型和常见变异以及肝内门静脉和肝静脉之间的关系. 结果 50例标本和图像中,右半肝内门静脉均可分为前上和后下两组分支.76%(38150)的门静脉右前支的分支向后分布至肝右静脉后方的部分区域.40%(20/50)的门静脉右后支的起始部向尾侧发出的第一分支分布至肝右静脉前的部分区域.门静脉右前支的分布区域,越过肝中静脉偏向左侧,在15例无门静脉右支主干的标本和图像中尤其明显.肝右前叶无明显横裂存在.门静脉的亚段分型有显著的个体差异,且无优势分支类型. 结论右半肝可分为右前上叶和右后下叶,两叶之间为一弯曲的"裂隙".肝右前上叶有一恒定的纵裂存在.肝右静脉不是右叶间裂的准确定位标志,尤其在其上份和下份.肝中静脉不是正中裂的准确识别标志,尤其在门静脉右支主干缺如的人群中.     

国人肝段在冠状断层上的划分

目的：为肝内微小病变精确定位诊断和外科治疗提供冠状断层解剖学依据。方法：采用30例上腹部连续冠状断层标本、20例肝内门静脉和肝静脉解剖正常的薄层MSCT断层图像及其三维重建图像,在冠状断层上对其门静脉肝段进行精确划分。结果：经胆囊、门静脉左支及肝左静脉的冠状断面上,肝中静脉主干是划分右前上叶和左前下叶的识别标志,门静脉左支角部是左前下叶的段间裂识别标志,亦是右前上叶和左前下叶的亚段间裂识别标志。经肝门静脉主干的冠状断面上,门静脉右前支主干是右前上叶的段间裂识别标志,该层面以前为右前上叶的腹侧段,该层面以后则为右前上叶的背侧段。经网膜孔的冠状断面上、下腔静脉的右缘是划分尾状叶和右半肝的识别标志,门静脉右后支主干是划分右前上叶背侧段和右后下叶下段的标志,经下腔静脉和肝右静脉的冠状面上,肝右静脉主干是划分右前上叶的背侧段和右后下叶上段的标志;门静脉右后支主干是右后下叶的段间裂识别标志。结论：国人门静脉肝段在冠状断面上的精确划分,不仅有利于肝内微小病变的精确定位,且有利于探索新的和更加安全的外科术式。     

A method for segmental gross examination of the liver

Segmental localization of hepatic tumours by the pathologists is often approximate. However this information is essential to analyze the impact of preoperative treatments. We describe a new technique for gross examination of the liver, based on hepatic segmental anatomy. After segment I has been resected, sagittal sectioning along the umbilical scissure splits the liver into the left and right lobes. On the left lobe, parenchymal sectioning along the plane of the left hepatic vein separates segment II from segment III. On the right lobe, parenchymal sectioning along the median hepatic vein separates segment IV from the right liver. The right liver is then separated into its four segments once the parenchyma has been cut along the plane of the right hepatic vein and the right portal axis, respectively. We used this technique to examine 387 explanted livers, 214 of wich contained tumors. In 49 cases, pathologic location of the lesions concorded with radiological findings in 92% of cases.     

Retrograde portography of the right caudate lobe via the middle hepatic vein

Hepatobiliary resection with caudate lobectomy has been conducted in the surgical treatment of bile duct carcinoma of the hepatic hilus. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the anatomy of the right portion of the caudate lobe, and techniques to visualize the portal branches of the right caudate lobe (P1r) have not been reported. Contrast medium was injected into the dorso-caudal branches of the middle hepatic vein (MHV) and images were obtained by digital subtraction venography. Retrograde portography of the P1r was achieved in 64 (84%) out of 76 cases. The mean number of visualized branches was 2.1 (137 out of 64) and the P1r coursed beyond the trunk of the MHV in 36 (56%) out of the 64 cases. Contrast medium flowed into the right portal vein from 59 P1r branches in 32 cases and into the left portal vein in 20 cases. No complications were encountered. Retrograde portograms of the P1r may provide valuable information not previously available to surgeons operating on the caudate lobe.     

尾状叶切除术应用解剖学研究

目的：为肝尾状叶切除术提供形态学理论基础。方法：选取37具成人离体尸肝标本，采用雕琢法和断层解剖观测肝尾状叶形态、毗邻，血管系统的来源、走行，肝后腔静脉前间隙。结果：尾状叶三管系统的来源，Spiegel叶多以左肝三管系统为主，而腔静脉旁叶多以右肝或分权处为主，三管系统中，以门静脉分支分布最为稳定，尾状叶静脉变异较大；三管系统在进入尾状叶时形成簇；尾状叶有前平面及肝后腔静脉前间隙；尾状叶Spiegel叶与腔静脉旁部存在较为明显的界线，其外部标志大致与其外切迹相当，腔静脉旁部与尾状突无明显的界线。结论：肝尾状叶位置特殊，毗邻关系复杂，三管系统进入尾状叶的位置比较恒定。尾状叶的手术切除术应首先确定边界，根据相应的解剖标志来选择手术方式及入路。     

左外叶活体肝移植的解剖学研究

目的：模拟左外叶活体肝移植门静脉、肝动脉和胆管的切取方法。方法：解剖正常人肝脏标本30具，观察肝脏铸型标本30具，测量门静脉、肝动脉及胆管长度、管径及属支或分支分布情况。结果：左外叶门静脉的血供来自门静脉左支，主要为左外叶上段门静脉支、左外叶下段门静脉支；动脉主要来源于肝固有动脉、肝左动脉、肝中动脉，偶有迷走动脉支；胆道引流属支有左外叶上段胆管支、左外叶下段胆管支。结论：左外叶解剖变异较多，活体取肝前应仔细研究其结构特点，设计合理的切取模式；对门静脉、肝动脉和胆管支需行必要的整形，以便与受体相应的管道进行吻合。     

Arterial supply and biliary drainage of the dorsal liver: A dissection study using controlled specimens

Liver surgeons favor using the entity called the 'dorsal liver' (i.e. the caudate lobe and other paracavally located liver parenchyme of segments 7 and 8). According to minute dissection of 48 livers, we describe the territories of the left/right portal veins, hepatic ducts and hepatic arteries in the dorsal liver. In the caudate lobe, the right hepatic artery, rather than the left hepatic artery (23/48 vs 19/48 for right vs left, respectively), tended to supply the 'left' portal vein territory. Similarly, paradoxical drainage patterns, such as the right hepatic duct draining the left portal vein territory, were found in seven of 48 livers. In the territory of the hilar bifurcation, right hepatic artery dominance was also evident and various bile drainage patterns were found. These included double drainage by the bilateral hepatic ducts (3/48) and drainage into the confluence of bilateral ducts (6/48). In contrast, the arterial supply and biliary drainage of the paracavally located parenchyme of segments 7 and 8 usually depended on the proper segmental arteries and ducts and their variations were within the range of those found in other parts of the right lobe. Therefore, the dorsal liver concept may not be anatomical but, rather, simply aimed at usefulness in surgery. Nevertheless, clear subdivision of the caudate lobe according to biliary drainage and/or arterial supply seemed difficult because of the paradoxical relatioships among the portal vein, hepatic artery and bile duct. Consequently, the present results support extended surgery based on the dorsal liver concept for carcinomas involving the caudate lobe.     

Branches of the hepatic artery in red fox

In 30 red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) the origin, course and division of the branches of the hepatic artery were studied. The hepatic artery gave off 3 following branches: right lateral branch, right medial branch and left one. Most often (60% of cases) they arose as a common trunk. In 60% cases the right lateral branch supplied the right lateral hepatic lobe and caudate process of the liver while in 40% cases it supplied the right lateral hepatic lobe, only. Most often (66.7% of cases), the right medial branch supplied the right medial hepatic lobe and gall bladder. In 30% of cases the branch supplied furthermore the quadrate lobe of the liver and in few cases (3.3%) the both, right medial hepatic lobe and quadrate lobe. Rami of the left branch penetrate the left hepatic lobes, papillary process and quadrate lobe (73.3% of cases) and rarely, the left hepatic lobes and papillary process (26.7% of cases).     

猪活体肝脏移植的应用解剖

目的：探讨猪活性肝移植解剖学基础，方法：在10例新鲜成年猪肝大体和管道铸型标本上，观测猪肝分叶，分段，动脉，肝门静脉，胆管和肝静脉的分布和汇注规律。结果：猪肝外观由三大叶组成，即左外叶，叶叶和右后叶，尾状叶与邻叶界限不明显，中叶的中分线是左右半肝的真正分界线，此界面内无重要的管道结构，结论：猪活体肝移植是一个良好的实验动物模型，猪肝移植物应以左半肝为好。