双肝中动脉及肝动脉多分支变异1例

在解剖1具成年女性尸体时,发现双肝中动脉伴胰十二指肠上后动脉、肝左动脉和胃右动脉变异（图1）。查文献知,此变异较为少见,为积累国人解剖学数值,现报道如下。①双肝中动脉：分别起自肝固有动脉和肝右动脉。肝总动脉发出胃十二指肠动脉后,移行为肝固有动脉行向肝门,分为肝中和肝右动脉入肝,夹角为27°。肝中动脉（外径2.02 mm）于门静脉前方行至左纵沟入肝,距其起始处9.52 mm成23°夹角发出1分支到肝左外侧叶,外径1.42 mm。肝右动脉（外径3.28 mm）行向右上于肝总管后方入肝右叶,距其起始处7.66 mm发出另1肝中动脉（外径1.90 mm）,其与肝右动脉成73°夹角,行至左纵沟入肝,且肝中动脉发出胆囊动脉至胆囊。②胰十二指肠上后动脉：发自肝固有动脉,外径为1.48 mm。该支在近端发出一胰支到胰颈后方,并于十二指肠后方右下行2.08 cm发出另一胰支到胰头后方,随后主支分4支至十二指肠。③肝左动脉：起自肝总动脉,长为5.60 cm。其于肝固有动脉左侧行向右上绕过肝尾状叶上方到肝左叶,且距起始处3.53 cm发出一细小支入肝尾状叶。④胃右动脉：起自肝左动脉,外径1.70 mm,左下行4.56 cm分2支至胃。     

胆囊动脉多分支及肝固有动脉位置变异1例

正在解剖一具成年男尸时,见胆囊动脉起自肝固有动脉,且胆囊动脉发出左右两变异支1,2,其变异支2又发出两变异支3,4,变异支1,3,4均注入肝门。肝右动脉(外径2.41 mm)自腹腔干向右前行2.64 cm发出,于胆囊管后方入肝右叶,此外,肝固有动脉位于肝总管前方。为积累国人解剖数值和临床作参考,现报道如下。肝固有动脉自肝总动脉发出后,上行2.41 cm处发出长2.94 cm的胆囊动脉(外径1.26 mm),胆囊动脉     

腹腔干及其分支变异1例

解剖1具老年男尸,发现其腹腔干及其分支变异,对腹腔干及其各级分支的起点、长度及管径作了观测,为积累解剖学资料和上腹部外科手术提供参考. 胃左动脉从腹腔干前壁发出后分为两支,分别从上方、左侧行向胃小弯,分布至胃壁;在胃左动脉起点的右侧,左副肝动脉[1,2]从腹腔干直接发出,紧贴腹后壁及肝左叶后部进入肝实质,长度62 mm,管径1.8mm(图1).在胃左动脉起点下方1mm右侧,肝总动脉直接起自腹腔干前壁,向肝门走行过程中,分为右副肝动脉和肝固有动脉两个分支,右副肝动脉长55mm,管径1.7 mm,在胆囊管和肝总管的后方入肝门,并穿入肝实质;肝固有动脉长18 mm,分为左、右两支,其中右支发出胆囊动脉.肝固有动脉左、右支及胆囊动脉均在门静脉和肝总管前方入肝门(图2).     

肝总动脉分支变异一例

作者于１９９８年作腹部标本时发现一例肝总动脉分支的变异。该肝总动脉从腹腔于发出后隔网膜囊向右走行在胃后方,而后在近胃窦部上方从左至右依次发出１支肝左动脉,２支肝右动脉及１支胃十二指肠动脉。从肝左动脉发出１支胃右动脉。两支肝右动脉均行于门静脉前方并与之成锐角。左侧肝右动脉继而行经肝总管的前方进入胆囊三角,在此发出１支胆囊动脉浅支。右侧肝右动脉则经胆总管前方绕过胆囊的后方,在此发出１支胆囊动脉深支后径胆囊管的后方进入肝右叶。此种肝总动脉分支的变异给肝胆外科的手术操作及肝的动脉造影增加了难度。故对临床…     

4支肝动脉伴胆囊动脉起始及走行变异1例

正笔者在解剖1具老年男性尸体时发现4支肝动脉,分别为肝左、中、右动脉和副肝右动脉。肝中动脉和肝右动脉共干起自肝总动脉,副肝右动脉由肠系膜上动脉发出,胆囊动脉从副肝右动脉发出(图1),现报道如下:肝总动脉外径4.05 mm,走行1.91 cm、2.62 cm后分别发出肝左动脉、以及肝中动脉和肝右动脉的共干支,外径分别为3.25 mm、2.95 mm。肝左动脉走行3.24 cm后经肝圆韧带裂入肝,在距离肝左动脉起点2.97 cm处发出一支副胃左动脉,外径1.80 mm;共干支走行1.27 cm后发出肝中动脉和肝右动脉,都经门静脉前方至第一肝门处入肝。     

罕见的肝动脉多发性变异一例

肝动脉变异较多见,在国内外文献中已有了不少的报道.但在同一具尸体上集合了几种变异的情况则少见.作者在指导学生局解实习中发现了一例,报告如下:老年男尸,身长约175cm,极度消瘦,腹部无任何手术及外伤疤痕.在解剖肝蒂时发现,左、中、右三支肝动脉分别来源于不同的动脉,属非典型分布.(1)迷走(替代)肝左动脉,异位起自胃主动脉,距胃左动脉起点约3cm弓向上的部位发出.迷走肝左动脉发出后走在网膜囊的后壁斜向右上,行至肝门的左侧直接入左半肝.该血管外径粗约0.3cm,全长约7.5cm.(2)肝中动脉是肝总动脉的分支.相当于肝固有动脉的发出部位,发出了两支细小的肝中动脉取代了肝固有动脉.两支间距在0.5～0.8cm之间,自起点垂直上行于肝蒂的左前方,伴肝总管和门静脉入肝门 .管径均未超过0.1cm.(3)迷走(替代)肝右动脉,起自右肾动脉,距右肾动脉起点的腹主动脉约2.5cm处向上发出一支较粗大的血管,直径约0.4cm,当该血管路经右肾上腺     

腹腔干分支变异一例

笔者在解剖1具成年男性尸体时,发现其腹腔干分支有较大变异,为积累资料及为临床提供参考,报道如下. 腹腔干外径5.63 mm,长2.50 cm,在第12胸椎体前方由腹主动脉前壁发出,分为脾动脉、胃左动脉、肝总动脉和变异肝固有动脉右支.其中脾动脉外径4.51 mm,胃左动脉外径3.06 mm,两者走行、分布与正常无异.变异肝固有动脉右支外径2.81 mm,从腹腔干发出后于肝门静脉和胆总管后面向右上方走行,在胆囊管与肝总管汇合处进入胆囊三角,然后沿肝总管右侧向上走行,经肝门右侧进入肝内.该动脉在距肝门1.00 cm处发出胆囊动脉,外径1.58mm.     

肝动脉分支分布变异1例

作者在解剖一老年男性尸体时，发现其肝动脉的分支分布变异，现报道如下：腹腔干发出3大分支，即脾动脉、肝总动脉和副左肝动脉。肝总动脉正常，距腹腔干1.85cm处发出肝固有动脉和胃右动脉，肝固有动脉又发出肝左、右地动脉。①副肝右动脉：起自胃右动脉，在距肝总动脉分支处0.24cm处发出，总长为4.6cm，跨过门静脉的前方，走行于胆总管的后方，随后分为两支进入肝右叶。     

副肝右动脉变异1例

<正>笔者在解剖一成年男性标本时,发现起自胰十二指肠上动脉的副肝右动脉变异1例,现报道如下。该标本肝固有动脉正常,自肝总动脉发出,于肝门处分为肝左、肝右动脉分别营养肝左、右叶。胰十二指肠上动脉自胃十二指肠动脉起始处8.74 mm处发出,起始管径2.00 mm,向右走行16.00 mm后于胆总管前方发出副肝右动脉。副肝右动     

副肝左动脉伴肝左动脉变异1例

在制作教学标本的过程中 ,于成年男性死尸标本上见其有副肝左动脉伴肝左动脉变异。较少见 ,报道如下。1　副肝左动脉肝固有动脉自肝总动脉发出后 ,走行在胃十二指肠韧带内 ,在肝总管左后方和门静脉前方上行。在距胃十二指肠动脉 1.0ｃｍ处分支为肝左动脉和肝右动脉 ,其夹角为 65° ,肝右动脉在距与肝左动脉分叉 0 .5ｃｍ处发出了副肝左动脉 ,其与肝右动脉成 85°夹角 ,走行方向与肝左动脉主干和肝左动脉前支平行 ,全长 2 .7ｃｍ ,其中段压扁径为 4ｍｍ。肝右动脉继续前行 4 .8ｃｍ后 ,进入肝门右纵沟。进入肝门之前 ,在距肝门 4 .8ｃｍ处 ,…     

Level of functioning of siblings and parents of probands of varying degrees of retardation

A further analysis of already published data supports the position that retardates of low ability level less frequently have retarded siblings, retarded parents, and parents low in occupational level than do retardates higher in ability level. The analysis supports the position that there are two types of retarded individuals, persons retarded as a result of gene or chromosomal anomalies, brain injury, etc., who more frequently occur in the lower-level retardate group, and persons whose retardation represents polygenic segregation, who more frequently occur in the higher-level group.     

Modes of Inheritance of Errors of Refraction

Eighteen families in which both parents had refractions within the range of +4·0 D to −4·0 D and axial lengths seen in emmetropia (22·3-26·0 mm) showed coefficients of correlation of the order 0·5 indicative of polygenic inheritance. Such coefficients were seen for axial length (0·407) and for the cornea (0·487), but not for the lens (which is known to be yoked to the axial length). No such coefficients were seen in 19 families in which one of the parents had axial length outside the emmetropic range (nine families with long axes and 10 with short axes).

The pattern of polygenic inheritance for emmetropia (completely correlated optical components) and errors of refraction up to 4·0 D (inadequately correlated components: correlation ametropia) follows that seen in stature and other measurable characters. In contrast the high refractive errors with their abnormal axial lengths (component ametropia) are—like the extremes in stature—pathological anomalies with monofactorial inheritance.