侧颅底冠状位组织学与CT断层的对照

目的 制作颞骨火棉胶冠状位断层连续薄层切片,获取数字化图片库。方法 用2例尸头标本进行螺旋CT扫描后制作断层标本火棉胶包埋后,用大型轮式切片机沿冠状位切片,厚度100μm,每片均摄影并保存于计算机。选取代表性层面的胶片进行HE染色。将断层照片与HE染色照
片和CT片进行对照观察,对代表性层面结构特点进行描述。结果 共获取侧颅底数字化连续冠状位薄层断面标本数据集 2套。断层图像分辨率1920×2560像素,结构毗邻关系显示清晰。与HE照片和CT片进行对照观察,可以更清楚地定位断层结构。结论 火棉胶包埋技术是制作颞骨大切
片,获取高分辨率的数字化图片数据集的理想方法。冠状位对听小骨、Prussak‘s间隙、颈静脉窝、耳蜗与中颅窝的关系,颈内动脉升段及膝部、面神经垂直段、内听道与中颅窝的关系等显示较佳。     

鼻窦气房标本负压火棉胶包埋法探讨

为研究蝶窦外侧壁相关结构的形态、大小、位置、毗邻的相互关系 ,我们选取 1 0 %福尔马林固定的离体完整颅底正常的头颅标本 ,应用火棉胶包埋法和组织学切片方法对含气易碎标本做连续断层切片制作。1　材料和方法1 1　大体标本制作　选取经 1 0 %福尔马林多年固定的 1 2个全头     

前连合及内囊断层解剖与MRI图像初步对照研究

目的探讨内囊与其毗邻结构的断层形态学特征、内囊前肢与前连合之间的空间定位,及其与MRI断层影像的对应关系,为中枢神经系统研究、脑深部刺激治疗精神神经方面的疾病提供可靠的断层解剖学依据。方法利用MRI技术对100例健康成年女性的脑部进行扫描,选取经福尔马林固定的成年女性尸体大脑标本12例,然后经火棉胶包埋技术制成厚为500μm的薄层连续切片,并与MRI图像进行对照研究。结果断层切片可详细阐明内囊及其毗邻结构在不同方位上形态特征,MRI图像不能清晰地辨认内囊与其毗邻结构边界,水平位、冠状位上可观察到前连合连接双侧内囊前肢。结论脑断层解剖切片较MRI图像更能清晰地显示内囊及其毗邻结构的位置关系,为脑深部电刺激内囊治疗某些精神神经疾病提供断层解剖学应用价值。     

侧颅底的CT影像与断层标本对照研究及临床意义

目的:为侧颅底病变的影像诊断和手术入路提供解剖学基础.方法:选取志愿者20名,在螺旋CT机上以眦耳线(CML)为基线对侧颅底结构进行层厚1mm连续扫描.选取成人尸体头颈部标本20例,以CML为基线制成层厚5 mm的连续断层标本.在经颈动脉管水平段和咽隐窝层面的CT影像及断层标本上,观察侧颅底结构的位置关系,测量侧颅底主要结构的径线及结构之间的距离.结果:侧颅底的CT影像及断层标本可清晰显示茎突、颈动脉管水平段等侧颅底结构及其毗邻关系,以及咽旁间隙内的结构,茎突是侧颅底影像诊断及手术入路中观察各结构之间位置关系和寻找血管、神经等的骨性标志.在CT影像及断层标本上,茎突至翼突的距离左、右侧分别为(45.98±2.71)mm和(46.14±2.57) mm、(45.96±2.72)mm和(46.12±2.52)mm,左、右侧差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论:侧颅底的CT影像与断层标本的解剖对照研究,对侧颅底病变的影像诊断和指导手术入路等具有重要意义.     

脊柱胸腰段结构变化断层切片与CT三维重建测量比较

背景：单纯CT三维重建数据难以完全保证手术过程安全,火棉胶包埋断层切片已广泛用于头颅、眼眶和膝等多部位解剖研究,国内外至今少有脊柱经改良火棉胶包埋后断层切片报道。 目的：探讨断层切片和CT扫描后三维重建对胸腰段脊髓及脊神经走行过程中各结构的诊断价值。 方法：40例胸腰段脊柱标本行螺旋CT薄扫后重建,用e-film软件观测相关解剖参数,同时经改良火棉胶包埋法行冠状、矢状和水平位薄层切片,用Amira4.1软件重建并测算对应指标。 结果与结论：断层切片较CT二维图像更能详细直观观测胸腰段椎管、椎间管内伴行结构关系;断层切片和CT薄扫后重建在测量椎间管高度、宽度、椎管斜径及硬膜囊直径时差异有显著性意义,在测算椎弓根纵径、横径及椎间管长度时差异无显著性意义。说明：①由于CT软组织窗或骨窗窗宽、窗位和分辨率的影响,其二维图像在一定程度上难以精确辨认软组织结构,而断层切片却可直观观察脊髓、脊神经根及伴行血管或椎间管韧带分布。②断层切片重建对骨性及非骨性结构皆可清晰识别,更利于观测实际上有软组织贴附的椎管及椎间管各结构参数,而CT薄扫重建一般仅能准确观测骨性结构指标,但两法在观测骨性结构数据时基本一致。③CT和断层切片重建在观测靶结构随脊椎序数变化的演变过程时一致。     

膝后外侧部结构的断层解剖及临床意义

目的：为MRI诊断膝后外侧部结构损伤提供断层解剖学依据。方法：用火棉胶包埋技术对8侧成人尸体膝部进行矢状和冠状位l～2mm厚的连续切片，观察膝后外侧部结构在断面上的形态、位置和毗邻关系。结果：腓侧副韧带和弓状韧带在冠状切片显示较好；小豆腓骨韧带在矢状切片显示较好；胭腓韧带在矢状和冠状切片均可显示；胭肌的肌腹部、肌腹一肌腱连接部和胭肌腱股骨部在冠状层面可显示，胭肌腱斜行部在矢状面显示较好。结论：膝部矢状和冠状断层切片能清晰显示膝后外侧部结构，有利于正确辨认这些结构的影像学表现。     

眼眶冠状位的断层解剖学研究

目的为影像诊断提供较为全面的眼眶断层解剖学资料。方法应用36侧成人头颅湿标本制成0.5mm的冠状位火棉胶连续切片,对眶内主要结构的位置、走行和毗邻进行观测。结果对选取的10个典型层面的形态结构进行描述。结论冠状层面可更全面地反映眶内结构的位置关系,与水平层面相结合,对眼眶疾病的诊断更为准确有效。     

胸腰段脊柱结构走行过程的断层观察

目的:明确胸腰段脊柱在冠状、矢状和水平断面的解剖学特点,探讨薄层断层解剖学技术在观测胸腰段脊髓及脊神经根走行过程中各相关结构的临床应用价值。方法:40例成人尸体胸腰段脊柱标本经改良火棉胶技术包埋后分别在冠状、矢状和水平位行250μm厚的连续切片,观察胸腰段中央椎管、侧椎管及椎间管内各结构的形态特征和毗邻关系,并同时测量相关结构指标。结果:可详细描述胸腰段各典型结构在不同方位标本切片上表现,借助三维重建软件可测量分析椎体和椎板等结构参数。结论:三个方位的断层解剖切片均可较好地显示腰骶膨大、脊神经根各结构的位置关系,为正确辨认其在手术视野中表现提供解剖学依据,对脊髓源性疾病的诊疗具有重要价值。     

侧颅底的横断层解剖及临床意义

目的为侧颅底病变的影像诊断及手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法选取成人尸体头颈部20例,沿眶耳线(OML)制成横断层解剖标本。在卵圆孔和咽隐窝层面上,观察侧颅底结构的解剖学关系,利用游标卡尺测量侧颅底内重要结构的径线及结构之间的距离。结果侧颅底横断层面可清晰显示卵圆孔、棘孔、耳蜗导水管、颈动脉管水平段、茎突等侧颅底结构及其毗邻关系和咽旁间隙、颞下间隙内的结构,是显示咽隐窝与咽旁间隙位置关系的最佳断层影像方式。茎突是侧颅底影像诊断及手术入路时观察各结构间位置关系、咽旁间隙分区和寻找神经、血管的骨性标志。两侧侧颅底结构呈对称性分布,重要结构的径线及结构之间的距离均无显著性差异。结论对侧颅底病变的影像诊断和设计手术入路等具有重要意义。     

中国人侧颅底区可视化研究

目的建立中国人体侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型,为该区疾病的影像学诊断及外科手术治疗提供数字形态学依据。方法应用我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集,采用体绘制及面绘制重建方法,分别在P4微机和SGI工作站上对侧颅底区重要结构进行计算机三维重建及立体显示。结果侧颅底区局部可视化数字模型能够清晰显示侧颅底各重要结构。本研究着重显示了侧颅底神经血管区、颞骨内结构、颈内动脉及其毗邻结构与侧颅底骨性组织的三维解剖关系。三维重建结构可以单独或联合显示,重建结构的任意径线及角度均可进行适时三维测量。结论我室建立的数字化可视人体数据集能够较好地重建侧颅底区可视化解剖模型,反映该区域重要解剖结构及其空间毗邻关系,该结果可应用于侧颅底外科手术辅助教学以及手术入路的辅助设计等。     

The thin sectional anatomy of the temporal bone correlated with multislice spiral CT

The aim of this study was to explore the method for obtaining the thin sectional anatomy data of the adult temporal bone and study the fine structures using this method. Three fresh adult cadaveric heads were scanned with multi-slice computer tomography (MSCT) centered on petrous bones. The CT images of 0.6 mm were obtained by multi-planar reformation (MPR). The slices of 0.1 mm were shaved off the specimen in the axial direction with the numerical control milling machine after being embedded and frozen, pictures of which were taken by the digital camera and saved in the computer. The thin axial sectional anatomic structures of the intra-temporal were investigated and correlated with MPR images. Via the comparison, fifty micro-anatomic structures of the temporal bone that can’t be delineated clearly or missed in the thick sections were evaluated. The anatomical details of the temporal bone can be clearly delineated in MSCT in sub-millimeter and were identical to those in sectional anatomy images. This method can supply anatomical details that had been missed or overlooked for imaging diagnosis and surgical anatomy.     

个体化三维数字模型在内镜经鼻颞骨岩部解剖中的应用

目的　研究个体化三维数字模型（three-dimension digital manikin,3D-DM）在内镜经鼻颞骨岩部解剖中的应用,探讨其临床应用价值。 方法　10例（20侧）成人头部标本灌注后经CT扫描,将图像导入3Dview软件,重建出个体化3D-DM,运用“逆向骨窗形成”技术设计并模拟颞骨岩部骨窗形成。然后在3D-DM辅助下对颞骨岩部进行内镜解剖,对头部标本解剖与个体化3D-DM视野及相关测量进行比较。 结果　通过逆向骨窗形成技术可术前模拟颞骨岩部磨除,头部标本解剖与个体化3D-DM下视野高度一致,相关测量间比较无统计学差异。 结论　个体化3D-DM为内镜下经鼻入路暴露颞骨岩部提供详尽解剖数据,可以术前模拟颞骨岩部磨除,提高术中颞骨岩部磨除的准确性和安全性,对该手术入路的临床应用具重要指导意义。     

侧颅底的断层影像及其三维重建

目的为侧颅底病变的影像诊断及手术入路提供解剖学基础。方法选取成人尸体头颈部20例和志愿者10名,沿眶耳线(OML)制成横断层标本和CT连续扫描图像,采用表面遮盖显示法(SSD)进行侧颅底三维重建。在颈动脉管水平段和咽隐窝层面上,观察侧颅底结构的关系,测量侧颅底内重要结构的径线及结构之间的距离。结果侧颅底的横断层影像可清晰显示颈动脉管水平段、茎突等侧颅底结构及其毗邻关系和咽旁间隙内的结构,在标本及影像上颈内动脉、颈内静脉、咽隐窝至茎突的距离分别为(9.56±1.37)mm和(9.80±1.54)mm、(4.05±0.85)mm和(4.24±0.90)mm、(31.48±2.45)mm和(32.02±2.66)mm。茎突是侧颅底影像诊断及手术入路时观察各结构间位置关系、咽旁间隙分区和寻找神经、血管等的骨性标志。两侧侧颅底结构呈对称性分布,重要结构的径线及结构之间的距离均无显著性差异。SSD三维重建可清晰显示侧颅底结构的立体形态、空间位置及其相互关系,并可进行距离的测量。结论侧颅底的横断层影像是显示咽旁间隙的最佳方式和SSD三维重建,对侧颅底病变的影像诊断和设计手术入路等具有重要意义。     

眶尖区的断层解剖学研究及临床意义

目的　为眶尖区影像诊断提供断层解剖学资料。方法　应用 5 0侧成人头颅湿标本制成 0 5mm的火棉胶连续切片 ,用计算机图像分析系统对 3 6侧冠状位标本上的眶尖结构进行测量。结果　视神经管眶口处面积最小 ,管内段视神经从颅端到眶端逐渐变细 ,眼动脉进入神经经管从视神经内下方向外下方走行 ,眶上裂被Zinn腱环分为外侧区、中央区、下区 3部分。结论　冠状位是观测眶尖结构的理想层面 ,对眶尖部病变的诊断具有重要意义。     

The thin sectional anatomy of the sellar region with MRI correlation

The purpose of this study was to explore the anatomical complexity and adjacent relationships of the sellar region in thin continuous sections so as to provide intimate morphological data for imaging diagnosis and surgical operations of the diseases in this region. After CT and MR examination verifying no brain lesions, one normal cadaver head was selected for this study from four Chinese adult male cadavers. After being embedded and frozen, the head was sliced into serial sections at 0.1 mm intervals in the transverse plane with SKC 500 computerized freezing milling machine. Then the serial transverse sections were photographed by a high-resolution digital camera and saved in the computer. Subsequently, the anatomic structures of the sellar region on the thin transverse sections were investigated and correlated with the MR images of the specimen as well as in vivo MR images, which were obtained from 20 normal Chinese male adult volunteers by a 3.0 T GE MR scanner. The base lines of the sectioning and the MR scan were all parallel to the AC-PC line. A total of 320 transverse sections and 10–12 transverse MR images related with the sellar region were obtained, respectively. We investigated the sectional anatomy of the sellar region and divided it into three parts: supra hypophysial area, hypophysial area and infra hypophysial area. The cavernous sinus was a venous passage full of blood and it could be divided into four interspaces according to its position relation with the internal carotid artery. The third, fourth, sixth cranial nerves and trigeminal branches ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve displayed from the anterior to the posterior in the lateral wall of cavernous sinus in transverse planes. Comparing continuous thin sections with MR images offers a better understanding of the complex anatomical structures and provides practical submillimeter anatomical data for imaging diagnosis and clinical treatment in this region.     

Comparative study of thin sectional anatomical images from Chinese Visible Human data set and computed tomography images of superior mediastinum

The structures of superior mediastinum and their spatial relationships are complex and difficult to master. This study aimed to compare visualization of the superior mediastinum based on computed tomography (CT) images and on the thin sections of the Chinese visible human (CVH) data set to provide a sectional anatomical basis for diagnostic imaging of superior mediastinal pathology. CVH sections of the mediastinum of a 35‐year old male were compared with plain and enhanced CT images of a 45‐year old male without apparent abnormalities in the upper chest. In addition, a three‐dimensional model based on the CVH sections was compared with a model based on CT images. Although CT imaging is noninvasive and can be carried out in many individuals, its weakness is clearly the visualization of small soft tissue structures. In this respect, the sectional anatomical approach of the CVH images is complementary, as it visualizes these small soft tissue structures due to the higher resolution in the plain of sectioning and the color of the different structures in the section. Three‐dimensional surface and volume rendering of reconstructions of the CVH data set can help medical students and less experienced thoracic surgeons to familiarize themselves with the topographic anatomy of the superior mediastinal structures and their spatial relationships, and thus with interpreting CT images of patients. Clin. Anat. 25:1051–1061, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.