股骨远端旋转力线中的测量及其临床意义

目的:通过测量股骨外科上髁轴线、股骨前后轴线及其股骨后髁轴线之间的夹角,探讨全膝关节置换术中定位股骨假体旋转力线的方法。方法:75侧正常成人股骨标本,性别、年龄不详,数码相机拍摄股骨远端轴位片并输入个人电脑,在Photoshop7.0.1软件中测量股骨外科上髁轴线与股骨后髁轴线之间的夹角(股骨后髁角,PCA)及前后轴线的垂线与股骨后髁轴线的夹角(APA),行配对资料的t检验,比较两角度的差异。结果:PCA均值3.67°±1.62°(0.75°～5.90°),与西方人数据及国人影像学测量数据接近;APA均值3.50°±1.40°(1.34°～5.65°),与PCA差异无统计学意义(t=0.949,P=0.359),此两个角度均有较大的变异性。结论:术中仅通过测量PCL进行旋转力线的定位可能导致截骨不准确,通过PCL、APL进行双重定位可以提高手术操作精度。     

三维螺旋CT重建股骨远端旋转力线的测量

目的通过三维螺旋CT重建正常成人膝关节,测量股骨远端旋转力线,为全膝关节置换术股骨假体旋转力线的定位提供理论依据.方法80侧正常成人膝关节,男性、女性各40侧,年龄18～72岁.行三维螺旋CT扫描,在GE Advantage workstation工作站上进行0.625mm层厚重建,测量股骨外科上髁轴线与股骨后髁轴线之间的夹角(股骨后髁角,PCA)及前后轴线的垂线与股骨后髁轴线的夹角(APA).比较男、女性股骨旋转力线的差异.结果PCA男性3.21°±1.35°(1.15°～5.92°),女性3.60°±1.40°(0.84°～5.76°);APA男性3.17°±1.62°(0.87°～5.73°),女性3.66°±1.58°(1.34°～6.05°).PCA与APA的差异无统计学意义,但性别间PCA及APA差异均有统计学意义,同时PCA和APA均有较大的个体差异.结论男女性及不同个体之间股骨后髁角值存在一定差别,统一参照股骨后髁轴截骨将导致假体安放不准确,应采用多种定位方法确定股骨侧截骨,术前三维螺旋CT扫描重建股骨远端.测量后髁角,有利于术中重建准确的旋转力线.     

基于磁共振技术确定股骨远端旋转参照轴线

BACKGROUND: Problems regarding the prosthesis in the horizontal plane and the rotation of the femur and tibia prosthesis on line are relatively weak. The distal femoral rotation axis is mainly the transepicondylar axis. Due to patient differences as well as anatomy and intraoperative display, it is difficult to accurately locate the axis in the process of knee arthroplasty.     

手术治疗股骨远端骨折的研究进展

摘要:股骨远端骨折多为粉碎性、不稳定骨折,是较难治的骨折之一。随着手术技术的提高和内固定材料的研发,手术治疗效果已有大幅度的提高,功能恢复也越来越好,本文对各种内固定手术治疗股骨远端骨折的优缺点进行综述。     

全膝关节置换术中股骨远端形态研究进展

文章阐述全膝关节置换术中股骨远端形态相关研究进展。股骨远端解剖形态复杂,存在个体变异。通过解剖、X射线、CT和计算机辅助软件等测量方法,发现中国人股骨远端形态与欧美人存在差异,不同性别间股骨远端形态亦存在差异。不同人种、不同性别间股骨远端形态的差异足以对全膝关节置换术的效果产生影响。应将这些差异体现在股骨侧假体的改进和设计中。     

滑车线与股骨远端假体旋转轴线关系及其稳定性的影像学研究

目的 探讨滑车线在全膝关节置换手术中作为股骨远端假体旋转对线标志物的可靠性,为临床提供指导。方法 从2013年10月—2014年5月在同济大学附属第十人民医院行膝关节CT检查的患者中,选取符合纳入标准的膝关节影像学资料,共75例75侧进行回顾性分析。其中男36名,女39名;年龄23～60岁,平均(44.7±11.5)岁。在CT图像上定位外科经股骨上髁轴、前后轴、后髁轴、滑车线,以外科经股骨上髁轴为参照,测量前后轴、后髁轴、滑车线相对于该轴线的旋转角度,分别表示为APSA、PCA、ATSA,比较APSA、PCA、ATSA在不同性别间的差异,并比较三条轴线相对于外科经股骨上髁轴旋转角度的稳定性。结果 75例75侧膝关节中,APSA为86.38°±2.40°,男性86.73°±2.51°、女性86.06°±2.26°;PCA为3.89°±1.67°,男性3.62°±1.72°、女性4.13°±1.45°;ATSA为8.17°±2.01°,男性8.42°±1.89°,女性7.94°±2.08°。不同性别间ATSA、PCA、APSA比较,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。F检验提示,分别与前后轴、后髁轴相比较,滑车线相对于外科经股骨上髁轴的角度的稳定性差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。结论 通过对正常膝关节的影像学测量分析,滑车线作为全膝置换术中股骨远端假体旋转对位参考线的稳定性较好,可以为临床手术提供参考。     

股骨远端骨折治疗进展

股骨远端骨折常见于多发伤及老年患者,目前治疗方法有非手术治疗、外支架固定、髓内钉固定、钢板螺钉固定及新型远端皮质锁定技术、非接触式桥接钛板联合万向螺钉固定等。非手术治疗无二次创伤打击,但固定不可靠。钢板螺钉固定牢靠,但应力遮挡不利于骨痂形成。理论上和动物实验研究表明：远端皮质锁定、NCB桥接系统作为治疗股骨远端骨折的新型技术有促进骨痂形成的作用,但目前尚未确定其手术适应症。本文旨在综述股骨远端骨折的治疗方式及其优缺点和适应症,以便为股骨远端骨折治疗方案的选择提供参考。     

股骨远端锁定钢板结合MIPO技术治疗19例股骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨股骨远端锁定钢板结合MIPO技术(minimal y invasive plate osteosynthesis)治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折的临床效果。方法19例股骨远端粉碎性骨折按AO/ASIF分类：A2型3例、A3型6例,C2型7例、C3型3例,采用股骨远端锁定钢板结合MIPO进行固定,配合松质骨拉力螺钉固定髁间粉碎骨折块。结果19例患者均获随访,时间6~22(12.4±2.5)个月,骨折均愈合满意,按Kolmenrt评定标准：优12例,良5例,一般1例,差1例,优良率89%。结论股骨远端锁定钢板结合MIPO技术治疗股骨远端粉碎性骨折,具有创伤小,出血少,节省手术时间,固定牢靠等优点。     

基于结构拓扑优化的股骨近端生物力线特征研究

骨折治疗常采用内固定法。为实现骨折的解剖复位和有效固定,内固定件的放置应顺应骨的生物力线,并适应骨皮质厚薄的特定解剖形态特征。为了探究人体骨骼生物力线和皮质厚薄分布特征及形成规律,本文以股骨近端为研究对象,应用三维重建技术建立三维模型;并以人类常见的单腿站立、外展和内收三种行为动作为工况,通过有限元分析得到股骨近端的生理应力分布情况。然后,本文运用结构拓扑优化方法模拟股骨近端在三种行为动作的综合作用下皮质厚薄的结构形态;并通过对比股骨近端解剖形态特征,分析股骨近端生物力线分布走向和骨皮质厚薄的特征及形成规律。研究结果表明,骨骼结构的生物力线和皮质厚薄形态特征及形成规律取决于人类活动时承受的载荷,生物力线的分布走向与骨生理承载时骨小梁排向和骨皮质纹路走向及坚实程度有关。本文提出的分析手段为确定骨骼的生物力线与皮质厚薄分布特征提供了一种解决方案,得出的结论或可指导骨折内固定件的合理放置。     

股骨远端锁定钢板治疗股骨假体周围骨折

目的探讨应用股骨远端锁定钢板治疗Vncouver B1型股骨假体周围骨折的疗效。方．法对17例Vncouver B1型股骨假体周围骨折采用切开复位,股骨远端锁定钢板内固定,骨折远端应用双侧骨皮质锁定螺钉固定,髓内假体部分应用单侧骨皮质锁定螺钉固定,对于骨缺损较大者予以自体髂骨植骨处理。术后随访11～44个月,平均23．9个月,观察骨折愈合及假体稳定情况。结果根据症状、体征及影像学报告,17例患者均达到骨性愈合,骨折愈合时间3～7个月,平均4．8个月,未出现畸形愈合及骨不连,无假体松动,患者术前术后Harris评分无明显差别。结论应用股骨远端锁定钢板治疗Vncouver B1型股骨假体周围骨折简单有效,固定效果好,据骨缺损情况予以植骨,可获得良好临床效果,值得考虑和尝试。     

汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及其临床意义

目的 探讨中国汉族人群正常股骨远端髁间前后轴线与旋转轴线的对位关系及在全膝关节置换术中的临床价值。方法 2012年10月—2013年7月,对北京、河北、新疆及重庆的288名健康汉族志愿者行双下肢全长CT扫描,共获得575个正常膝关节图像数据纳入研究进行分析。其中男148名,女140名;年龄17—65岁;左膝288个,右膝287个。通过垂直于股骨机械轴线的断层图像,进行轴线之间的测量,包括髁间前后轴线与外科上髁轴线夹角（ASA）,髁间前后轴线与临床上髁轴线夹角（ACA）,髁间前后轴线与后髁连线夹角（APA）;按性别和侧别分组进行统计学分析。结果 ASA平均87．19°±1．92°,男性87．03°±1．95°,女性87．35°±1．87°,左膝87．33°±1．88°,右膝87．05°±1．95°;ACA平均90．93°±2．03°,男性90．68°±2．01°,女性91．19°±2．03°,左膝91．05°±1．93°,右膝90．81°±2．13°;APA平均83．99°±2．16°,男性83．86°±2．20°,女性84．12°±2．12°,左膝84．05°±2．09°,右膝83．92°±2．23°。其中ACA在男女性别中的差异具有统计学意义（t=3．000,P=0．003）,女性比男性平均大0．51°,其余参数在性别及侧别中差异均无统计学意义（P值均〉0．05）。结论 通过对较大样本的中国汉族人群正常膝关节影像学的CT测量,得到相对准确的汉族人群股骨远端轴线间的对位关系,可以指导术中股骨远端截骨操作,确定适当的股骨外旋。     

Preoperative rotational assessment of the distal femur with CT may cause femoral component malrotation in TKA

BackgroundBefore total knee arthroplasty (TKA), rotational assessment of the distal femur can be performed using either magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT). Until now, there has been no study comparing the two modalities regarding rotational assessment of the distal femur in the same patients.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the preoperative CT and MRI images of 110 knees in 110 patients who underwent TKA. In the axial planes of CT and MRI scan, the posterior condylar axis (PCA), anatomical transepicondylar axis (aTEA), and perpendicular line to anteroposterior axis (pAPA) were identified; the angles between these studied lines were calculated. During TKA, the angles measured on the preoperative CT and MRI were compared with the measurements obtained in the intraoperative field.ResultsThe mean aTEA-PCA angle was 6.2 ± 1.9° with CT and 5.1 ± 1.8° with MRI. The mean pAPA-PCA angle was 4.7 ± 2.1° with CT and 3.5 ± 2.0° with MRI. The mean aTEA-PCA (1.1 ± 1.3°, p = 0.001) and pAPA-PCA (1.2 ± 1.2°, p = 0.012) angles significantly differed between CT and MRI. Intra-operatively, the mean aTEA-PCA angle was 4.7 ± 1.1° and the mean pAPA-PCA angle was 3.2 ± 0.9°. Reliability analysis between the preoperative CT/MRI and the intraoperative measurements gave kappa values of 0.72 for aTEA-PCA and 0.66 for pAPA-PCA with CT, and 0.82 for aTEA-PCA and 0.84 for pAPA-PCA with MRI.ConclusionsPreoperative rotational assessment of the distal femur with CT may cause higher external rotation of femoral component in TKA.     

Achieving ligament stability and correct rotational alignment of the femur in knee arthroplasty: a study using the Medial Pivot knee

In a series of 90 Medial Pivot arthroplasties rotational alignment of the femur was achieved by provisionally reconstructing the lateral side of the joint and tensioning the medial side with feeler gauges. Axial CT scans were employed to measure the rotational alignment relative to surgical epicondylar axis. In valgus knees the cutting block was externally rotated to adjust for posterolateral bone loss. The mean rotational alignment of the femur was 0.6° of external rotation (S.D. 1.3, range 3° of ER to 4° of IR). The mean laxity of the medial ligament was 1 mm in flexion (SD 1, range 0–5 mm) and 0.5 mm in flexion (S.D. 0.5, range 0–2 mm) In those knees in which the medial ligament had been released the CT alignment was perfect, but when internally rotated against the hip 3–4 mm of gapping was noted.

In valgus knees the mean rotation of the femoral component was 0.8° of internal rotation (S.D. 1.5, range 1° of IR to 4° of ER). In spite of externally rotating the cutting block there was still a tendency to internally rotate the femur in some knees.

This simple technique achieves the two goals of ligament stability and correct rotational alignment in a high proportion of cases. It may be applicable to any instrument system which employs posterior referencing.     

计算机辅助设计股骨远端个性化解剖型接骨板

背景：现有解剖型接骨板在个性化方面存在缺点及不足。 目的：用CT原始数据建立股骨远端骨折模拟复位后的三维实体模型,并设计个性化解剖型接骨板的三维实体模型。 方法：选取1例左股骨远端骨折患者的CT扫描原始数据。导入Mimics软件,得到股骨远端骨折模拟复位的三维实体模型;用Geomagic软件转换为符合要求的NURBS封闭曲面模型;接着用UG软件设计出接骨板的内外表面,得到模型数据,确定螺钉孔的位置并设计螺钉孔,并对设计好的接骨板进行数控编程。将生成的NC代码输入数控机床,加工出股骨远端个性化解剖型接骨板。 结果与结论：①建立了股骨远端复杂骨折模拟复位后的三维实体模型。②建立了股骨远端个性化解剖型接骨板的三维实体模型及股骨远端个性化解剖型接骨板螺钉系统装配的三维实体模型。③加工出了股骨远端个性化解剖型接骨板模型及股骨远端骨骼模型。模型外形逼真,接近真实情况,具有良好的骨面贴合性和特殊的螺钉孔设计。     

国人经股骨上髁轴的磁共振测量

目的 在MRI上研究股骨远端上髁解剖,为全膝置换术中定位外科经股骨上髁轴(STEA)及股骨假体大小设计提供可靠依据。 方法 对78侧正常成人膝关节行磁共振扫描,测量STEA宽度、STEA的骨性标志与膝关节后侧及远端关节线的距离,股骨远端内外上髁的前后径大小及股骨后髁角。 结果 STEA宽度在男性中为(79.55±4.90)mm,在女性中为(71.18±4.22)mm,股骨内上髁沟最低点、外上髁最凸点与膝关节后方关节线及远端关节线的距离与STEA宽度具相关性,股骨远端内外上髁的前后径大小与STEA宽度也具相关性,股骨后髁角为(4.22±2.07)°。 结论 国人股骨远端上髁解剖大小明显小于欧美国家人群,股骨远端内外上髁的前后径与STEA宽度成一定比例,STEA的骨性标志与膝关节后侧及远端关节线的距离可为定位STEA提供一定帮助,通过术中触摸或PCL定位STEA的可靠性差。     

股骨髌骨沟的解剖学定位及临床意义

目的：用三维放射图像和数字技术测量股骨的多种解剖学中心线来定位正常髌骨沟的位置。方法：在20根股骨干标本上确定并标记髌骨沟部位后，再进行冠状面、矢状面和水平面拍片，确定解剖轴、机械轴、经髁上轴和经内、外侧髁轴的位置。结果：这四条主要的轴线在冠状面和水平面上角度均值范围在11^。～16^。之间。在冠状面上，髌骨沟的准确定位几乎完全与经髁上轴线垂直，但变化范围很大。在测量的全部解剖轴线中，没有一条可作为确定髌骨沟确切位置的参考线。结论：(1)正常髌骨沟的解剖学定位比既往推测的具有更大的可变性。(2)股骨不适应这种可变性解释在膝关节置换术中与髌骨有关的并发症。     

How the orientation of osteotomy in biplanar lateral closed-wedge distal femoral osteotomy influences the rotational alignment of the knee in all dimensional planes

BackgroundCorrection of coronal plane deformity by osteotomies around the knee is theoretically three-dimensional (3D) and can be associated with changes in other planes. It has been shown that 3D rotational changes are induced by biplanar high tibial osteotomy; however, relevant information in biplanar lateral closed-wedge distal femoral osteotomy (LCW-DFO) has not been reported in literatures. This study aimed to investigate rotational changes in axial and sagittal planes in LCW-DFO using computer-aided design (CAD) simulations.MethodsLCW-DFO is composed of three cuts: one ascending cut and two transverse cuts. In the simulations, the following geometrical parameters were adopted as factors potentially influencing 3D changes occurring in the osteotomy. The ascending cut angle measured as the angle between the edge of the ascending cut and the edge of the transverse cut in the lateral view, and the ascending cut obliquity measured as the angle corresponding to anterior/posterior inclination of the ascending cut with reference to the posterior condylar tangent line in the axial view. In the analysis, the effects of these bony cut angles on associated rotational changes in the axial and sagittal planes (internal/external rotation and flexion/extension) were calculated. Variation of wedge size ranged from 2 to 8 mm.ResultsThe degree of the ascending cut obliquity substantially correlated with associated change in the sagittal plane (extension/flexion) while inducing only minimal change in rotation in the axial plane (internal/external rotation). When the osteotomy was made without ascending cut obliquity, the change in knee extension/flexion was minimal for the conditions analyzed while coupled internal rotation of the distal bony segment was induced.ConclusionsIn biplanar LCW-DFO, the ascending cut angle substantially influenced the amount of internal rotation of the distal bony segment with little effect on flexion/extension angles. By contrast, ascending cut obliquity in the axial plane yields an effect on flexion/extension angles and little effect on internal rotation of the distal bony segment.