大脑前动脉A1段的显微解剖与数字减影血管造影对照观测及临床意义

目的 为临床选择颅内血管支架的类型和放置部位提供解剖学基础。方法 选取尸头标本20具,经双侧翼点入路显微解剖观测大脑前动脉A1段及其穿支血管。选取无病变的全脑DSA 100例,观测大脑前动脉A1段的走行及其穿支的开口部位。结果 显微解剖大脑前动脉A1段的长度和直径分别为（13.55±1.43） mm、（2.43±0.37） mm,DSA血管造影的长度和直径分别为（13.42±1.57） mm、（2.28±0.40） mm,显微解剖与DSA血管造影直径的差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。大脑前动脉A1段的穿支发自其后上壁,近侧段穿支数目（2.55±0.39）支,中间段（0.52±0.46）支,远侧段（1.12±0.11）支,近侧、中间、远侧段的穿支数目的差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.05）。男性较女性的大脑前动脉A1段长、直径粗,两者差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.05）。结论 大脑前动脉A1段的显微解剖与数字减影血管造影对照观测对临床选择颅内血管支架的类型和放置部位,避免血管支架阻塞穿支开口处,防止术后穿支供应区域缺血等具有重要的临床意义。     

基底动脉的显微解剖与血管造影对照观测及临床应用

目的　为选择血管支架的类型和放置部位提供解剖学基础。 方法 （1）选取头部标本20例,经斜坡入路解剖观测基底动脉及其分支、穿支血管。（2）选取无病变的全脑血管造影像100例,观测基底动脉的走行、分支及其穿支的开口部位。（3）选取基底动脉狭窄患者20例,经股动脉穿刺施行支架成形术,观测基底动脉狭窄部位的血管直径和血管狭窄的变化。 结果 基底动脉的长度和外径分别为　(28.52±3.45) mm、(4.52±0.24) mm,血管造影长度和直径分别为(25.47±3.65) mm、(3.46±0.46) mm,显微解剖与血管造影有显著性差异（P<0.05）。基底动脉的穿支细小、密集,从基底动脉后外侧壁发出后直行进入脑实质。基底动脉血管造影的横径与前后径之间有显著性差异（P<0.05）,基底动脉内腔呈椭圆形。男、女性基底动脉血管造影的长度和直径有显著性差异（P<0.05）,男性较女性的基底动脉长,直径粗。基底动脉支架成形术的手术成功率为100%,狭窄血管的直径有明显改善。 结论 基底动脉的显微解剖与血管造影对照观测对选择血管支架的类型和放置部位,防止术后穿支供应区域缺血等具有重要的临床意义。     

经额底纵裂入路前交通动脉复合体的显微解剖研究

目的探讨显微解剖下经额底纵裂入路及相应的前交通动脉复合体相关指标,分析前交通动脉复合体结构分布情况。方法选择完整浸泡于10%福尔马林的成人尸头标本15具(30侧),在显微镜下经额底纵裂入路进行解剖,检测和分析大脑前动脉远侧部位和前交通动脉复合体的显微解剖相关指标,观察重要动脉血管分布情况。结果大脑前动脉A1段的左侧管径(2.67±0.29)mm,长度(133.68±1.63)mm;右侧管径(2.24±0.35)mm,长度(13.21±1.31)mm;出现变异的标本有2例(13.3%)。A2段的左侧管径(2.48±0.43)mm,长度(19.24±3.27)mm;右侧管径(2.51±0.52)mm,长度(20.15±3.54)mm;均未见变异和不对称情况。前交通动脉的长度为0~8.9 mm,平均(3.51±0.88)mm;直径为0~4.0 mm,平均(1.24±0.61)mm。前交通动脉的穿通支有1~5支,平均(2.3±1.01)支。Heubner回返动脉未见发育异常,其长度为21.14~37.52 mm,平均(27.11±3.15)mm。结论经额底纵裂入路对人体头颅进行解剖,分析前交通动脉复合体相关指标,明确了该部位的解剖结构及分布情况,有助于指导该部位前交通动脉复合体的结构分析、病变探索和临床手术。     

后交通动脉的显微外科解剖及其临床意义

目的 探讨后交通动脉及其分支血管的显微解剖结构特点及其临床意义。方法取15例(30侧) 10%甲醛固定的成人尸头标本,男9例(18侧),女6例(12侧)。开颅后自桥脑水平离断脑干取出大脑,保留Willis环的完整性;显微镜下观察后交通动脉的起始部位、分支血管数量,测量后交通动脉的长度、起始部外径,并根据其管径进行分型;观测后交通动脉最粗大分支乳头体前动脉的起始部位及起始部外径,并根据其形态特点进行分型。结果 30侧后交通动脉均发自颈内动脉外侧壁。左侧长度(13.63±0.42)mm,直径(1.72±0.56)mm,发出分支血管(6.92±0.55)支;右侧长度(14.42±0.46)mm,直径(1.81±0.60)mm,发出分支血管(6.22±0.48)支。后交通动脉为胚胎型4侧,过渡型2例,发育不全型7侧,成人型17侧。15例30侧标本中,乳头体前动脉缺如1侧,其余29侧后交通动脉均发出乳头体前动脉,其中单干型24侧、双干型3侧、多干型2侧。29侧乳头体前动脉中,起自后交通动脉的前1/3者7侧,中1/3者15侧,后1/3者6侧,后交通动脉与大脑后动脉汇合处者1侧。结论 后交通动脉的管径及其分支血管的数量、起始部位、管径等均存在一定的变异;处理鞍区病变,特别是显微夹闭后交通动脉瘤时,应详细了解后交通动脉的解剖结构特点,并注重分支血管的保护,对患者的预后具有重要的临床意义。     

腓动脉穿支皮瓣的解剖与临床应用

目的:通过解剖学研究,分析腓动脉穿支特点,评价腓动脉穿支游离皮瓣临床应用的安全性和可行性.方法:10%甲醛固定成人尸体标本10具共20侧小腿,解剖观察腓动脉穿支数,测量各穿支穿出点与腓骨小头间距离、各穿支外径及血管蒂长度,并总结其规律性;采用游离腓动脉穿支皮瓣或筋膜瓣移植修复手足皮肤缺损43例.结果:10具20侧标本腓动脉穿支数平均为(6.35±1.15)支;在腓骨小头下方(9.8±0.93)cm,(13.4±0.90)cm,(17.2±1.13cm,(21.3±0.77)cm 4处,腓动脉穿支出现较恒定;上述四个位置穿支外径分别为(1.33±0.39)mm,(1.30±0.46)mm,(1.17±0.30)mm,(1.22±0.23)mm;血管蒂长分别为(5.87±0.73)cm,(5.83±1.73)cm,(5.44±1.09)cm,(5.10±1.93)cm.临床应用43例中,皮瓣完全成活42例,部分坏死1例.结论:腓动脉各穿支出现基本恒定,其中小腿中1/3段的穿支血管管径较粗,血管蒂较长,是穿支皮瓣切取的合适部位.腓动脉穿支皮瓣游离移植,是临床修复手足皮肤缺损的理想术式.     

前交通动脉复合体区的显微解剖学研究

目的 研究前交通动脉复合体（antcrior communicating artery complex，ACoAC）及其毗邻结构的显微解剖特点，为该区域的手术提供显微解剖数据，方法在10例（20侧）成人头颅标本上，分别在不同的视角下对ACoAC及其发出的穿支动脉进行解剖观察；取出整脑后对ACoAC各部分直径、长度进行测量、拍照，所得数据用SPNSS10．0软件进行统计分析，结果10例（20侧半球）共有20支大脑前动脉。双侧ACA—A1段长度和直径比较未见显著性差异．ACA-A1段后下壁发出许多穿支血管。前交通动脉形态变异很多均发出穿支血管，分别供应下丘脑、视交叉、胼胝体膝部等。Hcubner回返动脉是ACoAC发出的最粗大的穿支血管，其起源、行程变异很大。ACoAC发出很多供应视交又及视神经的穿支血管．他们大多来自ACA—A1段。结论 ①双侧ACA-A1段发育多不对称，可能与前交通动脉瘤的发生有关。ACA—A1段均发出重要的穿支血管．手术时应仔细加以分辨、保护．．ACoA形态变异很大，但与ACA-A1段发育不良关东不大，②Heubner回返动脉起源和形态堑异很大。③OC和ON的血液供应有上、下两个起源。     

带腋毛穿支皮瓣的解剖学基础

目的探讨腋窝穿支的解剖学特征,为临床阴阜软组织缺损的修复提供带毛皮瓣。方法选用30侧成人尸体标本15具(30侧),通过乳胶灌注、巨微解剖等方法,重点观测:①腋窝穿支血管的起源、分支与吻合;②腋窝穿支血管的外径与长度。结果腋窝底部皮肤有3种穿支:①胸背动脉第1皮支:出现率96.7%,起始外径(1.2±0.3)mm;②胸外侧动脉第1皮支:出现率90%,起始外径(1.2±0.2)mm;③腋动脉直接穿支:出现率93.3%,起始外径(1.4±0.3)mm。结论腋窝区皮肤血供丰富,解剖恒定,至少有一条皮穿支可遴选为血管蒂设计带毛穿支皮瓣,修复因肿瘤根治术后、烧伤、创伤等原因导致的带毛区皮肤缺损。     

大脑中动脉M1段CT数字减影血管成像研究及其临床意义

目的报道运用64层容积CT数字减影血管成像(Volume computed tomography digitalsubtraction angiography,VCTDSA)研究大脑中动脉(Middle Cerebral Artery,MCA)水平段(M1段)走行及其分支解剖和变异。方法前瞻性观测脑血管或头颈血管VCTDSA检查脑底动脉表现无异常者120例,在VR图像上观测MCA-M1段走行及分支类型,测量M1段起始处管径,比较不同侧别、性别管径有无差异。结果120例240侧MCA中,M1段走行分为4型:水平型40.41%(97/240侧),上斜型14.58%(35/240侧),下斜型7.92%(19/240侧),波浪型37.08%(89/240侧);M1段主干分3型:单干型7.91%(19/240侧)、双干型88.75%(213/240侧)、三干型3.33%(8/240侧);M1起始处管径左侧:(1.98±0.44)mm,右侧:(2.05±0.46)mm;男性:(2.01±0.39)mm,女性:(2.03±0.41)mm;管径不存在侧别和性别的差异(P=0.062、0.792)。M1段分支类型除TanrioverN划分八种类型外,另还有IIB、IIC、IVC亚型共3种亚型。发育变异包括窗式变异2例、副大脑中动脉1例、早分叉5例。结论VCTDSA能清楚地显示MCA-M1段血管的解剖和变异,管径正常值可作为临床诊断脑血管疾病的参考。     

大脑前动脉A1段及前交通动脉复合体穿支动脉的显微解剖

目的　通过对前交通动脉复合体及其穿支动脉的显微解剖，为降低手术夹闭前交通动脉瘤的穿支动脉相关并发症提供解剖学依据。 方法 选取15具（30侧）尸头，充分暴露大脑前动脉A1段及前交通动脉复合体，显微镜下观察并测量各区域穿支动脉的数量、起始管径及分布区域等。将A1段按长度平均分为6区（A~ F区），观察6区穿支动脉的分布特点，寻找最佳临时阻断区。选取动脉内红色乳胶灌注充盈良好的10具尸头，显微镜下观测A1段髓质支及Heubner回返动脉自皮质至髓质的深度及分布区域。 结果 大脑前动脉A1段长度为（15.13±4.76）mm，其发出穿支动脉共244支，其中A区63支（25.82%），B区54支（22.13%），C区51支（20.90%），D区31支（12.70%），E区20支（8.20%），F区25支（10.25%）。大脑前动脉A1段与A2段长度、穿支动脉数量及穿支动脉起始外径左右均无明显差异。 结论　熟悉前交通动脉复合体及其穿支动脉的解剖学特点是术中减少或避免穿支动脉损伤的关键。A1段E区常可作为最佳临时阻断区。     

吻合血管同种异体股骨干移植的解剖学基础

目的 :为吻合血管同种异体股骨干移植提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 40侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶的成人下肢标本 ,解剖观测了股骨滋养血管的来源、分布、长度及外径 ;5 0根干燥成人股骨 ,观察股骨滋养孔。结果 :股骨滋养孔主要位于粗线上或粗线内侧面 ,滋养孔的位置距股骨内侧踝 1 6 9± 3 .3cm。滋养动脉来自股深动脉 ,相当于第 3穿支部位的股深动脉干发出的分支 ,外径 1 5± 0 .3mm ,长为 1 2± 0 .3cm。结论 :选用股深血管穿支及其滋养动脉为蒂的同种异体股骨段移植 ,可用于重建股骨干大段缺损。     

Rates of oxygen consumption and of anaerobic glycolysis in renal cortex and medulla of adult and new-born rats and guinea-pigs

1. Rates of oxygen uptake and of anaerobic glycolysis were estimated in slices from the renal cortex and medulla (a) of adult rats and guinea-pigs, (b) of new-born (1-, 5- and 21-day-old) rats and of guinea-pigs of 1, 12, 21, 24 and 120 hr age.2. In the adult rat, Q(O2) values for the cortex were 12.55 +/- 0.20 (22) and for the medulla: 8.56 +/- 0.17 (22) mul./hr.mg dry weight, while in the new-born rat (24 hr old) they were 10.99 +/- 0.46 (12) and 9.33 +/- 0.18 (9) mul./hr.mg dry weight respectively.3. Values for Q(CO2) (N2) (anaerobic glycolysis) in the 14 hr old new-born rat were in the renal cortex 9.65 +/- 0.35 (5) and in the medulla 7.39 +/- 0.43 (5) mul./hr.mg dry weight; while in the adult they were 2.25 +/- 0.08 (16) and 5.76 +/- 0.14 (16) mul./hr.mg dry weight, respectively.4. In the adult guinea-pig values for Q(CO2) (N2) were of the same order as in the adult rat, though the rate of O(2) uptake was for the cortex 8.12 +/- 0.22 (12) and for the medulla 5.02 +/- 0.23 (11) mul./hr.mg dry weight.5. Though the Q(O2) values in the renal cortex and medulla were smaller in the 1 hr old new-born guinea-pig, they were already increasing in the 12 hr old neonate.6. The results are discussed in the light of enzyme changes occurring during the process of maturation of the nephron as indicated by histochemical observations.     

Modes of reinforcement and gender and culture of experimenter and subject: effects of "alien" and external reinforcement for Japanese and American men and women

In this study, we examined external and "alien" reinforcement (ER and AR. respectively) as a factor in social learning, and studied the combined effects of culture and reinforcement mode. A female (Experiment 1) and a male (Experiment 2) experimenters conducted experimental sessions. Both men and women, who grew up in the same culture as the experimenter, participated and performed the experimental task. A three-way interaction effect of experimenter gender, culture, and reinforcement mode was found on task performance. And the effect was more pronounced for a Japanese experimenter. A female and a male experimenters conducted Experiments 3 and 4, respectively; however participants this time were men and women who grew up in different cultures than the experimenter. Results indicated that the pattern of the subject gender and reinforcement mode interaction effect, when the experimenter was Japanese with American subjects, was exactly opposite to that when the experimenter was American. These experiments showed that AR was as effective for social learning as ER, and that the cultural backgrounds of experimenter and subject influenced AR and ER effectiveness.     

Timing and intensity of early fevers and the development of allergies and asthma

BACKGROUND: Early childhood fevers appear to protect against later allergies and asthma. What is not known is the time in which fevers exert this effect and whether the degree of temperature increase is important. OBJECTIVE: We sought to examine the relationship between the time and degree of early fevers and later allergies and asthma. METHODS: Eight hundred thirty-five children from southeast Michigan were enrolled at birth. Clinic records from their first 2 years were abstracted for episodes of fever. At age 6 to 7 years, children underwent allergy testing. We examined fevers occurring within 6-month intervals in the first 2 years of life and outcomes at age 6 to 7 years. The primary outcome measures were allergic sensitization, asthma, asthma with allergic sensitization, and asthma without allergic sensitization. RESULTS: In the unadjusted analysis each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months of age was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (odds ratio [OR], 0.71; 95% CI, 0.54-0.93) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.21-0.90) at age 6 to 7 years. Likewise, every 1 degrees C increase in the maximum temperature between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower odds of allergic sensitization (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.61-0.96) and asthma with allergic sensitization (OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40-0.94). After adjusting for potential confounders, each episode of fever between 7 and 12 months was associated with a lower likelihood of asthma with allergic sensitization (adjusted OR, 0.33; 95% CI, 0.11-0.94) at age 6 to 7 years. CONCLUSIONS: Both the timing and intensity of childhood fevers appear to be important factors in the development of allergies and asthma.     

纳米水平分子成像与诊疗一体化研究进展与挑战

分子成像能以非侵入性的方式重现活体细胞的生理功能和生物学过程,提高疾病的早期和特异性诊断水平。纳米颗粒/材料具有物理性质可控性高、易于表面修饰、血液循环时间长和可功能化等优点,在疾病诊断与治疗中显示出巨大潜力。但如何阐明纳米材料多功能间的内在联系、解决其代谢及安全性等关键机制难题、实现纳米颗粒/材料多功能性到临床多功能...