慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液IL-1β和TNF-α的检测及意义

目的 :了解IL 1β和TNF α在慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺按摩液 (EPS)中的变化及临床意义。 　方法 :应用ELISA法对 34例慢性前列腺炎 [EPS中白细胞 (WBC)计数≥ 10 /HP为A组 16例 ,WBC <10 /HP为B组 18例 ]、10例无症状性前列腺炎、12例良性前列腺增生 (BPH)及 8例健康对照EPS中的IL 1β和TNF α进行检测。 　结果 :IL 1β和TNF α在EPS中WBC≥ 10 /HP的慢性前列腺炎和无症状性前列腺炎两组检测值明显高于WBC <10 /HP的慢性前列腺炎、BPH和健康对照 3组 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 2 )。IL 1β与TNF α有显著的数列等级相关性 (P <0 .0 0 3) ,而WBC计数和IL 1β、TNF α之间的数列等级相关性无显著性意义。 　结论 :IL 1β与TNF α在伴有WBC计数增高的慢性前列腺炎患者EPS中明显增高 ,IL 1β与TNF α对传统以WBC计数为慢性前列腺炎进行分类的方法可以提供一个更准确的新分类方法。     

前列腺炎患者前列腺液成分与血清PSA含量的关系

目的 :探讨前列腺炎患者前列腺按摩液 (EPS)中卵磷脂小体及白细胞 (WBC)含量与血清前列腺特异性抗原(PSA)升高之间的关系 ,以及细菌性与非细菌性前列腺炎对血清PSA浓度的影响。　方法 :ELISA法测定 6 2例慢性前列腺炎患者及 2 2例正常人的血清PSA含量。分析EPS中卵磷脂小体及WBC含量与血清PSA升高的相关性 ,并比较细菌性与非细菌性前列腺炎患者平均血清PSA间的差异。　结果 :前列腺炎患者血清PSA含量为 (1.79± 0 .6 8)μg/L ,明显高于对照组的 (0 .6 3± 0 .2 9) μg/L (P <0 .0 0 1)。EPS镜检白细胞含量低的 (+～ ++)与含量高的 (+++～ ++++)两组患者的血清PSA含量比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。卵磷脂小体含量低的 (-～ ++) 35例与含量高的 (+++～ ++++) 2 7例患者的血清PSA含量比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。细菌性与非细菌性炎性前列腺炎患者血清PSA含量比较差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论 :前列腺炎可以导致血清PSA升高 ,这种升高与EPS中WBC的含量呈正相关 ,与卵磷脂小体的含量无关 ,与前列腺炎类型 (细菌性或非细菌性 )无关。     

前列腺液中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶测定在慢性前列腺炎诊断中的意义

目的 探讨中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(neutrophil elastase,NE)在慢性前列腺炎诊断中的意义.方法 试验组35例慢性前列腺炎患者及对照组35例,进行NE浓度测定、前列腺液常规检查、细菌培养及NIH前列腺炎症状评分(CPSI);进行NE浓度与白细胞(WBC)计数和CPSI评分相关性分析、CPSI评分和WBC计数以及其它指标进行相关性分析.对两组的NE浓度、CPSI评分、卵磷脂小体(SPL)等结果进行统计学分析.结果 (1)试验组35例,NE浓度与EPS中WBC数量呈较强的正相关关系,NE浓度与CPSI评分呈较强的正相关关系,CPSI评分与WBC呈正相关关系.(2)两组之间NE浓度、NIH的CPSI评分、WBC计数、前列腺培养阳性率均有显著性差异.结论 测定前列腺液中NE浓度,对于慢性前列腺炎的诊断有一定的意义.     

前列腺液白细胞计数与慢性前列腺炎症状严重程度的关系分析

目的：探讨前列腺液（EPS）白细胞（WBC）计数与慢性前列腺炎（CP）临床症状严重程度的关系。方法：嘱260例慢性前列腺炎患者填写国际前列腺炎症状评分表（NIH—CPSI）测评症状严重程度,常规进行EPS检查并计数WBC数量。结果：将患者按EPS-WBC计数等级分为四组：A组72例（WBC0～9个／HP）;B组93例（WBC10～19个／HP）;C组64例（WBC20-29个／HP）;D组31例（WBC≥30个／HP）。四组的总评分分别为：（19．33±5．01）、（20．24±7．89）、（18．79±6．20）和（20．68±4．43）。各组间CPSI各项评分的差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：慢性前列腺炎患者EPS白细胞计数与临床症状的严重程度不相关,对评估慢性前列腺炎的病情以及指导治疗意义不大。     

前列腺液中尿酸引起ⅢB前列腺炎84例报告

目的 :探讨前列腺液 (EPS)中尿酸 (UA)与前列腺素E2 (PGE2 )浓度与慢性盆痛症状之间的相互关系 ,以及UA引发ⅢB前列腺炎的可能机制。方法 :按国际慢性前列腺炎分类诊断标准诊断 ,将 84例慢性前列腺炎患者分为两组 ,即ⅢA组 39例 ;ⅢB组 4 5例 ;正常对照 (对照组 ) 13例。分别进行国际前列腺炎症状评分 (CP SI)和检测EPS中白细胞数、pH值、UA和PGE2 浓度。结果 :①ⅢB组患者慢性盆痛症状评分 (CPSI P)高于ⅢA组 ,EPS中UA浓度高于ⅢA组和正常对照组 ,pH值低于ⅢA和正常对照组 ,均差异有显著性意义 (均 P <0 .0 5 )。②ⅢB组和ⅢA组的PGE2 平均浓度高于正常对照组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,但是ⅢA组和ⅢB组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。CPSI P与EPS中的UA ,PGE2 之间存在正相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :ⅢB组患者EPS中高浓度的UA激活环氧化酶 ,使局部的PGE2 升高 ,从而引起慢性盆痛症状 ,其严重程度与EPS中的UA、PGE2 浓度呈正比。同时PGE2 又使UA更容易渗入EPS ,形成UA和PGE2 之间的恶性循环 ,使ⅢB前列腺炎迁延不愈。     

不同类型慢性前列腺炎前列腺液锌含量的分布及意义

目的 :探讨不同类型慢性前列腺炎前列腺液中锌 (EPS Zn)含量的分布及意义。方法 :应用原子吸收光谱法测定慢性细菌性前列腺炎 (CBP)、慢性非细菌性前列腺炎或慢性盆底疼痛综合征 (CPPS)患者及正常对照组前列腺液中锌含量。结果 :正常对照组EPS Zn平均含量为 (4 96 .14± 6 7.0 7)mg/L ;2 4例CBP、4 1例CPPS患者EPS Zn平均含量均明显低于正常对照组 (均 P <0 .0 1) ;CBP组与CPPS组比较 ,差异无统计学意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :EPS Zn可以作为慢性前列腺炎的诊断指标 ,但对区分CBP和CPPS无参考价值     

前列腺按摩液中IL-8和TNF-α测定在慢性前列腺炎诊断、分型中的临床意义

目的 :探讨检测前列腺按摩液 (EPS)中细胞因子白细胞介素 8(IL 8)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF α)在慢性前列腺炎诊断、分型中的意义。　方法 :ELISA法检测 78例临床诊断的慢性前列腺炎患者 [其中慢性前列腺炎(CBP)组 12例 ,慢性非细菌性前列腺炎 /慢性骨盆疼痛综合征 (CPPS)ⅢA组 38例 ,CPPSⅢB组 2 8例 ]和 12例正常对照者EPS中IL 8和TNF α浓度。分析各组EPS中IL 8和TNF α浓度差异。　结果 :CBP组和CPPSⅢA组EPS中IL 8水平 [(10 96 7.5± 3477.7) pg/ml;(92 6 8.4± 2 0 34.6 ) pg/ml]和TNF α水平 [(84 .1± 5 4 .7) pg/ml;(32 .6± 18.6 ) pg/ml]显著高于CPPSⅢB组和正常对照组EPS中的IL 8水平 [(2 72 6 .1± 2 77.5 ) pg/ml;(2 80 0 .0± 32 0 .2 )pg/ml]和TNF α水平 [(12 .6± 7.1)pg/ml;(12 .9± 10 .1)pg/ml](P均 <0 .0 1)。　结论 :检测EPS中IL 8、TNF α水平可能有助于CBP、慢性非细菌性前列腺炎 /慢性骨盆疼痛综合征的分型诊断。     

慢性前列腺炎病原学初步研究

目的探讨病原微生物在慢性前列腺炎发病中的作用.方法随机选择慢性前列腺炎患者101例,有慢性前列腺炎症状和（或）前列腺液WBC计数＞10/HP;健康对照68例.对169例受试对象的中段尿、前列腺液（EPS）/按摩后尿病原微生物进行检测,组间阳性率比较采用x2检验.结果慢性前列腺炎组及健康对照组中段尿细菌培养阳性率分别为5.0%、4.4%,EPS/按摩后尿细菌培养阳性率分别为37.6%、39.7%,EPS/按摩后尿性病系列（STD）病原微生物检测阳性率分别为35.6%、35.3%.2组中段尿、EPS/按摩后尿病原微生物捡出率差异无统计学意义,且前列腺炎组不存在随EPS中WBC计数增加EPS/按摩后尿培养结果阳性率增加的趋势.结论慢性前列腺炎组与健康对照组EPS/按摩后尿培养的病原微生物种类及阳性率差异无显著性.细菌及支原体、衣原体可能不是慢性前列腺炎的病原体,而是一种移生或伴生现象.     

慢性前列腺炎患者前列腺液IFN-γ和IL-10的表达变化及意义

目的探索前列腺局部细胞因子IFN-γ及IL-10的变化,探讨二者在慢性前列腺炎发病中的作用。方法对男科门诊的前列腺炎患者应用“两杯法”尿液细菌培养、前列腺按摩液(EPS)常规检查将52名CP患者进行分型,并行美国国立卫生院前列腺炎症状指数评分(NIH-CPSI)。应用舣抗体夹心ELISA法检测患者及16例正常对照者EPS中IFN-γ及IL-10的水平。进行差异及相关关系的统计分析。结果Ⅱ及Ⅲ_a型CP患者组EPS中IFN-γ和IL-10水平分别高于正常对照组,差别有统计学意义(组间差别P＜0．05)；Ⅲ_b型CP患者组IFN-γ和IL-10含量与正常对照组差别无明显统计学意义(组间差别P＞0．05)；CP患者EPS中IL-10水平与NIH-CPSI疼痛不适症状评分呈正相关(r=0．503,P＜0．01)。CP患者EPS中WBC计数与IL-10、IFN-γ水平和临床症状无相关性。结论IFN-γ和IL-10在Ⅱ及Ⅲ_a型CP患者EPS中水平升高,二者可能在慢性前列腺炎病程中起重要作用。     

排尿后即刻前列腺按压液检查在慢性前列腺炎诊治中的应用

目的:探讨排尿后即刻前列腺按压液(EPS)检查在慢性前列腺炎诊治中的应用价值。方法:2013年1月~2015年3月,共接诊慢性前列腺炎患者56例,连续进行排尿后即刻EPS常规检查和细菌、支原体培养、衣原体DNA检测100次。年龄22~65岁,平均35.8岁,病史1~36个月,平均3个月。诊断方法:检查前停用抗生素3天以上。禁止性生活1天以上。充盈的膀胱于检查前排空后,立即进行前列腺按摩,取得前列腺液。第1滴送做常规检查,然后用无菌棉签于尿道内沾得前列腺液,密封后立即送做细菌培养、支原体培养和衣原体DNA检测。结果:细菌培养阳性39例,解尿支原体培养阳性3例,衣原体DNA阳性1例。常规检查发现滴虫1例,结核菌1例。将其归结为感染性前列腺炎,共44例(其中1例为细菌和支原体混合感染)。无感染性前列腺炎12例。前者EPS常规检查中WBC10个/HP 21例,WBC10个/HP 23例,后者WBC10个/HP 6例,WBC10个/HP 6例。感染性前列腺炎口服敏感抗生素治疗后复查1次病原体转阴的37例,临床症状均明显减轻或基本消失。2次转阴的2例,3次转阴的1例。无EPS复查4例。40例病原体转阴的患者,44次EPS常规检查WBC10个/HP 22次,WBC10个/HP 22次。结论:排尿后即刻EPS检查在慢性前列腺炎的诊断、治疗和随访中,有着非常重要的临床意义。EPS常规检查中WBC的数量不能反映前列腺是否存在感染。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.