电解可脱弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的：分析应用电解可脱卸弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的临床效果。方法：6例因蛛网膜下腔出血或其它神经系统症状入住我科的病人，经CT或(和)MR以及DSA检查证实为颅内动脉瘤，其中左侧后交通动脉3例，右侧后交通动脉1例，前交通动脉1例，C2段1例。瘤体直径在5．0-20．0mm之间。在神经安定 局麻下行动脉瘤栓塞术。先作载瘤动脉造影，明确动脉瘤的大小、形状、体／颈比以及与载瘤动脉的关系。再将微导管和微导丝塑型为相应的形状后经导引导管送至动脉瘤腔中部，选择合适的GDC进行填塞，直至致密填塞。结果：全部病人均一次性栓塞治疗成功，技术成功率为100％。栓塞后即刻行脑血管造影显示动脉瘤腔填塞满意，填充程度均在95％以上。全部病人均无再次出血和并发症产生。结论：GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤是安全、有效和微创的治疗手段。     

前交通动脉瘤的栓塞治疗

目的　总结 2 62例前交通动脉瘤栓塞治疗的经验。方法　均采用电解可脱卸弹簧圈(guglielmidetachablecoil,GDC)作动脉瘤内栓塞治疗。对双侧A1正常者应用双侧颈动脉置管技术监测栓塞术中载瘤动脉通畅情况 ,对瘤颈累及双侧A2者采用微导管微导丝辅助技术保持载瘤动脉通畅。发生术中出血者予弹簧圈继续栓塞 ,发生术中血栓形成者予尿激酶溶栓。 3 4例颅内多发动脉瘤均同次手术治愈。结果　动脉瘤完全闭塞 160例 ,>90 %闭塞 5 6例 ,<90 %闭塞 4 6例。术中因过度栓塞造成载瘤动脉闭塞 10例 ,术后脑梗死 16例。术中发生血栓形成 3例 ,经溶栓后恢复通畅。术后死于肺部并发症 1例 ,植物生存 1例。随访 190例 ,3～ 6个月行DSA/MRA复查 ,动脉瘤复发行 2次栓塞 8例 ,复发经手术治愈 1例 ,其余治疗结果稳定。结论　GDC栓塞治疗前交通动脉瘤效果好。采用微导管 /微导丝辅助技术可提高致密栓塞率和减少脑梗死并发症发生     

Guglielmi detachable coil treatment of ruptured saccular cerebral aneurysms: retrospective review of a 10-year single-center experience

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We retrospectively analyzed our results with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) for the endovascular occlusion of acutely ruptured saccular cerebral aneurysms over 10 years. METHODS: Between 1991-2000, 83 patients (mean age, 56.1 years) with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage were treated with endovascular GDCs. Patients with aneurysms due to trauma or dissection and those with mycotic or fusiform aneurysms were excluded. Mean follow-up in survivors was 19.1 months, and the mean Hunt-Hess grade at admission was 2.2. Angiographic follow-up was performed in 93% of surviving patients (mean interval, 11.6 months). The basilar caput (34 patients) and anterior communicating artery complex (19 patients) were most commonly treated. RESULTS: Sixty-four patients (77%) had a Glasgow Outcome Scale score (GOS) of 4 or 5, nine (11%) had a score of 2 or 3, and 10 (12%) died. At follow-up, 24 patients (35%) had complete aneurysm occlusion, 18 (26%) had a dog-ear remnant, 24 (35%) had a residual neck, and two (3%) had residual aneurysm filling. No treated aneurysm rebled. Three patients required surgical repair after incomplete endovascular treatment. Two or more GDC occlusion procedures were required in 28 patients (34%). Major procedural complications occurred in two patients (2%), resulting in serious neurologic disability or death. CONCLUSION: Endovascular treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms with GDCs has low morbidity, and it facilitates good overall outcomes in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. The short-term effectiveness of GDC occlusion in preventing aneurysmal rebleeding was excellent. Durability of the treatment in preventing long-term rebleeding as compared with direct surgical clipping warrants further study. Advances in device technology and technique may improve future outcomes.     

电解可脱性微弹簧圈血管内栓塞颅内动脉瘤的临床研究

目的 总结以电解可脱性弹簧圈血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的技术要点、并发症及其防治经验，并客观评价其治疗效果。方法 对136例颅内动脉瘤患者采用经皮股动脉穿刺行全脑选择性血管造影术，应用电解可脱性弹簧圈进行动脉瘤囊内栓塞；术后早期处理出血并有效的对症治疗。结果 成功栓塞136个动脉瘤，132例痊愈，4例死亡，病死率2．9％。动脉瘤腔100％闭塞者123个，95％闭塞者8个，90％闭塞者5个。术中并发动脉瘤破裂3例，脑血管痉挛7例；术后2例弹簧圈末端逸出。3例复发者经二次补充栓塞而治愈。全组出现与栓塞技术相关的并发症13例。术后随访6～54个月均无再出血。结论 对颅内动脉瘤采用电解可脱性弹簧圈进行血管内囊内栓塞疗效可靠；早期诊断、早期治疗、正确处理术中并发症、提高栓塞技术及积极有效的术后处理是减少术后并发症、提高治愈率的重要方法。     

Comparison of operative and endovascular treatment of anterior circulation aneurysms in patients in poor grades

We assessed the outcome of surgical and endovascular treatment in patients in poor (Hunt & Hess IV or V) grade following subarachnoid haemorrhage due to anterior circulation aneurysm (ACA). There were 41 patients, treated surgically (20), by the endovascular route (20) or both (1). The aneurysms were clipped in 20 patients, wrapped in one; 19 were treated with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC), one by parent vessel occlusion using detachable balloons. One GDC treatment was interrupted and the aneurysm was surgically clipped instead. We treated five patients surgically to evacuate accompanying intracerebral clots. We treated 14 (66 %) patients by the endovascular route and 15 (71 %) surgically within 72 h of the haemorrhage. The frequency of delayed ischaemic neurological deficit and/or cerebral infarct due to vasospasm did not differ significantly between the endovascular and surgical groups. We had one surgical and three endovascular procedure-related complications with clinical manifestations. Outcome was evaluated after 6 months. After GDC treatment, angiographic follow-up was carried out between 8 and 26 months (mean 17 months). Good outcomes were achieved in six (29 %) of the surgically treated patients (40 % of the survivors) and six (30 %) of the endovascular treatment patients (60 % of the survivors). Outcome was similar after surgical and endovascular approaches. The decision as to which treatment to chosen is influenced mainly by clinical factors such as cerebral haematoma or age. Received: 27 September 2000/Accepted: 10 January 2001     

Combined use of endovascular coils and surgical clipping for intracranial aneurysms.

We report two cases in which combined surgical clipping and endovascular coils have been used to treat intracranial aneurysms. In one case, a 59-year-old woman with multiple episodes of subarachnoid hemorrhage had an anterior communicating artery aneurysm, which was initially treated with coils and then clipped to occlude the aneurysm securely. In the second case, a broad-based cavernous aneurysm could not be completely surgically occluded, but surgical clipping did decrease the aneurysm neck size, allowing it to be successfully treated with coils.     

The endovascular approach in the management of patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms

To investigate the role of endovascular treatment we performed a retrospective study of our patients with multiple intracranial aneurysms seen in our institution between October 1992 and March 1995. This period was chosen to study a homogeneous group of patients since the appearance of controlled detachable coils, and to obtain the largest number of patients with angiographic follow-up of the aneurysms treated. We studied 53 patients with a total of 128 aneurysms, in 46 of whom we treated 67 aneurysms by the endovascular approach. Of these, 5 aneurysms in 3 patients were treated by occlusion of the parent vessel and 62 aneurysms in 43 patients with coils, 52 with Guglielmi detachable coils and 10 with mechanically detachable spirals. Complete occlusion was obtained in 58 aneurysms, and partial occlusion in 9. The therapy caused permanent neurological deficit in 3 cases (6.5 %), and there was 1 case of rebleeding (incomplete occlusion of the aneurysm). No deaths occurred. All aneurysms were treated in 29 of the 53 patients. Endovascular procedures were used for 16 patients (30 %), surgery was performed in 1 patient (2 %) and the two were combined in 12 (23 %). In 23 of 53 cases (43 %), unruptured aneurysms were left untreated, usually because of their small size. In 1 patient with unruptured aneurysms, the endovascular approach failed and the patient refused surgery. Received: 1 September 1995 Accepted: 12 August 1996     

Endovascular treatment of basilar tip aneurysms associated with moyamoya disease

We report the efficacy and safety of endovascular treatment of basilar tip aneurysms (BTA) in five patients with moyamoya disease. The patients underwent intra-aneurysmal embolisation with detachable platinum coils. Three BTA presented with subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH); the other two were asymptomatic. In four cases, one embolisation procedure produced >95% angiographic obliteration of the aneurysm. In the other patient, 80–90% obliteration was achieved initially, but due to growth of the residual aneurysm, the procedure was repeated 7 months later. Two patients experienced transient oculomotor paresis as a procedure-related complication. Mean follow-up was 43.6±34.0 months (range 8–92 months). One patient died of putaminal haemorrhage unrelated to the aneurysm 15 months after embolisation. The other four had no subsequent SAH and survived without sequelae. Endovascular embolisation using detachable platinum coils proved to be a safe and efficient treatment modality for BTA associated with moyamoya disease.     

血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的 总结血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤经验。方法 股动脉Seldinger穿刺,先后应用MagicBD,Tracker-16,Tracker-10和Cordis 3F/2.5F微导管,送入球囊、不同长度的国产、进口游离微弹簧圈,配用MDS、GDC系统送入不同长度微弹簧圈、治疗颅内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤5例、后交通动脉瘤1例、颈内动脉C2段动脉瘤3例、椎动脉颅内段动脉瘤3例、大脑后动脉瘤P2段动脉瘤1例,治疗颅内动脉C3－4段假性动脉瘤5例。结果 本组无1例死亡。球囊闭塞颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤5例均痊愈,无并发症;微弹簧圈栓塞治疗动脉瘤栓塞达100％者9例、95％者2例,其中1例因血管痉挛遗留轻瘫,1例因MDS到位后不能顺利解脱导致部分脱垂于颈内动脉和大脑中动脉2cm,遗留轻瘫;5例假性动脉瘤完全治愈;闭塞载瘤动脉及动脉瘤的2例椎动脉完全治愈。结论 颈内动脉海绵窦段动脉瘤只要前、后交通动脉侧支循环代偿良好,可脱球囊闭塞载瘤动脉是安全有效的。微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤是一种有发展前途的治疗方法。     

Endovascular parent artery occlusion in large-giant or fusiform distal posterior cerebral artery aneurysms

Posterior cerebral artery aneurysms are amenable to deconstructive surgical treatment because of the rich collateral supply of the distal posterior cerebral artery. This report retrospectively analyses the outcome of endovascular parent artery occlusion for large or fusiform distal posterior cerebral artery aneurysms. Medical records and cerebral angiograms from two endovascular centres were analysed retrospectively. Eight patients with large or fusiform distal posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms were treated by endovascular occlusion of the segment of the PCA at the site of the aneurysm. Three of those were treated urgently after acute subarachnoid haemorrhage, the remainder had elective treatment. The clinical and angiographic outcomes in seven patients were assessed at 6 to 12 months. A single case of occipital infarction resulting in permanent homonymous hemianopia was the only permanent complication. Of the remaining patients, six made excellent recoveries and one was lost to follow-up. No recurrence or re-bleeding was noted. Endovascular parent artery occlusion may be an alternative to surgical parent artery occlusion in distal PCA aneurysms which are not convenient for selective endovascular treatment or surgical clipping.     

Endovascular treatment of peripheral intracranial aneurysms

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Distally located cerebral aneurysms are difficult to treat with preservation of the parent vessel. We report the angiographic results and clinical outcome for 27 patients with peripheral cerebral aneurysms. METHODS: From January 2000 to June 2005, 27 patients, 13 female and 14 male, presented to our institution with peripheral intracranial aneurysms and were treated endovascularly. None of these aneurysms were mycotic in origin. The age of our patients ranged from 23 to 76 years with a mean age of 53. Twenty of the 27 patients had subarachnoid and/or intracerebral hemorrhage upon presentation. In 5 patients, the aneurysm was an incidental finding. One patient with a fusiform P2 aneurysm presented with cranial nerve III palsy, and another patient with P4 aneurysm had visual disturbances. Locations of the aneurysms were as follows: posterior cerebral artery in 9 patients, superior cerebellar artery in 5 patients, anterior inferior cerebellar artery in 1 patient, posterior inferior cerebellar artery in 5 patients, middle cerebral artery (MCA) in 5 patients, and anterior cerebral artery in 2 patients. RESULTS: Seven patients were treated with selective embolization with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). Nineteen patients with fusiform aneurysms underwent parent artery occlusion (PAO). Fifteen PAOs were performed with coils and 4 with glue. One patient with a MCA aneurysm was found at the time of planned embolization to have spontaneously thrombosed the aneurysm and the distal branch of the MCA, 1 day after the initial diagnostic angiogram. Five patients (5/18 or 27.7%) who underwent PAO developed neurologic deficits. Two patients (2/18 or 11.1%) had permanent neurologic deficits (a visual field defect). CONCLUSION: Our results support that distally located aneurysms can be treated with endovascular PAO in the cases in which selective occlusion of the aneurysmal sac with GDC or surgical clipping cannot be achieved.     

电解铂金微弹簧圈栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤中并发症原因及防治

目的探讨电解铂金弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞治疗颅内囊状动脉瘤术中并发症及防治。方法对162例患者171枚颅内动脉瘤栓塞中出现9例并发症,其中5例动脉瘤破裂出血,立即中和肝素继续栓塞,2例GDC脱出动脉瘤立即手术取出,动脉瘤夹闭,2例血栓形成,术中溶栓,术后均采用腰穿置管持续引流,解痉及对症处理。结果5例恢复良好,2例永久性轻度功能障碍,2例死亡。结论GDC栓塞颅内动脉瘤术中发生并发症与手术操作,动脉瘤患者血管条件有关。     

Treatment of intracranial broad-neck aneurysms with a new self-expanding stent and coil embolization

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Endovascular treatment of broad-neck intracranial aneurysms with detachable coils requires special techniques. Placement of a stent over the aneurysm neck and secondary coil embolization prevents coil migration and allows attenuated packing of the coils. However, access for the stent-delivery system can be technically limited in tortuous anatomy. We present six cases of broad-neck aneurysms treated with a new self-expanding stent and coil embolization. METHODS: Three aneurysms of the supraophthalmic internal carotid artery and three aneurysms of the basilar tip with extension to the origin of a posterior cerebral artery were treated. The stent was a new self-expanding stent with a 3F over-the-wire microcatheter delivery system. Coil embolization was performed with electrolytically detachable coils. Time-of-flight MR angiography was performed after treatment in five cases. Three other patients could not be treated with the stent because deployment was not possible after correct positioning of the delivery system. RESULTS: Access with the stent-delivery system was easy, and the aneurysm neck was covered sufficiently. After stent placement, total coil embolization was achieved in four and subtotal coil embolization was achieved in two. Parent arteries remained open, and no secondary coil migration was seen. On follow-up MR imaging, the stent was clearly visible and patency of the parent vessel and emerging branches was assessable. CONCLUSION: This new stent is a safe and efficient tool for the endovascular treatment of intracranial broad-neck aneurysms. Access to smaller vessels was easy, but the mechanism of deployment had to be improved. Follow-up MR imaging was sufficient.     

Management of Splenic Artery Aneurysms and False Aneurysms with Endovascular Treatment in 12 Patients

Purpose: To assess the endovascular treatment of splenic artery aneurysms and false aneurysms. Methods: Twelve patients (mean age 59 years, range 47–75 years) with splenic artery aneurysm (n = 10) or false aneurysm (n = 2) were treated. The lesion was asymptomatic in 11 patients; hemobilia was observed in one patient. The lesion was juxta-ostial in one case, located on the intermediate segment of the splenic artery in four, near the splenic hilus in six, and affected the whole length of the artery in one patient. In 10 cases, the maximum lesion diameter was greater than 2 cm; in one case 30% growth of an aneurysm 18 mm in diameter had occurred in 6 months; in the last case, two distal aneurysms were associated (17 and 18 mm in diameter). In one case, stent-grafting was attempted; one detachable balloon occlusion was performed; the 10 other patients were treated with coils. Results: Endovascular treatment was possible in 11 patients (92%) (one failure: stenting attempt). In four cases among 11, the initial treatment was not successful (residual perfusion of aneurysm); surgical treatment was carried out in one case, and a second embolization in two. Thus in nine cases (75%) endovascular treatment was successful: complete and persistent exclusion of the aneurysm but with spleen perfusion persisting at the end of follow-up on CT scans (mean 13 months). An early and transient elevation of pancreatic enzymes was observed in four cases. Conclusion: Ultrasound and CT have made the diagnosis of splenic artery aneurysm or false aneurysm more frequent. Endovascular treatment, the morbidity of which is low, is effective and spares the spleen.     

Angiographic follow-up of vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms treated with detachable coils

Endovascular treatment of ruptured vertebrobasilar artery aneurysms with Gugliemi detachable coils (GDC) has become an alternative to surgery. Mid-term angiographic follow-up can now be reported. Of 111 vertebrobasilar aneurysms in 110 patients we treated with GDC since 1992, 53 underwent angiography within 1 year and 59 after more than 18 months. We did not achieve complete occlusion on initial treatment of 23 aneurysms (21%). Complications were observed in 19 patients (17%), leading to permanent clinical disability in eight. Enlargement of the neck or reopening was seen in 12 (23%) of 53 aneurysms followed by angiography within 12 months. Documented recanalisation was treated in four (8%). Angiography was performed after 18–78 months in 59 patients, of whom nine, including three with initially incomplete occlusions, were retreated with GDC. Within the entire second observation period, three (5%) of the 59 patients had a further haemorrhage and were retreated with GDC. Rebleeding proved to be the only factor influencing the clinical outcome of retreated patients.     

支架辅助GDC治疗颅内动脉瘤术中并发症的防治

目的 回顾总结血管内支架治疗颅内动脉瘤术中并发症，以提高使用血管内支架结合电解可脱卸弹簧圈(GDC)治疗颅内夹层及宽颈动脉瘤的安全性。方法 105例难治性动脉瘤，首先将冠脉支架跨动脉瘤颈放置，通过支架的网孔将微导管送入动脉瘤腔，填入GDC。结果 6例患者术中出现支架移位，1例发生动脉瘤破裂出血，1例发生大脑中动脉穿支出血，1例发生支架塌陷，1例发生颈内动脉夹层动脉瘤，1例弹簧圈突入小脑后下动脉(PICA)起始部，10例发生血管痉挛，经对症处理，预后良好。结论 在支架植入过程中，联合采用多种措施可减少并发症的发生；支架和GDC联合应用治疗颅内夹层及宽颈动脉瘤安全、有效。     

Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: classification and endovascular treatment

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We present a retrospective review of our experience in the endovascular treatment of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms. We detail the anatomic location of these aneurysms, the technique of endovascular treatment, morphologic results, and clinical outcome. We also discuss the segmental anatomy of the PCA as it relates to the various neurologic deficits that may result from occlusion of the parent artery. METHODS: From 1993 to 1998, 20 patients (12 female, eight male; mean age, 44 yrs) harboring a PCA aneurysm were treated via an endovascular approach. One patient had two aneurysms, comprising a total of 21 lesions. Fourteen (66%) of 21 aneurysms were saccular in nature, five (24%) were giant serpentine aneurysms, and two (10%) were posttraumatic. All aneurysms were treated using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC) either by selective obliteration of the aneurysm sac or by parent artery occlusion. RESULTS: Fourteen (66%) of the 21 aneurysms were successfully treated with preservation of the parent artery. In the remaining seven (33%), the parent artery was permanently occluded. The overall complication rate in this series was 15%, with a permanent morbidity rate of 10% and a 0% mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Aneurysms of the PCA are rare compared with other locations in the intracranial circulation. Saccular PCA aneurysms can be treated effectively, by use of GDC, to obliterate the aneurysm yet preserve the parent artery. Fusiform and giant serpentine aneurysms of the PCA can effectively be treated by permanent occlusion of the parent artery; in these cases, thorough knowledge of the PCA segmental anatomy is crucial in order to select the site of occlusion and to avoid major neurologic deficits.     

Selective endovascular treatment of a traumatic basilar aneurysm after endoscopic third ventriculostomy

A 4-year-old girl suffered intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage during endoscopic third ventriculostomy. Cerebral angiography revealed a traumatic basilar aneurysm secondary to basilar artery injury. The aneurysm was treated with selective endovascular embolization using Guglielmi detachable coils. We review some therapeutic features of traumatic basilar aneurysms after endoscopic third ventriculostomy and describe the feasibility of endovascular selective therapy to manage these lesions successfully.     

GDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤

目的 探讨电解可脱性弹簧圈（GDC）血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤的疗效和技术要点。方法 对31例动脉瘤患者应用微导管技术,通过数字减影全脑血管造影,采用GDC作动脉瘤囊内填塞治疗。结果 31例31枚动脉瘤中28枚瘤腔完全闭塞,3枚95％闭塞。术后30例临床痊愈;1例死亡;病死率3．2％。术中并发动脉瘤再破裂出血1例;术后弹簧圈末端逸出1例。术后随访0．5～3年均无再出血。结论 GDC血管内栓塞治疗颅内动脉瘤疗效可靠,早期栓塞及有效的术后处理是提高治愈率的重要方法。     

三维数字减影血管造影在颅内动脉瘤诊疗中的应用价值

目的：探讨3D—DSA在颅内动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的应用价值。方法：对蛛网膜下腔出血患者常规行DSA检查，发现病变或可疑病变后行3D—DSA检查。结果：26例颅内动脉瘤中检出动脉瘤31枚，其中后交通9枚，C1段3枚，C2段5枚，C3段3枚，前交通6枚，大脑中3枚。椎动脉动2枚。3例2D—DSA未见病变3D—DSA确诊，5例因血管重叠3D—DSA排除了动脉瘤。6枚GDC栓塞，5枚手术夹闭，2枚颈内动脉可脱性球囊封阻术。结论：3D—DSA极大提高了脑血管造影检查的准确性和可靠性，为动脉瘤的介入治疗和手术夹闭提供了可靠保障，在临床诊疗中具有很高的应用价值。