窒息新生儿尿NAG、mALB测定的临床意义

近年来 ,我们对 6 6例窒息新生儿进行了尿微量白蛋白(m AL B)及 N-乙酰 - β- D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶 (NAG)测定。现报道如下。临床资料 :本组 110例新生儿 ,根据胎龄和有无窒息分为两组 :1正常足月儿组 4 4例 ,胎龄 37～ 4 1周 ,出生体重 2 70 0～ 4 2 0 0 g,生后 1分钟 Apgar评分 8～ 10分。 2足月窒息儿组6 6例 ,胎龄 37～ 4 1周 ,出生体重 2 90 0～ 4 5 0 0 g,生后 1分钟Apgar评分低于 3分者 14例 ,为重度窒息儿 ;4～ 6分者 5 2例为轻度窒息儿。临床情况稳定 ,无明显的临床异常及感染征象。窒息组与正常足月儿组胎龄及出生体重无显著差异…     

振幅整合脑电图在早产儿脑损伤中的诊断价值

目的评估振幅整合脑电图(aEEG)对早产儿脑损伤的早期诊断价值。方法选择存在脑损伤高危因素的早产儿91例,根据床旁彩色B超及神经系统症状分为脑损伤组(47例)和非脑损伤组(44例),于出生后6 h内行aEEG描记,出生后10～14 d行头颅MRI检查,纠正胎龄3个月行中国儿童发展中心(CDCC)婴儿智能发育量表评分,根据aEEG背景活动、振幅及睡眠觉醒周期(SWC)来判读其异常程度,具体分类为正常、轻度异常及重度异常,分析aEEG不同的表现分类与CDCC评分及MRI的关系。结果 aEEG轻度异常组45例,其MRI检查阳性率为37.78%,其纠正胎龄3个月的CDCC的运动发育指数(PDI)评分为(92.5±10.6)分,智能发育指数(MDI)评分为(95.7±12.4)分;重度异常组19例,MRI检查阳性率为73.68%,PDI评分为(66.3±17.4)分,MDI评分为(67.2±15.1)分,两组在MRI检查阳性率PDI评分及MDI评分方面比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 aEEG对早产儿脑损伤有诊断价值,尽早干预可减轻脑损伤,值得推广及应用。     

早产儿水、电解质紊乱的影响因素

对328例早产儿常规进行血生化分析,有电解质紊乱者及时纠正。结果328例早产儿出生后7d内发生水电解质紊乱者共86例。认为水电解质紊乱多出现在出生后3～5d,出生体重越小,胎龄越小,发生水电解质紊乱的比例越高,并发其他疾病是引起早产儿水电解质紊乱的重要因素,体重轻者补电解质的量应相对增加。     

早产儿贫血的危险因素分析

目的探讨早产儿发生贫血的相关危险因素。方法对在广西贵港市平南县人民医院新生儿科病房住院的306例早产儿资料进行回顾性分析,按是否发生贫血,将306例早产儿分为贫血组和非贫血的对照组两组。以其母亲先兆子痫、母亲糖尿病或糖耐量异常史、母亲围产期感染史、羊水异常、胎膜异常、脐带异常、胎盘异常、胎儿宫内窘迫、分娩方式、胎龄、出生体重、性别、是否双胎、新生儿窒息、RDS、机械通气、新生儿感染、住院期间抽血量、住院天数等19个因素进行单因素分析,并采用Logistic回归分析各个危险因素与早产儿发生贫血的相关性。结果 306例早产儿中121例发生早产儿贫血,发生率为39.5%。单因素分析结果显示母亲先兆子痫、胎儿宫内窘迫、胎龄、出生体重、新生儿窒息、机械通气、住院期间抽血量、住院天数等与早产儿贫血结果有关(P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,母亲先兆子痫、胎儿宫内窘迫、机械通气、住院期间抽血量、住院天数是早产儿发生贫血的危险因素,胎龄、出生体重是早产儿发生贫血的保护因素。结论胎龄越大、出生体重越高,早产儿贫血发生率越低;存在母亲先兆子痫、胎儿宫内窘迫、机械通气、住院期间采血量越多、住院时间越长,早产儿贫血发生率越高。     

糖尿病与应激性高血糖对急性期脑梗死溶栓效果及预后的影响

目的观察糖尿病与脑梗死后应激性高血糖对急性脑梗死溶栓效果和短期预后的影响。方法回顾性纳入2012年1月—2013年8月于北京军区总医院接受阿替普酶溶栓治疗的急性期脑梗死(≤4.5h)患者127例。根据有无糖尿病史、入院时随机血糖及7d后口服葡萄糖耐量试验,将其分为糖尿病组(35例),应激性高血糖组(49例)及血糖正常组(43例)。比较溶栓后24 h两组的美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NIHSS)评分、血管再通率及90 d的改良Rankin量表(mRS)评分。结果溶栓前,糖尿病组、应激性高血糖组及血糖正常组NIHSS评分分别为(14.2±5.1)、(12.8±5.6)、(13.0±4.6)分,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);溶栓后24 h,分别为(14.7±6.0)、(11.9±4.9)、(8.0±2.9)分,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中糖尿病组和应激性高血糖组的NIHSS评分与溶栓前比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);血糖正常组NIHSS评分低于溶栓前,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。溶栓后3组再通良好率分别为54.3%(19例)、57.2%(28例)、67.4%(29例),出血转化率分别为14.3%(5例)、6.1%(3例)、2.3%(1例),差异均无统计学意义。溶栓后90d 3组mRS评分显示,血糖正常组的预后良好率为72.1%(31例),显著高于应激性高血糖组的51.0%(25例)和糖尿病组的28.6%(10例),差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。应激性高血糖组与糖尿病组比较,差异也有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论糖尿病与应激性高血糖均对急性期脑梗死溶栓治疗的效果和短期预后有不同程度的不良影响。     

高血糖对老年缺血性脑卒中患者急性期病情及临床疗效的影响

目的探讨高血糖对老年缺血性脑卒中患者急性期病情及临床疗效的影响。方法选取2013年2月—2014年2月丰城矿务局总医院收治的老年缺血性脑卒中患者264例,根据患者空腹血糖值分为高血糖组(空腹血糖6.1 mmol/L)126例和正常血糖组(空腹血糖为3.9~6.1 mmol/L)138例。回顾性分析两组患者的临床资料,记录患者入院时和出院时神经功能缺损评分变化情况;颅脑CT检查患者梗死范围;判定患者临床疗效。结果高血糖组入院时神经功能缺损评分为(27.7±11.9)分、出院时为(15.1±10.7)分,分别高于正常血糖组的(18.5±10.3)分、(9.6±5.2)分(P0.05);高血糖组局限梗死率为61.9%(78/126),低于正常血糖组的80.4%(111/138)(P0.05);正常血糖组患者临床疗效优于高血糖组(P0.05);直线相关分析结果显示,血糖水平与神经功能缺损评分呈正相关(r=7.562,P0.05)。结论高血糖会对老年缺血性脑卒中患者急性期病情及临床疗效产生不利影响,血糖越高患者神经功能缺损程度越严重。     

高危新生儿早期血糖变化及临床意义

高血糖或低血糖改变在新生儿早期极常见 ,且多数为无症状性 ,如果未能及时发现并妥善处理 ,有可能导致新生儿永久性脑损伤。2 0 0 0年 1 2月～ 2 0 0 1年 1 2月 ,我们采用微量血糖仪检测 5 4 8例高危新生儿的生后 1小时血糖。现报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　一般资料　本组 5 4 8例中 ,男 2 97例 ,女 2 5 1例 ;胎龄 31～ 44周 ,足月儿[1] 478例 ;出生体重 1 45 0～ 490 0 g,正常体重儿[1] 435例。高危新生儿中有围产期缺氧史 1 83例 ,其中孕妇有中、重度妊高征 38例 ,胎儿宫内窘迫 (有胎心、胎动改变、胎心监护仪显示异常及羊水 ～ 度污…     

小剂量红霉素治疗早产儿胃食管反流疗效观察

1资料与方法1·1病例选择标准2003年3月～2006年3月在我院儿科住院患胃食管反流的早产儿50例,其中男29例,女21例。胎龄29～36(32.5±2.7)周。出生体重1107～2200g,平均1673g。随机分为2组各25例。2组出生时的Apgar评分、出生体重、性别、胎龄及日龄均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。均排除消化道畸形、坏死性小肠炎等胃肠道器质性疾病。其呕吐每天超过3次,历时超过3d。1·2治疗方法两组的综合治疗(喂养及体位治疗)相同,治疗组用红霉素3～5mg/(kg·d)加入5%葡萄糖注射液20ml中缓慢静脉滴注。1·3疗效标准显效:治疗后2～3d内呕吐停止,进奶量明显增加…     

急性脑梗死患者急性期持续高血糖对预后的影响

目的动态观察急性脑梗死患者发病3 d内的血糖变化,了解血糖情况与脑卒中预后的相关性。方法选择发病≤12 h,经头颅MRI证实的首发或再发的急性脑梗死患者1 67例,其中糖尿病患者56例(糖尿病组),非糖尿病患者111例(非糖尿病组)。糖尿病组和非糖尿病组患者分别根据血糖正常、基线高血糖、平均高血糖、持续高血糖4个不同血糖水平进行比较,评估各项危险因素,动态观察入院时及发病3 d内的血糖情况,发病30 d以改良的Rankin残障量表(mRS)评估预后。结果与非糖尿病组比较,糖尿病组患者mRS评分明显降低。与血糖正常患者比较,糖尿病组和非糖尿病组平均高血糖和持续高血糖患者预后良好率明显降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05,P0.01)。logistic回归分析显示,急性脑梗死的预后与基线美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表、是否发生合并症及血糖情况相关。结论脑卒中后持续高血糖预示着脑卒中预后不良,脑卒中后的血糖水平是动态变化的,与单个血糖值比较,持续血糖变化情况能够更充分的预测脑卒中的预后。     

早产儿支气管肺发育不良的高危因素及防治对策

目的研究早产儿支气管肺发育不良的高危因素及防治对策。方法统计2010年1月~2013年12月在我院妇产科出生的早产儿498例的胎龄,出生体重,机械通气参数,是否发生宫内感染,产前或产后是否使用肺泡表面活性物质、肾上腺皮质激素等药物,是否输血,是否发生败血症、动脉导管未关闭以及肺透明膜病等合并症,分析上述指标与早产儿支气管肺发育不良之间的关系。结果早产儿支气管肺发育不良发生率为7.23%。低胎龄、低出生体重、宫内感染、吸入氧气浓度40%、机械通气吸气峰压20 cm H2O、机械通气潮气量6 ml/kg、应用呼吸机3 d、胎龄≤32周且未用使用肾上腺皮质激素及肺泡表面活性物质、输血、未早期喂养、合并症、胎膜早破等为早产儿支气管肺发育不良的高危因素。结论预防感染与早产,使用肾上腺皮质激素及肺泡表面活性物质,早期喂养,于低吸气峰压、低潮气量以及低浓度氧气的前提下机械通气,尽量降低输血量及液体入量,降低并发症发生率等是防治早产儿支气管肺发育不良的对策。     

The intrauterine environment is a strong determinant of glucose tolerance during the neonatal period,even in prematurity

The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of birth weight and gestational age to glucose tolerance in premature neonates. The study group consisted of 100 premature and/or small-for-gestational age infants. Anthropometric measurements were performed both at birth and at the time of a standardized milk feed carried out at 19.6 +/- 12.1 d (range, 1-65 d) after birth. Fasting and postprandial glucose and insulin levels were measured. Birth weight, as a proxy mirror of the intrauterine environment, was found to influence the glucose concentration following a standardized milk feed (beta = -0.46; P = 0.01 for birth weight z-score with 60-min glucose level), whereas gestational age did not. Small-for-gestational age neonates had higher 60-min insulin levels than appropriate-for-gestational age neonates (115.4 +/- 9.5 vs. 68.4 +/- 14.2; P < 0.05) despite similar glucose levels. Neonates born of mothers who were on antihypertensive treatment were smaller and had a higher insulin secretory response than neonates from normotensive mothers. Postnatal growth velocity (kilograms per day) correlated with birth weight (beta = -0.65; P < 0.0001) and insulin resistance (beta = -0.31; P = 0.0004), independently of each other. This study shows that glucose tolerance of the neonate is determined by weight attained at birth irrespective of gestational age and that maternal blood pressure may influence insulin sensitivity of the newborn. Furthermore, catch-up growth in neonates is determined by birth weight and insulin sensitivity.     

Effect of maternal thyroid autoantibodies and post-partum thyroiditis on the fetus and neonate

Thirty-five pregnant women with thyroid antibodies were followed during pregnancy and 12 month post partum. Twenty antibody-negative women served as controls and none of these developed postpartum thyroiditis in contrast to 12 of 35 antibody-positive women. Umbilical cord blood was collected at birth for measurements of thyroid antibodies, and blood samples for measurements of thyroid hormones were obtained at 5 and 30 days of age in the infants together with a clinical examination. There were no differences between the infants of antibody-positive and -negative mothers or the infants of those who developed postpartum thyroiditis with regard to gestational age at birth, birth weight, birth length or Apgar score, and no difference in thyroid function of the mothers and infants. However, serum TSH level was significantly higher in mothers who subsequently developed postpartum thyroiditis. Furthermore, a significantly lower growth during the first 30 days of life was observed in their infants. Our observations suggest a relationship between the maternal thyroid status in pregnancy and early growth in infancy.     

Insulin and carbohydrate metabolism

Fetal glucose exposure and consequent fetal insulin secretion is normally tightly regulated by glucose delivery from the mother during pregnancy. Maternal hyperglycaemia and gestational diabetes (GDM) are known to be detrimental to offspring, although defining the criteria for diagnosis of GDM is controversial. Recent data suggest that the risk of poor fetal outcome appears to be a continuous variable across the range of glucose control, and that the level of maternal blood glucose for a diagnosis of gestational diabetes needs to be reviewed. After birth, rapid adaptation is necessary for infants to be able to maintain independent glucose homeostasis. This adaptation is compromised in infants who are small for gestational age (SGA), premature, or large for gestational age (LGA). Interestingly, the infants who are born at the extremes of birth weight are also at increased risk of impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes in later life.     

Vascular endothelial growth factor in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome

Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) secondary to surfactant deficiency is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in premature infants. Increasing evidence suggests that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) may contribute to surfactant secretion and pulmonary maturation. However, differences in cord blood VEGF concentrations in infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome have not been reported. We hypothesized that premature infants with higher VEGF levels in cord blood had a lower risk of developing RDS. Cord blood samples were obtained from preterm infants born at 32 weeks of gestation or earlier. Infants were excluded if there was evidence of prenatal maternal infection or any infection within the first 3 days of life. Cord blood VEGF levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We found that neonates with clinically diagnosed RDS had a lower gestational age (GA), lower birth weight (BW), higher incidence of mechanical ventilation requirements, longer duration of mechanical ventilation, and lower Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min. Infants with RDS had significantly lower cord blood VEGF levels. GA, BW, premature rupture of membranes (PROM), and antenatal steroid treatment were not associated with changes in cord blood VEGF levels. The specificity of cord blood VEGF above 34 pg/ml for predicting the absence of RDS was 86%, the sensitivity was 53%, the positive predictive value was 84%, and the negative predictive value was 56%. Our data demonstrated that cord blood VEGF elevation was significantly correlated with an absence of RDS.     

新标准GDM血糖控制正常孕妇早产儿妊娠结局临床分析

目的：分析新标准诊断妊娠期糖尿病（ GDM）血糖控制正常孕妇早产儿的胎肺成熟度及新生儿的出生结局与正常孕妇早产儿是否有差异。方法选择90例孕周已满34周未足月难免早产或胎膜早破新标准诊断GDM血糖控制正常孕妇,从阴道后穹隆或剖宫产破膜时取羊水做羊水泡沫试验了解胎儿肺的成熟度,分成34周组、35周组、36周组。90名正常孕妇作为对照组,比较各组孕妇的年龄、分娩方式、胎儿肺的成熟度、新生儿体重、新生儿窒息、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（ NRDS）、新生儿低血糖、新生儿肺炎等指标。结果两组的产后出血的发生率、剖宫产率、胎儿体重、胎盘重量等指标差异无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）;两组胎儿肺的成熟度和NRDS、新生儿窒息、新生儿低血糖及新生儿感染发生率差异亦无统计学意义（ P＞0.05）。结论新标准诊断GDM血糖控制正常孕妇,34周以后的早产儿胎肺成熟度及新生儿的出生结局与正常孕妇早产儿相同。     

Insulin sensitivity and secretion are related to catch-up growth in small-for-gestational-age infants at age 1 year: results from a prospective cohort

Strong associations between low birth weight and insulin resistance have been described. However, most of these studies have been retrospective. We aimed to determine whether infants born small for gestational age (SGA: birth weight <5th percentile for gestational age) have decreased insulin sensitivity, compared with appropriate for gestational age (AGA: birth weight >10th percentile) at 1 yr of age. We studied blood lipids, fasting insulin levels, other markers of insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion during an iv glucose tolerance test in a cohort of 85 SGA and 23 AGA 1-yr-old infants. In addition, SGA infants were stratified according to catch-up growth (CUG) in weight (WCUG) or length (LCUG) during the first year of life. At 1 yr, SGA infants had a clear tendency to higher triglycerides. Fasting insulin was significantly higher in SGA infants with WCUG, compared with those who did not catch up and AGA infants (mean +/- SEM, 32.6 +/- 4.6 vs. 14.9 +/- 2.3 vs. 21.4 +/- 3.3 pM, respectively; P < 0.05). Length increment (in SD score) was the principal determinant of postload insulin secretion (R(2) = 0.1, P < 0.01). We conclude that insulin secretion and sensitivity are closely linked to patterns of rapid WCUG and LCUG during early postnatal life. Fasting insulin sensitivity is more related to WCUG and current body mass index, whereas insulin secretion seems to be directly related to LCUG.     

Postprandial glycemic variations of pregnancy in diabetes

Postprandial blood glucose peaks are essential to consider in the high-risk situation featured by pregnancy in diabetic women, through several aspects. First, from a diagnostic point of view, post-stimulative situation offers the optimal sensitivity and specificity for a proper gestational diabetes screening. Next, when considering foetomaternal complications, third term postprandial hyperglycemia is highly predictive of child birth weight. Last, regarding metabolic monitoring, taking postprandial blood glucose into account leads to increasing insulin dosage, improving final term HbA1c and, finally, a lower average birth weight. However, it is mandatory for a proper management to avoid borderline glycemia, as blood glucose peaks are useful for fetal growth.     

Big Mother or Small Baby: Which Predicts Hypertension?

According to the Barker hypothesis, intrauterine growth restriction and premature delivery adversely affect cardiovascular health in adult life. The association of childhood hypertension as a cardiovascular risk factor and birth weight has been understudied. In a prospective cohort study, the authors evaluated the effect of birth weight, gestational age, maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), and child BMI z score at the time of enrollment on the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) z score in 3024 (1373 women) consecutive outpatient clinic patients aged 2.05 to 18.58 years. The latest National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) was used to calculate the age-dependent z scores. The median z scores of BMI (+0.48, range -6.96-6.64), systolic BP (+0.41, range -4.50-6.73), and diastolic BP (+0.34, range -3.15-+6.73) were all significantly greater than the NHANES III reference population. Systolic BP z score did not correlate with birth weight or gestational age, but did correlate with maternal prepregnancy BMI (r=.090, P<.0001) and BMI z score (r=.209, P<.0001). Diastolic BP z score positively correlated with birth weight (0.037, P=.044), gestational age (r=.052, P=.005), BMI z score(r=.106, P<.0001), and maternal prepregnancy BMI (r=.062, P=.0007). In contrast to what would be expected from the Barker hypothesis, the authors found no negative correlation between BP z score and birth weight or gestational age. This study suggests that a high BMI, a big mom, and a high birth weight are more important risk factors for hypertension during childhood than low birth weight or gestational age.     

The association of gestational diabetes mellitus with fetal birth weight

Aims

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and different time-point glucose levels might have different effects on fetal birth weight. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the associations of GDM and different time-point blood glucose levels with fetal birth weight in a prospective cohort study.

口服降糖药物在妊娠糖尿病治疗中的临床应用及对控制血糖水平的作用分析

目的妊娠糖尿病74例患者,治疗统计,讨论口服降糖药物的效果。方法2019年5—9月搜集患者库妊娠糖尿病患者并选出74例分两组(随机数表法),对照组皮下注射胰岛素,观察组在上述基础上口服二甲双胍。比较两组血糖、母婴结局。结果病情对比血糖,两组治疗前FPG、2 hPG、NPG水平差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组治疗后FPG、2 hPG、NPG水平相对于对照组均较低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);效果对比母婴结局,观察组不良妊娠结局发生率相对于对照组较低(5.41%vs 21.62%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组产妇Barthel指数、新生儿出生时、出生5 min时Apgar评分相对于对照组均较高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论口服降糖药物二甲双胍可改善妊娠糖尿病患者血糖控制情况,降低血糖水平,改善妊娠结局。