黄眉wu上纹状体腹侧尾核的两条发声控制通路的探讨

用ＨＲＰ顺，逆行追踪方法，研究黄眉ｗｕ端脑新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部（ＬＭＡＮ）及嗅叶Ｘ区的纤维联系，并ＨＲＰ溶液分别微电泳入端脑上纹状体腹侧尾核（ＨＶｃ）及古纹状体粗核（ＲＡ），观察其传出投射。结果发现：（１）ＩＭＡＮ接受丘脑背外侧核内侧部的传入投射，由ＩＭＡＮ发出的纤维投射至ＲＡ；（２）Ｘ区接受ＨＶｃ的传入投射，并发出纤维投射至丘脑背外侧核的内侧部；（３）ＨＶｃ发出两束纤维，分别投射至ＲＡ及Ｘ     

黄眉鹀上纹状体腹侧尾核的两条发声控制通路的探讨

用ＨＲＰ顺、逆行追踪方法，研究黄眉（ＥｍｂｅｒｉｚａＣｈｒｙｓｏｐｈｒｙｓ）端脑新纹状体前部大细胞核外侧部（ＩＭＡＮ）及嗅叶Ｘ区的纤维联系；并将ＨＲＰ溶液分别微电泳入端脑上纹状体腹侧尾核（ＨＶｃ）及古纹状体粗核（ＲＡ），观察其传出投射。结果发现：（１）ＩＭＡＮ接受丘脑背外侧核内侧部的传入投射，由ＩＭＡＮ发出的纤维投射至ＲＡ；（２）Ｘ区接受ＨＶｃ的传入投射，并发出纤维投射至丘脑背外侧核的内侧部；（３）ＨＶｃ发出两束纤维，分别投射至ＲＡ及Ｘ区；（４）ＲＡ也发出两束纤维，分别投射至中脑背内侧核及延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部。因此ＨＶｃ可能通过两条路径控制发声行为：一条是ＨＶｃ直接投射至ＲＡ，再由ＲＡ支配延髓舌下神经核气管鸣管部的直接通路；另一条是ＨＶｃ→嗅叶Ｘ区→丘脑背外侧核内侧部→ＩＭＡＮ→ＲＡ的间接通路。后者可能参与发声学习和记忆等高级机能。     

9.1C3单克隆抗体轻,重链可变区基因克隆及序列分析

９．１Ｃ３分子是一种参与ＮＫ、巨噬细胞及ＬＡＫ细胞杀伤过程的重要细胞表面分子，主要表达于外周血单个核细胞表面。本文运用分子生物学技术，从分泌９．１Ｃ３ＭＣＡｂ的杂交瘤细胞中提取总ＲＮＡ，经反转录、ＰＣＲ分另１１分离了９．１Ｃ３ＭｃＡｂ轻链可变区（ＶＬ）基因及重链可变区（ＶＨ）基因，并用全自动荧光ＤＮＡ序列分析仪对９．１Ｃ３ＶＨ、ＶＬ基因序列进行了分析。结果表明：９．１Ｃ３ＶＨ基因为３５１ｂＰ，编码１１７ａａ残基，９．１３ＶＬ为３２４ｂＰ，编码１０８ａａ残基；从推导出的氨基酸序列分析证实９．１Ｃ３ＶＨ、ＶＬ序列均符合小鼠ｌｇ可变区的氨基酸序列特征；根据Ｋａｂｂａｔ分类体系，９．１Ｃ３ＶＨ隶属Ｉｇ重链第Ⅱ（Ｃ）亚组，９．１Ｃ３ＶＬ隶属小鼠ＩｇＫ链第Ⅴ亚组。９．１Ｃ３ＶＨ、ＶＬ基因的克隆成功为其单链抗体的构建、表达奠定了良好的物质基础。     

抗病毒蛋白MxA的诱导和检测方法的实验研究

目的 研究抗病毒蛋白ＭｘＡ的表达及其活性。方法用ＩＦＮα２ｂ或３型腺病毒（Ａ＿３）分别对ＷＩ－３８细胞或人外周血单个核细胞（ＰＢＭＣｓ）作用 １２或２４ ｈ，并用Ｗｅｓｔｅｍ ｂｌｏｔ法或ＦＡＣＳ法，分别对Ｍ蛋白的表达进行定性和定量检测。采用微量细胞病变抑制法，对重组的ＭｘＡ和ＩＦＮα２ｂ进行抗病毒效应实验。结果 （１）低浓度的 ＩＦＮα２ｂ（＞ １×1０～＃ＩＵ／Ｌ）和Ａｄ＿３（＞２００ ＴＣＩＤ＿５０），均可诱导相应细胞表达 ＭｘＡ；（２）１０μｇ／Ｌ ＭｘＡ可抵抗２０个 ＴＣＩＤ＿（５０）的 ＨＳＶ－Ｉ、Ｐｏｌｉｏ． Ｖ感染 Ｖｅｒｏ细胞、Ａｄ＿３感染ＨｅＬａ细胞，抵抗２００个ＴＣＩＤ＿（５０）的ＶＳＶ感染Ｗｉｓｈ细胞。结论ＭｘＡ只能由干扰素（ＩＮＦα2ｂ）或病毒诱导产生，其具有广谱的抗病毒活性。     

大鼠三叉神经尾侧亚核内Fos及SP受体免疫反应神经元向丘脑腹后内侧核的投射

为了探讨三叉尾侧亚核（Ｖｃ）内向丘脑腹后内侧核（ＶＰＭ）直接投射的神经元与面口部伤害性刺激信息传递和ＳＰ能传入的关系，本研究用四甲基罗达明（ＴＭＲ）逆行追踪与Ｆｏｓ和ＳＰ受体免疫组织化学染色相结合的双标方法研究了Ｖｃ向ＶＰＭ投射的神经元。结果表明：（１）Ｆｏｓ阳性神经元主要分布在Ｖｃ浅层（Ⅰ、ⅠⅠ层）；（２）ＳＰ受体（ＳＰＲ）阳性神经元也主要分布在Ｖｃ浅层；（３）ＴＭＲ注射入一侧ＶＰＭ，逆标神经元仅见于对侧Ｖｃ和双侧延髓网状结构（ＭＲＦ）；（４）ＶｃⅠ层内ＴＭＲ逆标神经元总数的２２．３％为Ｆｏｓ阳性，１１．７％为ＳＰＲ阳性；（５）Ｖｃ深层内ＴＭＲ逆标神经元总数的１３．１％为Ｆｏｓ阳性，８．５％为ＳＰＲ阳性；（６）ＭＲＦ内ＴＭＲ逆标神经元总数的４３．３％为Ｆｏｓ阳性，５．１％为ＳＰＲ阳性。上述结果提示：（１）Ｖｃ及ＭＲＦ内直接向ＶＰＭ投射的部分神经元感受面口部伤害性刺激信息；（２）ＶｃⅠ层内直接向丘脑投射的部分神经元可能接受外周ＳＰ能的初级传入。     

大鼠下边缘皮质与杏仁外侧核和基底外侧核的相互纤维联系及投射…

用辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）逆行示踪与免疫细胞化学双标技术对大鼠下边缘皮质（ＩＬ）与杏仁外侧核（Ｌａ）和基底外侧核（ＢＬ）的相互纤维投射及其投射性质进行了研究。结果：将ＨＲＰ泳入一侧ＩＬ，在泳药同侧，ＢＬ的后部出现密集的标记细胞，ＢＬ的前部、Ｌａ的腹内侧亚核和背外侧亚核也有较多标记细胞；将ＨＲＰ泳入一侧Ｌａ和ＢＬ，在双侧ＩＬ均可见到大量标记细胞；将ＨＲＰ泳入一侧ＩＬ结合免疫细胞化学双标技术，观察到同     

投射至前庭神经下核的猫小脑浦氏细胞的分布—HRP逆行追踪研究

将ＨＲＰ定位注入至前庭神经下核（ＤｅｓｅｎｄｉｎｇＶｅｓｔｉｂｕｌａｒＮｕｃｌｅｕｓ，ＤＶＮ），观察逆行标记的浦氏细胞在小脑皮质的分布。ＨＲＰ注入ＤＶＮ时，标记细胞（Ｌａｂｅｌｅｄｃｅｌｓ，ＬＣ）出现在Ⅰ～Ⅹ小叶的同侧，主要分布在小叶的基底部和中间部，小叶尖端很少，其中Ⅸ和Ⅹ小叶最多（４９．４％和１６．７％）；分布在Ⅰ～Ⅴ小叶的ＬＣ呈纵长带状分布，此带宽约１．０ｍｍ，Ⅰ～Ⅱ小叶位于Ｖｏｏｇｄ［１］的Ａ２、Ｂ１带，其余位于Ｂ１、Ｂ２带内，分布在Ⅸ小叶的ＬＣ分为距正中线０．５ｍｍ以内的内侧带和１．０～１．７ｍｍ的外侧带。Ⅹ小叶的ＬＣ从中线向外呈均匀分布。     

大鼠内侧杏仁核的性双形性和向内侧视前区直接投射的研究

本文将内侧杏仁核分为5个亚区：即前背亚区、前腹亚区、中背亚区、后背亚区和后腹亚区。细胞构筑定量分析结果表明;雄性大鼠内侧杏仁核的吻尾长度（1.440mm）、体积（0.6485mm3）、细胞总数（50421个）均显著大于雌性（吻尾长度为1.320mm，体积为0.5326mm3，细胞总数为43922个）。并且证明内侧杏仁核的5个亚区中.雄性大鼠后背亚区的吻尾长度（0.510mm）、体积（0.1519mm3）、细胞总数（13331个）都显著地大于雌性（吻尾长度为0.375mm、体积为0.0774mm3、细胞总数为8655个），而其它亚区无上述性别差异。另外，雄性大鼠内侧杏仁核及其后背亚区和后腹亚区的细胞密度小于雌性。上述性别差异均具有统计学意义。这些结果表明内侧杏仁核具有性双形性，且此性双形性主要表现在后背亚区。将HRP注入一侧内侧视前区，在同侧内侧杏仁核各亚区内标记细胞的平均数及其占内侧杏仁核内标记细胞总平均数的百分比为：后背亚区为107.4个，占58％;后瓜亚区为42.1个，占21.2％;前背亚区为16.毛个，占8.8％;前腹亚区为13.6个，占6.7％;中背亚区为9.6个，占5.3％。进一步提示后背亚区可能是内侧杏仁核与性功能有关的主要功能部位。     

黄雀新纹状体前部巨细胞核及嗅叶X区的纤维联系

将ＨＲＰ用微电泳方法分别注入黄雀新纹状体前部巨细胞核的外侧部（ＩＭＡＮ），内侧部（ｍＭＡＮ）及嗅叶Ｘ区。结果表明，ＩＭＡＮ投射到古纹状体栎核并且接受上丘脑背外侧核内的侧部和脑桥蓝斑的传入投射；ｍＭＡＮ投射到上纹状体腹侧尾核，它变接受蓝斑的传人；Ｘ区投射到上丘脑背外侧部并且接受中脑ＡＶＴ（ｖｅｎｔｒａｌ ａｒｅａ ｏｒ Ｔｓａｉ）及蓝斑的传入。上述纤维联系可能参与发声学习与记忆等功能。     

应用YAC探针进行荧光原位杂交检测慢性粒细胞白血病BCR基因重排

为检测慢性粒细胞白血病（ＣＭＬ）中ＢＣＲ基因重排，采用酵母人工染色体（ＹＡＣ）ＤＮＡ的Ｉｎ－ｔｅｒ－Ａｌｕ－ＰＣＲ产物为探针进行荧光原位杂交（ＦＩＳＨ）研究了１０例ＣＭＬ，其中包括初诊患者２例，ＣＭＬ急变并接受化疗２例，α干扰素治疗２例，自体骨髓移植术（ＡＢＭＴ）后３例和Ｐｈ染色体阴性ＣＭＬ１例。同时进行细胞遗传学和ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ检测。结果：９例ＣＭＬ的４６％～１００％的可分析核型显示ｔ（９；２２）易位，其中携带ｔ（９；２２）细胞最少者为１例自体骨髓移植术后８个月的患者，其６４％的分裂相存在ｔ（９；２２），３６％为正常核型；１例Ｐｈ（－）ＣＭＬ未见ＢＣＲ基因易位，而ＲＴ－ＰＣＲ（＋），提示ＡＢＬ基因片段插入２２ｑ１１，造成隐匿性Ｐｈ染色体。结果表明：应用ＹＡＣ探针进行原位杂交的定位明确。ＦＩＳＨ检测微小残留病（ＭＲＤ）比常规细胞遗传学方法更敏感，而且可以完成ＰＣＲ方法不易进行的定量分析。     

运动对小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的影响

用组织化学方法结合体视学测量研究小鼠海马结构和大脑皮质胆碱能纤维的年龄变化以及长期适量运动（跑转笼）对胆碱能纤维的影响。以同年龄对照组心重／体重比率均值的２倍标准差作为运动有效标准。结果显示，老年鼠（２４月龄）海马ＣＡ１区、ＣＡ３区，齿状回分子层和运动、体感皮质第Ⅲ和Ⅴ层乙酰胆碱酯酶（ＡＣｈＥ）阳性纤维密度明显低于成年鼠（１３月龄）和青年鼠（５月龄）（Ｐ＜０．０１），后两者间除海马ＣＡ３区分子层纤维密度成年鼠稍低外Ｐ＜０．０５），其它各区无显著差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；５月龄小鼠经过８和１９个月运动后，被检各区ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维密度均显著高于同年龄对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结果表明从青年开始的长期适量运动能够促进海马和皮质内胆碱能纤维的增生，延缓衰老时胆碱能纤维的丢失。     

Paternal deprivation alters the development of catecholaminergic innervation in the prefrontal cortex and related limbic brain regions

The impact of paternal care on the development of catecholaminergic fiber innervations in the prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus and the amygdala was quantitatively investigated in the biparental Octodon degus. Two age (juvenile, adult) and rearing groups: (1) degus reared without father and (2) degus raised by both parents were compared. Juvenile father-deprived animals showed significantly elevated densities of TH-immunoreactive fibers in all analyzed regions, except in the orbitofrontal cortex, as compared to biparentally reared animals. This difference between the two rearing groups was still evident in adulthood in the prelimbic and infralimbic cortices and in the hippocampal formation. Interestingly, the elevated TH fiber density in both nucleus accumbens subregions was reversed in adulthood, i.e. adult father-deprived animals showed strongly reduced TH fiber densities as compared to biparentally reared animals. We show here that paternal care plays a critical role in the functional maturation of catecholaminergic innervation patterns in prefrontal and limbic brain circuits.     

单侧磨牙缺失对老年记忆减退大鼠海马结构的影响

为了探讨单侧缺牙对不同学习记忆能力老年大鼠海马结构的影响 ,本研究用 Morris水迷宫筛选出老年记忆减退鼠和老年记忆正常鼠 ,拔除单侧磨牙后 2个月 ,观察其海马结构神经元和胆碱能纤维密度的影响变化。结果显示 :(1)海马 CA1 区锥体细胞密度 :老年记忆减退鼠拔牙组较对照组 (未拔牙 )明显下降 (P<0 .0 1) ;(2 )海马 CA1 区 ACh E阳性纤维密度 :老年记忆减退鼠拔牙组和老年记忆正常鼠拔牙组均较对照组 (未拔牙 )明显下降 (P<0 .0 1)。结果提示 :单侧磨牙缺失可加速老年性学习记忆减退鼠海马结构的损害。     

A prefronto-amygdaloid projection in the monkey: Light and electron microscopic evidence

Unilateral partial ablations of the medial prefrontal cortex were made in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys. The course and termination of prefrontoamygdaloid fibers were followed with the Nauta-Gygax and Fink-Heimer silver methods, and the presence of terminal degeneration in the amygdala was confirmed by electron microscopy. The heaviest prefrontal projection appeared to be to the pars lateralis of the basal amygdaloid nucleus.     

Projections from inferior temporal cortex to prefrontal cortex via the uncinate fascicle in rhesus monkeys

Summary In five rhesus monkeys (Macaca, mulatta) we used anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques to investigate the projection from the inferior temporal cortex (area TE) to the prefrontal cortex as well as the course of the projecting fibers. The results showed that TE projects to both the inferior convexity and orbital surface of prefrontal cortex and that these projections course almost exclusively via the uncinate fascicle. Transection of the uncinate fascicle deprives the prefrontal cortex of virtually all input from TE, but leaves intact inputs from prestriate and parietal visual areas as well as the amygdala. Such transection also leaves intact many projections from TE to targets other than the prefrontal cortex, including the amygdala, ventral putamen, tail of the caudate nucleus, and pulvinar.     

Neonatal hippocampal lesions in rhesus macaques alter the monitoring, but not maintenance, of information in working memory

Neonatal hippocampal damage in rodents impairs medial prefrontal working memory functions. To examine whether similar impairment will follow the same damage in primates, adult monkeys with neonatal hippocampal lesions and sham-operated controls were trained on two working memory tasks. The session-unique delayed nonmatch-to-sample (SU-DNMS) task measures maintenance of information in working memory mediated by the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. The object self-ordered (Obj-SO) task measures monitoring of information in working memory mediated by the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Adult monkeys with neonatal hippocampal lesions performed as well as sham-operated controls on the SU-DNMS task at either the 5- or 30-s delays but were severely impaired on the Obj-SO task. These results extend the earlier findings in rodents by demonstrating that early lesions of the hippocampus in monkeys impair working memory processes known to require the integrity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex while sparing lower order working memory processes such as recency. Although the present results suggest that the lack of functional hippocampal inputs may have altered the maturation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, future studies will be needed to determine whether the nature of the observed working memory deficit is due to an absence of the hippocampus, a maldevelopment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, or both.     

老年性学习记忆减退大鼠新皮质和海马结构胆碱能纤维的定量研究

用Ｍｏｒｒｉｓ水迷宫行为检测方法以青年组平均逃避潜伏期９５％和９９％正常值范围上限值为界将老年大鼠分为学习记忆正常组（老年正常组）和学习记忆减退组（老年减退组）,以Ｈｅｄｒｅｅｎ等推荐的ＡＣｈＥ组织化学染色方法结合形态计量方法对各组大鼠的额、枕、内嗅皮质、海马ＣＡ１区多形层、腔隙分子层和齿状回分子层外带的胆碱能纤维密度进行分析,结果显示老年减退组较老年正常组、青年组各层（除枕叶外）ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维数量均明显减少（Ｐ０．０５,Ｐ＜０．０１）。老年正常组与青年组相比各层阳性纤维数量有所减少,但除海马ＣＡ１区腔隙分子层差异显著外,其余差异均无显著性。相关分析结果表明大鼠各层ＡＣｈＥ阳性纤维数量与其平均逃避潜伏期呈负相关关系,与原平台象限游泳距离占总距离百分比呈正相关关系。本研究提示老年性学习记忆能力减退与新皮质、海马结构胆碱能纤维溃变密切相关。     

Widespread cortical projections of the hippocampal formation in the cat

Efferent projections from the hippocampal formation to the cat's cortex were traced with the retrograde horseradish peroxidase technique. Different areas of the cortex of 31 cats were injected with small amounts of horseradish peroxidase. All subregions of the hippocampal formation were screened for labeled cells. It was found that, with the exception of the entorhinal injections, only subicular areas of the hippocampal formation contain labeled neurons. When HRP was injected into the entorhinal cortex, labeled cells are also found in the hippocampus proper. The most dense projection from the subicular cortex is directed to the medial part of the cortical hemisphere. Here, cingulate, retrosplenial and medial prefrontal fields receive a substantial number of subicular efferents. Furthermore, the entorhinal cortex is reached by a number of axons originating in the subicular area. Scarce projections from the subicular cortex terminate in the dorsal prefrontal, temporal, parietal and prepiriform cortex. It is suggested that the projection from the subicular cortex to the neocortical areas of the frontal pole (medial prefrontal cortex) is of special importance as it may constitute a link between the association areas of the neocortex and those regions of the limbic system thought to play a role in memory (subicular cortex, mamillary bodies, anterior thalamus, cingulate gyrus).     

Histochemical characteristics of the masseter and temporalis muscles of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

The histochemical characteristics, cross-sectional area and capillary of the skeletal muscle fibers of the anterior and posterior regions of the superficial masseter and the temporalis muscles are described for juvenile and adult rhesus monkeys of both sexes. Slow twitch fatigue resistant (S), fast twitch fatigue resistant (FR) and fast twitch fatigable (FF) fibers were found in varying proportions throughout the muscles; however some fibers with an intermediate myofibrillar ATPase activity were observed in the anterior masseter. No significant differences for any of the variables were found between male and female juveniles for a specific muscle sample site. However, considerable variation was found between juvenile and adult and between adult male and female monkeys in the percentages of different fiber types and the cross-sectional area of fibers in specific regions of the superficial masseter and temporalis muscles. We conclude from these observations that significant differences in function exist both within and between the different masticatory muscles of rhesus monkeys. Functional differences may result from the pronounced sexual dimorphism evident in the dentofacial complex of the rhesus monkey.     

Differential laminar distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive axons in infant and adult monkey prefrontal cortex.

Immunohistochemical techniques were used to evaluate the laminar distribution of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive axons in area 9 of infant and adult rhesus monkey prefrontal cortex. In neonatal animals, TH-positive axons had a bilaminar location in the superficial and deep cortical layers, whereas in the adults, labeled fibers were more evenly distributed across all layers. These differences reflected the fact that fiber density in the superficial layers was over 35% greater in neonates than in adults, but in the middle cortical layers, fiber density was over 100% greater in adults than in neonates. The most striking changes in fiber distribution appeared to occur during the first few months of life. These findings may reveal differences in the role of dopamine in the regulation of prefrontal cortical function in neonatal and adult monkeys.