氟马西尼联合佳苏伦用于小儿静脉全麻催醒

目的观察氟马西尼联合佳苏伦用于小儿静脉全麻催醒的作用。方法将240例患儿随机分为A组(自然苏醒组),B组(氟马西尼催醒组),C组(佳苏伦催醒组)和D组(氟马西尼合并佳苏伦催醒组),观察并比较四组效果。结果D组的催醒效果明显优于B、C两组。结论氟马西尼、佳苏伦联合用于小儿静脉全麻催醒,作用高效彻底,清醒时间缩短。     

氟马西尼对全麻肝叶切除术患者促醒作用及恢复期脑电双频指数、认知功能的影响观察

目的观察氟马西尼对全麻肝叶切除术患者促醒作用及恢复期脑电双频指数(BIS)、认知功能的影响。方法选取50例全麻肝叶切除术患者,根据是否使用氟马西尼分为氟马西尼组(n=25)和非氟马西尼组(n=25),两组均采取瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)全麻,术中维持BIS在40~60之间。术毕入麻醉苏醒室即刻,氟马西尼组给予氟马西尼静脉推注,非氟马西尼组给予等体积生理盐水静脉推注。记录两组术后复苏时间指标及入苏醒室后不同时间点BIS值变化,并分别于术前1 d及术后1 d、3 d、5 d采用简易智能精神检查量表(MMSE)评价患者认知功能。结果氟马西尼组较非氟马西尼组术后自主呼吸恢复时间、指令下睁眼时间、指令下握拳时间、拔管时间及回忆起出生日期时间均明显缩短(P0.05)。氟马西尼组BIS值从进入麻醉苏醒室后4 min开始明显增高(P0.05),非氟马西尼组BIS值从进入麻醉苏醒室后6 min开始明显增高(P0.05)。氟马西尼组进入麻醉苏醒室4 min、6 min、8 min、10 min、12 min、14 min、16 min的BIS值均明显高于非氟马西尼组(P0.05)。在术后1 d、3 d、5 d等时间上,氟马西尼组MMSE评分均明显高于非氟马西尼组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论氟马西尼可促进全麻肝叶切除术患者术后苏醒,改善患者认知功能。     

氟马西尼对依托咪酯麻醉恢复期脑电双频指数值变化及清醒恢复影响的临床观察

目的 探讨氟马西尼对依托咪酯麻醉恢复期脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)值变化及清醒恢复的影响.方法 40例择期全麻下行乳腺区段切除患者,应用随机数字表随机分为氟马西尼组(F组)和对照组(C组).术中采用以依托咪酯为主的全凭静脉麻醉,术毕分别给予氟马西尼0.5 mg或生理盐水5 ml,拔管后观察2h.分别记录注射氟马西尼或生理盐水后1、2、3、5、10 min的警觉/镇静(OAA/S)评级及BIS值.记录用药后的副作用. 结果 两组患者年龄、身高、体重、手术时间等差异均无统计学意义.用氟马西尼后1 min的OAA/S镇静评级及BIS值两组间差异无统计学意义,但用氟马西尼后2、3、5、10 minF组的OAA/S镇静评级(1.60±0.27、2.95±0.31、3.50±0.37、4.56±0.21)及BIS值(63.2±2.3、67.1±8.3、78.3±6.2、87.8±3.3)均较C组相应时点的OAA/S镇静评级(0.60±0.17、1.80±0.37、2.90±0.20、3.10±0.61)及BIS值(53.1±2.0、55.2±6.1、62.3±5.2、69.2±4.2)明显增高(P＜0.01).两组间术后副作用差异均无统计学意义.结论 氟马西尼对依托咪酯麻醉有催醒作用.     

氟马西尼与佳苏伦联合用于小儿静脉全麻催醒的临床观察

目的观察氟马西尼合并佳苏伦对小儿静脉全麻的催醒。方法将240例患儿随机分为A组（自然苏醒组）；B组（氟马西尼催醒组）；C组（佳苏伦催醒组）；D组（氟马西尼合并佳苏伦催醒组）。结果D组的催醒效果明显优于B、C两组。结论氟马西尼与佳苏伦联合用于小儿静脉全麻催醒效果确切，值得临床推广。     

山茛菪碱佳苏仑在小儿全麻术后催醒效果比较

目的:探讨山莨菪碱(654-2)用于小儿非气管插奎麻术后催醒的临床效果.方法:60例患儿,随机分为山莨菪碱组(A)佳苏仑(B),各30例.所有患儿均用氯胺酮+异丙酚麻醉.A术毕静注654-20.2mg/kg,B静注佳苏仑1mg/kg.结果:A用药后10min、20min、30min的苏醒率为26.7%、90%及100%;B分别是30%、96.7%和100%;两组患儿催醒后心率均快于用药前,P>0.05无统计学差异,B苏醒期有一例出现烦躁.观察结果表明654-2和佳苏仑一样具有较好的催醒作用.结论:654-2用于小儿全麻术后催醒,效果确切,无明显不良反应,是可推广的催醒方法.     

Narcotrend在小儿手术全身麻醉中的临床应用

目的 研究Narcotrend(NT)监测在小儿患者全身麻醉中的临床效果. 方法 择期美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级、行扁桃体切除术小儿全麻患者60例,采用随机数字表法分为NT监测组(N组)和常规对照组(C组)(每组30例).以丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼维持麻醉,术中N组丙泊酚浓度根据NT值进行调整,C组丙泊酚浓度依据患者的血压、心率等生命体征进行调控.记录两组的麻醉时间、手术时间、苏醒时间、拔管时间,记录丙泊酚的用量和患者围手术期躁动、恶心呕吐、术中知晓等的发生率. 结果 两组患者的苏醒时间与拔管时间比较,N组[(6.2±1.1) min、(11.1±1.0) min]较C组[(14.1±1.8) min、(18.5±1.6) min]缩短,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);丙泊酚的用量比较,N组(99±8) mg较C组(148±8) mg明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);围手术期躁动、恶心呕吐、术中知晓等的发生率差异无统计学意义. 结论 小儿患者行扁桃体切除手术采用NT监测麻醉深度,较传统凭经验给药更安全,能减少不必要地过量使用静脉全身麻醉药物,缩短苏醒时间.     

氟马西尼对使用丙泊酚无痛胃肠镜后苏醒和认知功能的影响

目的 观察氟马西尼对未使用咪达唑仑而使用丙泊酚的无痛胃肠镜患者苏醒过程的影响,并探讨氟马西尼是否能促进丙泊酚麻醉后认知功能的恢复.方法 选择行无痛胃肠镜患者75例,年龄18～65岁,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为氟马西尼0.5mg组(F1组)、氟马西尼1.0 mg组(F2组)和生理盐水对照组(C组).胃肠镜检查中使用芬太尼以及TCI丙泊酚进行麻醉,检查结束根据随机分组结果分别静脉给予氟马西尼0.5 mg、1 mg和10 ml生理盐水.术中监测BP、HR、SpO2,记录丙泊酚总用量、内镜检查时间以及呛咳、体动、低血氧、低血压、心动过缓的发生率,检查后腹胀腹痛、恶心呕吐、寒颤等不良反应发生率.麻醉前和检查结束30 min后记录简易智能精神状态检查量表(MMSE)评分和脑定向力数值以及手术应激指数(SSI).记录三组患者检查结束睁眼时间和清醒时间.结果 三组患者内镜检查时间、丙泊酚总量差异无统计学意义.三组患者检查结束睁眼时间和清醒时间差异无统计学意义.三组患者检查结束MMSE评分、脑定向力数值及SSI与麻醉前比较差异无统计学意义,组间比较差异无统计学意义.结论 本研究未观察到氟马西尼可加速丙泊酚麻醉苏醒过程.无痛胃肠镜操作后使用氟马西尼拮抗丙泊酚麻醉残余作用尚缺乏证据支持.     

瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉与瑞芬太尼-七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊手术的比较

目的 比较瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉和瑞芬太尼七氟醚麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic chdecystectomy,LC)对患者血流动力学及术后苏醒的影响.方法 48例行择期LC患者,年龄21岁～73岁,ASA Ⅰ级～Ⅱ级,采用完全随机的设计分为2组:瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚靶控输注麻醉组(RP组,n=24)和瑞芬太尼七氟醚维持麻醉组(RP组,n=24).分别记录2组手术期间麻醉用药维持量,麻醉过程各时点的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR)及术毕患者苏醒各时段时间.结果 RP组与RS组血流动力学变化差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).苏醒时间RS组(7.0±3.4)min比RP组(13.1±7.8)min明显缩短(P<0.01).结论 七氟醚-端芬太尼维持麻醉与丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注麻醉对患者术中血流动力学效应相当,然而七氟醚-瑞芬太尼维持麻醉患者苏醒更快,更适合用于快通道麻醉.     

丙泊酚镇静下氟马西尼对脑电双频指数的影响

目的 研究丙泊酚镇静时氟马西尼对患者脑电双频指数(BIS)的影响.方法 择期行妇科子宫肌瘤剥出术或全子宫切除术患者40例,ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,随机均分为两组.实施椎管内麻醉,术中采用丙泊酚镇静,维持患者BIS值在65±3.分别在关腹时静注氟马西尼0.01 mg/kg(F组)和生理盐水0.1 ml/kg(C组).观察给药前、给药后2、4、6、8、10、15、20 min时的BIS值.结果 给药后6～20 min F组BIS值显著高于C组(P<0.05).结论 丙泊酚镇静时氟马西尼可提高患者的BIS值,加快患者苏醒.     

七氟醚减量法对老年患者腹腔镜下胆囊切除术苏醒时间的影响

目的 观察七氟醚减量法对行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术的老年患者苏醒时间的影响. 方法 择期腹腔镜下胆囊切除术老年患者45例,美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,年龄65岁～80岁,采用随机数字表法随机分为3组,每组15例:单纯七氟醚组(Ⅰ组),皮肤缝合结束时停止吸入七氟醚,增加氧流量至10 L/min;七氟醚丙泊酚复合组(Ⅱ组),腹膜缝合结束时停止吸入七氟醚,增加氧流量至10 L/min,静脉注射丙泊酚0.5 mg/kg;七氟醚滴定组(Ⅲ组),关闭腹膜即刻,降低七氟醚浓度至0.5最低肺泡有效浓度(minimal alveolar concentration,MAC),缝合皮肤结束时停止吸入七氟醚,增加氧流量至10 L/min.观察苏醒时间(自皮肤缝合结束至患者接受指令睁开眼睛时间)、脑电双频指数(bispectral index,BIS)值达90的时间及生命体征监测指标[平均动脉压(mean arterial pressure,MAP)、心率(heart rate,HR)、脉搏血氧饱和度(pulse oxygen saturation,SpO2)和呼气末二氧化碳分压(partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide,PETCO2)]. 结果 Ⅱ、Ⅲ组患者停止七氟醚吸入后的苏醒时间[Ⅱ组(12.20±1.97) min,Ⅲ组(10.33±1.54) min]及BIS值恢复至90的时间[Ⅱ组(15.07±2.25) min,Ⅲ组(12.20±1.74) min]均显著短于Ⅰ组[苏醒时间(14.87±2.77) min,BIS值恢复至90的时间(17.41 ±2.75) min] (P＜0.05),Ⅲ组又显著短于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).3组在气管拔管前即刻各项生命体征(MAP、HR、PETCO2及SpO2)差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05),苏醒后各时点的Steward评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05). 结论 老年患者腹腔镜下胆囊切除术麻醉苏醒阶段采用七氟醚逐步减量法,缩短患者术后苏醒时间,并且不会影响麻醉后苏醒质量.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Is the recovery profile of mivacurium independent of the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with normal plasma cholinesterase activity?

Background: The duration of action of muscle relaxants is poorly correlated to the rate of decay of their plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of mivacurium may rapidly decrease below its active concentration because of the extensive hydrolysis of mivacurium. By inflating a tourniquet on one upper limb for 3 min after the administration of atracurium, mivacurium or vecuronium, we studied the influence of the initial decline of their plasma concentration on their effect. Methods: In 50 patients anaesthetised with thiopental, isoflurane and fentanyl, the effect of bolus doses of 0.15 or 0.25 mg . kg^?1 mivacurium (MIV 15, MIV 25), 0.3 or 0.5 mg . kg^?1 atracurium (ATR 30, ATR 50) and 0.06 or 0.1 mg . kg^?1 vecuronium (VEC 06, VEC 10) were measured on both arms (evoked response of the adductor pollicis to train-of-four stimulation every 12 s), a tourniquet being applied on one arm just before and during 3 min after the muscle relaxant bolus. Results: Tourniquet inflation of 3 min almost abolished the neuromuscular effect of mivacurium. In the vecuronium groups and in the ATR 50 group, tourniquet inflation did not modify the maximum degree of depression of the twitch response. Also, the duration of action of vecuronium was unaffected by the tourniquet. In the ATR 30 group, times to return of the twitch response to 25% (duration 25%) and 75% (duration 75%) of control response were significantly shorter in the cuffed arm, 23 min vs 27 min, and 41 min vs 45 min, respectively. In the ATR 50 group, only duration 25% was significantly shorter in the cuffed arm (41 min vs 45 min). Conclusion: The results suggest that the rate of decline of the plasma concentration of mivacurium is so rapid, that a very low and almost clinically ineffective concentration is present as soon as 3 min after its administration. The results also indicate that the recovery from a mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade is not influenced by the rate of decay of its plasma concentration in patients with genotypically normal plasma cholinesterase.     

Membranes in Artificial Organs

Abstract: Membrane processes play a pivotal and enabling role in modern replacement therapy for acute and chronic organ failure and in the management of immunologic diseases. In fact, virtually all contemporary extracorporeal blood purification methods employ membrane devices, and the next generation of artificial organs and tissue engineering therapies are almost certain to be similarly grounded in membrane technology. In this short essay, we comment on the similarities and differences among synthetic membranes and their natural counterparts and also provide a critical overview of the demographics and technology of hemodialysis, hemofiltration, apheresis, oxygenation, and emerging membrane technologies and applications.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.