注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力发育研究

目的研究注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的智力发育特点。方法采用韦氏儿童智力量表和注意力测试软件进行智力评估和注意力评定。结果研究组的智力水平、智力结构、注意力与对照组差异有显著性。结论注意缺陷多动障碍儿童智力发育不平衡，持续注意困难，视、听辨别能力低下。     

注意缺陷多动障碍的过去、现在与将来

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)目前已成为儿童时期最为常见的一种慢性心理行为障碍,患病率为3%～6%.此病主要表现为与年龄不相称的注意力不集中、活动过多、冲动任性等行为改变,常伴有不同程度的认知障碍和学习困难.ADHD患儿的这些行为异常不但影响其个人的生活、学习和交往,还常常会给其父母带来烦恼,给家庭带来不安,给学校带来麻烦,甚至可能会造成一些社会问题.ADHD已引起广大家长、教师、医务人员及全社会的广泛关注,成为一种人们高度关注的公共卫生问题.     

多不饱和脂肪酸与注意缺陷多动障碍

注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童青少年期常见的心理行为障碍,其主要临床特征为注意力不集中、活动过度和行为冲动.ADHD的发病机制及病因至今不明,多数学者认同ADHD是生物-心理-社会因素共同作用形成的疾病模型.生物学因素包括生物化学、遗传学、免疫学、神经系统发育障碍、脑电生理、影像学等.近年来,人体营养状况与精神心理健康的关系愈来愈引起研究人员注意,也不断有学者报道儿童青少年营养状况与ADHD存在一定的相关性,其中多见多不饱和脂肪酸(polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA)与ADHD关系的研究,以及锌元素、镁元素在脂肪酸(fatty acid)与ADHD中的作用.本文在查阅相关文献基础上,仅就此方面做一综述.     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断进展

尽管对注意缺陷多动障碍 (ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎ ｄｅｆｉｃｉｔｈｙｐｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ,ＡＤＨＤ)进行了大量的研究 ,但其仍是较难诊断的儿童精神障碍之一。由于ＡＤＨＤ缺乏具鉴别意义的病因学或病理学改变 ,主要靠特殊行为症状来确诊 ,因此给诊断一致性带来困难。一、ＡＤＨＤ的发展史早在 19世纪末 ,人们就认识到儿童的多动症状。Ｓｔｉｌｌ和Ｅｂａｕｇｈ等描述了在精神发育迟滞和严重神经系统损害儿童中的“不安宁、冲动、注意力不集中及多动”表现。 2 0世纪 4 0年代 ,Ｓｔｒａｕｓｓ等认为这类症状与脑损伤有关 ,…     

儿童血铅与注意缺陷多动障碍的相关性

目的研究儿童血铅水平与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的相关性。方法对100名儿童进行血铅水平测定,据其血铅水平分为血铅水平正常组(对照组)及血铅水平增高组(实验组)各50例,再对两组儿童分别进行Conners量表测查,研究Conners量表分值与血铅水平的相关性。结果血铅水平正常组Conners量表分值明显低于铅中毒组,两组比较有显著差异(P <0.01),且血铅水平与Conners量表分值呈显著正相关(P<0.01)。结论通过血铅水平的测定,可早发现、早诊断ADHD,有利于进行早期干预,从两改善其预后。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的家庭环境研究

目的探讨注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童家庭环境特点,以了解其可能的环境病因。方法根据DSM-IV诊断标准对儿保门诊因多动、注意问题、成绩下降而就诊的148例儿童进行诊断,并对就诊儿童采用自编问卷由就诊父母在专业人员的指导下当场填写。结果ADHD儿童的父母在教育上是斥责打骂、陪读加督促;在家庭生活中,父母更多地体验到不开心,感觉很累,常为孩子的学习差而焦虑,并且出现了更多的亲子关系问题。结论父母的教、养及其本身的情绪问题与儿童ADHD的发生有一定的关系。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍脑电图特点与临床分析

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD)又称儿童多动症 ,是一种常见儿童行为障碍综合征。现将我院 1995年 2月～ 2 0 0 2年 5月 5 2例ADHD患儿脑电图 (EEG)特点与临床关系分析如下。资料与方法一、一般资料　采用美国DAM -Ⅱ诊断标准[1] ,确诊ADHD 5 2例 ,男 4 4例 ,女 8例 ;年龄 4～ 16岁 ,8～ 11岁 36例 ,占 6 9.2 %。二、临床表现　ADHD最常见和突出症状是注意力集中困难 ,活动多 ,情绪不稳定 ,冲动、任性及学习困难。 35例表现为注意力短暂、难以集中且分散 ;10例活动过度 ;4例学习困难 ;3例易哭闹、发怒、冲动、任性。三、检查方法　采…     

454例注意缺陷多动障碍儿童多向治疗探讨

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍 (ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｄｅｆｉｃｉｔｈｙ ｐｅｒａｃｔｉｖｉｔｙｄｉｓｏｒｄｅｒ，ＡＤＨＤ）的中枢兴奋性药物治疗疗效常与药物的选择、用药方法、药物剂量、对产生副反应的处理及治疗的坚持性等有关。我院自１９９１年开始采用利他林和匹莫林２种兴奋剂同时口服 ,并结合家庭和心理的多向治疗 ,取得了良好的效果 ,现总结如下。资料和方法一、临床资料选择１９９１年１月～１９９８年１２月我院多动症专科门诊诊治的ＡＤＨＤ患儿４５４例。诊断依据为 :①美国精神病协会１９８７年修改的ＡＤＨＤ诊断表进行筛选 ;②…     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的临床研究

注意缺陷多动障碍是儿童期尤其是学龄期儿童最常见的精神障碍之一，也是学龄期儿童患病能够屡最高的慢性健康问题。以注意力不集中、活动过度和冲动性为特征。ADHD易共患其他精神障碍。ADHD 的核心症状多动、冲动和注意缺陷对患病儿童的认知功能造成了一定的影响，直接影响了患儿的学习和生活，因此对本病正确诊断和治疗十分重要。本文综述了儿童注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断及治疗的进展。     

儿童注意缺陷多动障碍诊疗进展

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童最常见的慢性神经精神疾病之一,多起病于7岁前,持续影响患儿的认知、情绪、行为、生活质量及社会功能,约2/3可持续至青春期或成年期,大多共患其他类行为或情绪问题/障碍。ADHD的病因涉及出生缺陷、遗传、神经心理发育异常、家庭与环境等影响因素,是生物-心理-社会诸因素导致的病症。临床通常采用药物治疗,并结合心理指导和行为矫治。现就ADHD的病因及诊疗研究进展做一简略概述。     

Update on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is now the most frequent diagnosis in children seen by Australian general paediatricians. It is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder and is usually accompanied by one or more co-morbid developmental and/or mental health conditions. In addition to daily symptoms, which often impair quality of life, ADHD can compromise educational and social development for the individual, and impact on families, schools and the broader community. Draft revised National Health and Medical Research Council Guidelines on ADHD were published in November 2009. This comprehensive document discusses the evidence in relation to many aspects of ADHD, which inform the large number of practice recommendations. Although there is an enormous literature on the causes, neurobiology and management of ADHD, there is still much to be learned particularly in relation to early intervention, behavioural therapies and factors influencing long-term outcomes.     

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目的研究注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)儿童冲动行为与其执行功能的相关关系。方法对2005年1月至2007年7月在中南大学湘雅二医院精神卫生研究所、郑州市第九人民医院心理科、郑州市儿童医院保健部的187例ADHD儿童(均符合DSM-IV注意缺陷多动障碍的诊断标准)与126名对照组儿童分别进行Barratt冲动性量表中文版(BIS)和威斯康星(WCST)卡片分类测验。结果ADHD冲动组、ADHD非冲动组和对照组组间WCST的评分差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),BIS的3个因子及冲动总分与WCST卡片分类测验的非持续性错误数呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。结论ADHD儿童与对照组儿童的执行功能差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但冲动行为越强烈,儿童出现随机错误的可能性越大。     

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目的探讨热性惊厥(FC)继发癫癎(EP)的危险因素,以便早期干预.方法对1988年1月至2000年6月在内蒙古医学院第四附属医院儿科住院的253例FC患儿,进行5年至17年5个月随访观察.以第1次FC发作住院为随访起点,再次住院或家庭访问为随访方式,观察FC患儿继发EP的年发生率.并对FC患儿的发作持续时间、发作总次数、发作体温、首次发作24h内的发作次数、初发年龄、惊厥家族史、发作形式、首次发作48h内的脑电图、性别、原发病等可能继发EP的危险因素详细观察记录.所得资料应用生存分析寿命表和生存分析+COX回归作多元回归分析.结果随访253例FC继发EP 19例.5,10,17年继发EP年发生率分别是0.53%,1.69%,8.70%.FC发作持续时间和发作总次数,经分析分别P<0.05和P<0.01,B分别为负值和正值,分别RR<1和RR>1,其95%可信区间内均不包含1;发作形式和惊厥家族史,均P<0.01,B均为正值,均RR>1,其95%可信区间内均不包含1.结论 FC的发作持续时间长、发作总次数增多、局灶性发作及有惊厥家族史是继发EP的危险因素.     

Diagnosis and management of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent childhood psychiatric disorder which is characterized by three core symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of school aged children suffer from this disorder. This disorder is more common in boys than girls. Comorbidity is a major problem and is present in as many as two thirds of children with ADHD. A multiple modality approach to treatment which combines pharmacotherapy, psycho education, behaviour therapy, environmental changes and social skills training is recommended. The outcome of ADHD is variable and unless properly treated in early years may predispose the child to serious psychopathology in adulthood.     

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目的探讨中学生互联网过度使用(IOU)与注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)的关系。方法采用网络成瘾诊断问卷(YDQ)、长处和困难问卷父母版(SDQ)、注意缺陷多动障碍诊断量表父母版(ADHDDS-P)对64例互联网过度使用中学生和64名对照中学生进行评定和比较,并依据美国精神障碍诊断与统计手册第4版(DSM-Ⅳ)中的ADHD诊断标准进行诊断性访谈。结果(1)IOU组符合DSM-Ⅳ中ADHD诊断标准的学生有14例,其中注意缺陷为主型5例,多动冲动为主型1例,混合型8例;对照组中符合ADHD诊断标准的学生有3例,均为混合型。(2)SDQIOU组多动注意不能、品行问题、情绪症状、困难总分等因子的得分均高于对照组,在亲社会行为因子上的得分显著低于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05);(3)ADHDDS-PIOU组注意缺陷、多动/冲动因子得分和总分均显著高于对照组(P<0.01或P<0.05);(4)条件Logistic回归分析发现注意缺陷、多动注意不能是IOU的危险因素,亲社会行为是IOU的保护因素。结论互联网过度使用中学生存在着较多的注意缺陷多动障碍,其可能是造成中学生互联网过度使用的危险因素。     

血清锌与儿童注意缺陷多动障碍关系的Meta分析

目的探讨血清锌与我国儿童注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)发生的关系。方法系统收集2000~2015年涉及我国儿童ADHD血清锌水平的病例对照研究文献;采用Stata 12.0软件对纳入文献进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入17篇文献,包括ADHD病例2 177例,对照2 900例。Meta分析显示,ADHD组儿童血清锌水平明显低于对照组(合并效应值SMD=-1.33,95%CI:-2.22~-0.44,P=0.003)。敏感性分析显示两组在血清锌水平上的差异结果可靠,Egger's检验显示无明显的发表偏倚。结论儿童血清锌水平的下降可能与ADHD的发生有关。     

Motor function and methylphenidate effect in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

Aim: Hyperactivity, impulsivity and poor attention are the core problems of ADHD and central stimulant medication is the preferred treatment. Many children with ADHD also display motor problems. The present study investigated the presence of motor problems in subjects who showed positive response to central stimulants on ADHD symptoms, compared with non‐responders. Method: This is a retrospective study of 73 children diagnosed ADHD, aged 5–17 years, who had been assessed with parts of the ‘Motor Function Neurological Assessment’ (MFNU) and evaluated with regard to effect of central stimulant medication. The sample was divided into two subgroups based on the responses to methylphenidate: Medicine responders and Non medicine responders. Results: Stimulant responders showed significantly more motor problems than the non‐responders on all sub‐tests and on the total problem score of the MFNU. Motor problems were present both in younger (age 5–10 years) and older (11–17 years) stimulant responders. There were no gender differences in motor performance. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the probability of positive effect of central stimulants on core problems of ADHD is higher when motor problems are present in addition to ADHD symptoms, than when motor problems are absent.     

Barriers to the identification of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

BACKGROUND: In most countries, the majority of children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are undiagnosed. In the United Kingdom, a major barrier to accessing specialist services is the limited recognition of disorders by general practitioners. However, it is unclear whether there are also barriers at other stages of the help-seeking process. For children with ADHD, this study aims to examine the correlates of the different stages of help-seeking. METHOD: Children with ADHD (n = 232) were identified from the 1999 British Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Rates and correlates of parental recognition of child mental health problems and contact with services for these problems were examined. Children who had used particular types of services were compared with those who had not. RESULTS: Most (80%) parents of children with ADHD recognise that their child has a problem although few (35%) construe this in terms of hyperactivity. The impact of the symptoms on key adults, rather than child factors, best predicted parental recognition of problems. Most parents had been in contact with education-based professionals but few had consulted primary care for these problems or had sought help from relevant specialist health services. Parental recognition of problems and perceived burden, rather than child factors, were the main correlates of contact with services. Parental views that their child has hyperactivity were associated with greater severity of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The main barrier to care for ADHD is the limited presentation of these problems to primary care. The majority of parents discuss their concerns with professionals based in education services. There is a need for parental education about ADHD and for health service input to support education professionals in their contact with concerned parents.