自身免疫性肝炎和原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征15例临床特点分析

自身免疫性肝病是一组具有自身免疫基础的炎症性肝病,包括自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)和原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)等,临床上确有一部分患者可同时具有上述几种疾病的临床特点,即重叠综合症.对80例自身免疫性肝病患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,发现AIH/PBC重叠综合征15例,本文对其临床特点进行分析,报道如下.     

重视不典型自身免疫性肝病患者的早诊早治

自身免疫性肝病是一组疾病,主要由于自身免疫异常引起,包括以肝细胞损伤为主的自身免疫性肝炎,以胆管损伤为主的原发性胆汁性胆管炎及原发性硬化性胆管炎,也包括具有上述两种疾病主要特征的重叠综合征,近来IgG4相关肝胆疾病也被列入此类,如不及时诊治,可发展至肝硬化,甚至肝衰竭。自身免疫性肝病均有各自特点,随着自身免疫性肝病知识普及,专业医生对此类疾病认识程度逐渐增加,多数较典型自身免疫性肝病能够早期诊断,使患者得到及时治疗。但也有一些患者表现或化验指标不典型,易被延误诊断,所以对于不典型自身免疫性肝病及早辨别,及时诊治非常重要。     

重叠综合征

自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)和原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)是三种独立的自身免疫性肝病,近年发现部分患者同时具有这三种疾病中的两种,临床上称之谓重叠综合征.重叠综合征究竟是本质上完全不同的几种疾病集中于同一病人,还是同一种自身免疫性肝病的不同表现形式,目前仍不很清楚[1].迄今为止,还没有一个重叠综合征确切的诊断标准,使该名词在临床实际中经常误用.     

自身免疫性肝炎与原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征10例临床分析

自身免疫性肝炎( AIH)和原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC),都属于自身免疫性肝病,是一组具有自身免疫基础的炎症性肝病.临床上确有一部分患者可同时具有上述两种疾病的临床特点,即重叠综合征.笔者对AIH/PBC重叠综合征10例进行临床特点分析如下.     

自身免疫性肝病诊断与治疗进展

自身免疫性肝病是一组由自身免疫介导的慢性肝胆系统损伤性疾病,主要包括自身免疫性肝炎、原发性胆汁性肝硬化及原发性硬化性胆管炎.本文就自身免疫性肝病的诊断与治疗进展进行综述.     

自身免疫性肝病的诊断与治疗

自身免疫性肝病是指一组以肝脏病理损害和肝功能异常为重要表现的非传染性肝病,其发病机制可能与自身免疫有关,主要包括自身免疫性肝炎（autoimmune hepatitis,Am）,原发性胆汁性肝硬化（primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC）和原发性硬化性胆管炎（primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC）,以及这三种疾病中任意两者的重叠综合症。自身免疫性肝病也是晚期慢性肝功能衰竭的主要病因之一,是西方国家进行原位肝移植的主要肝病之一。国内目前尚缺乏确切的统计学数据表明自身免疫性肝病发病率不断在增加。但我们临床发现和报告的病例较以往有较大幅度增多。同时,自身免疫性肝病也是目前肝病领域研究的新热点。因此,本文对自身免疫性肝病的概念、特征、诊断和治疗做简要介绍。     

IL-8与自身免疫性肝病的关系

IL-8是一种具有趋化作用的炎性细胞因子,在自身免疫性肝病中的表达水平明显升高,且能够与其相应受体——趋化因子受体1、趋化因子受体2结合,进而发挥促炎性细胞趋化、促血管生成、促纤维化和诱导细胞增殖的作用,参与疾病进程。综述了IL-8与自身免疫性肝病的相关研究进展。     

自身免疫性肝病的治疗

临床上常见的自身免疫性肝病包括自身免疫性肝炎(autoimmune hepatitis,AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(primary biliary cirrhosis,PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(primary sclerosing cholangitis,PSC)以及重叠综合征.本文简单介绍自身免疫性肝病的治疗,以供临床医生参考.     

自身免疫性肝病相关自身抗体检测的临床应用专家共识

自身免疫性肝病是一组由异常自身免疫介导的肝胆炎症性疾病,主要包括自身免疫性肝炎、原发性胆汁性胆管炎、原发性硬化性胆管炎及上述任何两种疾病主要特征同时出现的重叠综合征等。自身免疫性肝病相关自身抗体检测临床应用的标准化,有助于疾病的诊断与分类、预测预后、病情监测及发病机制的研究。     

AIH-PBC重叠综合征的诊断及治疗

自身免疫性肝病是一组与自身免疫异常有关的肝胆疾病,其包括自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）和原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）以及这三种疾病中任两者之间的综合征。AIH-PBC重叠综合征（AIHPBCOS）在PBC患者中的发生率为2％～20％．其定义为一个患者同时具有这二种疾病的主要特征。     

Overlap syndromes among autoimmune liver diseases

The three major immune disorders of the liver are autoimmune hepatitis（AIH）,primary biliary cirrhosis（PBC） and primary sclerosing cholangitis（PSC）.Variant forms of these diseases are generally called overlap syndromes,although there has been no standardised definition.Patients with overlap syndromes present with both hepatitic and cholestatic serum liver tests and have histological features of AIH and PBC or PSC.The AIH-PBC overlap syndrome is the most common form,affecting almost 10% of adults with AIH or PBC.Single cases of AIH and autoimmune cholangitis（AMA-negative PBC） overlap syndrome have also been reported.The AIH-PSC overlap syndrome is predominantly found in children,adolescents and young adults with AIH or PSC.Interestingly,transitions from one autoimmune to another have also been reported in a minority of patients,especially transitions from PBC to AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.Overlap syndromes show a progressive course towards liver cirrhosis and liver failure without treatment.Therapy for overlap syndromes is empiric,since controlled trials are not available in these rare disorders.Anticholestatic therapy with ursodeoxycholic acid is usually combined with immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and/or azathioprine in both AIH-PBC and AIH-PSC overlap syndromes.In end-stage disease,liver transplantation is the treatment of choice.     

Overlap syndromes with autoimmune hepatitis in chronic cholestatic liver diseases

Conditions exhibiting features of two different autoimmune liver diseases are commonly designated overlap syndromes, although there is no current agreement on what constitutes an overlap syndrome or specific diagnostic criteria. As in the classic autoimmune liver diseases, such as autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), the etiology is unknown but presumed to be related to alterations of immune regulation. Distinction of these clinical entities is important for management as outcomes may differ from outcomes of patients with diagnosis of classic autoimmune liver diseases. Due to their presumed rarity, no large therapeutic trials are available and treatment of overlap conditions is empirical and based upon extrapolation of data from the primary autoimmune liver diseases. PBC–AIH overlap is the most frequently described overlap syndrome and may be associated with a poor prognosis. This may represent an important and unrecognized cause of resistance to ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with PBC. PSC–AIH overlap is less commonly reported. Prognosis may be better than in patients with PSC alone; however, worse than in patients with AIH alone. Further studies are needed for determining diagnosis, natural history and optimal therapeutic strategies of overlap syndromes of autoimmune liver disease.     

自身免疫性肝病活检组织病理学特征分析109例

目的:分析比较自身免疫性肝炎(AIH)、原发性胆汁性肝硬化(PBC)、原发性硬化性胆管炎(PSC)及其重叠综合征的组织病理学变化,提高对自身免疫性肝病(AILD)的认识.方法:对27例AIH、67例PBC、4例PSC、1例AIH-PSC重叠综合征和10例AIH-PBC重叠综合征患者的肝穿组织病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果:AILD患者多发于中年女性(73.3%),肝组织病理变化以界面性肝炎为主(77.7%),在重度患者则出现重度界面性肝炎、桥样坏死等.PBC患者早期(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)占28.3%,而晚期(Ⅲ、Ⅳ)占71.7%,肝组织病理变化以小胆管减少甚至消失为主(62.6%).AIH-PBC重叠综合征患者并非罕见,他的肝组织病理学具有AIH和PBC的双重特征.结论:AILD是非病毒性肝病的重要组成部分,其诊断需综合临床表现、生化、免疫指标和组织学变化.     

Overlap syndrome of primary biliary cirrhosis and autoimmune hepatitis with unusual initial presentation as fulminant hepatic failure

Autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis are generally easy to discriminate on the basis of clinical, laboratory, and histological findings. The presence of anti-mitocondrial antibodies seropositivity and cholestatic clinical, laboratory, and/or histological features in patients with autoimmune hepatitis indicates the overlap syndrome of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Fulminant hepatic failure is an unusual initial form of presentation of autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome. We report the case of a 50-year-old woman with autoimmune hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis overlap syndrome who presented with fulminant hepatic failure. Fulminant hepatic failure has a high mortality rate and may require liver transplant. Our patient revealed a good response to corticosteroid and ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. It is important to identify and distinguish autoimmune hepatitis and variant syndromes from other forms of liver disease because of response to corticosteroid therapy.     

164例自身免疫性肝病临床分析

目的 分析比较自身免疫性肝炎（autoimmune hepatitis，AIH）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（primary biliary cirrhosis，PBC）、原发性硬化性胆管炎（primary sclerosing cholangltis）及其重叠综合征的临床特点、生化特征和治疗反应，提高对自身免疫性肝病的认识。方法对77例AIH患者、46例PBC患者、11例PSC患者和30例PBC-AIH重叠综合征患者的临床及实验室检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果除PSC外，大多数自身免疫性肝病多发于中年女性，从出现症状到明确诊断平均需要2．5年。AIH、PBC-AIH重叠患者具有较高的转氨酶，PBC、PSC具有较明显的GGT、ALP升高。临床表现上AIH、PBC、PSC、AIH-PBC黄疸发生率分别为84％、78％、90％和67％，皮肤瘙痒的发生率分别为43％、56％、81％和60％。PSC和AIH-PBC具有较高的AIH评分，27％的PSC患者和33％AIH-PBC的评分达到可能的AIH。合理应用UDCA和免疫抑制剂可使90％的PBC和AIH患者症状在六个月内得到缓解、肝功能恢复明显改善。结论 AIH、PBC-AIH的肝功能异常以转氨酶升高为主，PBC、PSC以胆汁淤积为主。应用AIH评分系统诊断可能的AIH时应注意鉴别PSC及其它自身免疫性肝病。UDCA和免疫抑制剂可改善绝大多数患者的症状和肝功能异常。     

Autoimmune hepatitis-primary biliary cirrhosis concurrent with biliary stricture after liver transplantation

Although the development of de novo autoimmune liver disease after liver transplantation(LT)has been described in both children and adults,autoimmune hepatitis(AIH)-primary biliary cirrhosis(PBC)overlap syndrome has rarely been seen in liver transplant recipients.Here,we report a 50-year-old man who underwent LT for decompensated liver disease secondary to alcoholic steatohepatitis.His liver function tests became markedly abnormal 8 years after LT.Standard autoimmune serological tests were positive for anti-nuclear and antimitochondrial antibodies,and a marked biochemical response was observed to a regimen consisting of prednisone and ursodeoxycholic acid added to maintain immunosuppressant tacrolimus.Liver biopsy showed moderate bile duct lesions and periportal lymphocytes infiltrating along with light fibrosis,which confirmed the diagnosis of AIH-PBC overlap syndrome.We believe that this may be a case of post-LT de novo AIH-PBC overlap syndrome;a novel type of autoimmune overlap syndrome.     

加强对国人自身免疫性肝病的临床研究

自身免疫性肝病由自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）、原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）及其重叠综合征组成。我们不仅需加强国人自身免疫性肝病自然史、临床特点和发病机制的研究,还需开展多中心、前瞻性随机对照临床试验以评估新的免疫抑制治疗的疗效和安全性。     

Type II Autoimmune Hepatitis and Small Duct Sclerosing Cholangitis in a Seven Years Old Child: An Overlap Syndrome?

Introduction

Autoimmune hepatitis is an inflammatory disease with multifactorial ethiopatogenesis, characterized by lympho-monocytic infiltration of liver, presence of serum autoantibodies (ANA, SMA, LKM-1) and high levels of immunoglobulins. Overlap syndromes are defined as the association of autoimmune hepatitis with cholestatic diseases such as primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The boundaries of these syndromes as distinct pathological entities are still matter of debate and they could be part of a major liver autoimmune disease. Furthermore, cholestatic diseases may present even with atypical features (AMA-negative primary cirrohosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis with normal cholangiography).

Case Presentation

We herein describe a case of a 7 year-old child affected by an overlap syndrome between type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis. Although characterized by a severe onset, the disease showed a good response to treatment with prednisone and azathioprine.

Conclusions

The association of type 2 autoimmune hepatitis and small duct primary cholangitis has been rarely reported in literature and this report adds new data on this still unclear entity.     

中晚期自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化重叠综合征的临床病理研究

目的探讨中晚期自身免疫性肝炎-原发性胆汁性肝硬化（AIH-PBC）重叠综合征的临床病理特征及治疗直答。方法对具有肝穿刺标本的11例PBC-AIH重叠综合征和13例PBC（Seheuer分期3、4期）患者进行比较，重点分析AIH-PBC重叠综合征的临床、病理特点及治疗应答。结果两组患者的性别、年龄、病程、症状无显著差异；AIH-PBC重叠综合征患者的丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、γ-球蛋白、免疫球蛋白IgG以及抗核抗体或抗平滑肌抗体阳性率明显高于PBC（P〈0．05）。肝组织学见汇管区与肝腺泡内以单个核细胞为主的较多炎细胞浸润，其中易见浆细胞的聚积性浸润。可见不同时期小胆管损伤或毛细胆管反应性增生并侵蚀肝界板；重叠综合征患者经熊去氧胆酸治疗可使肝功能改善，与PBC患者无明显差异。结论中晚期AIH-PBC重叠综合征临床、血清学及组织病理学表现出AIH和PBC双重特征，UDCA治疗有助于血生化指标的改善。     

自身免疫性肝病重叠综合征的诊断和治疗

自身免疫性肝病（AILD）是一组以肝脏病理损害和肝功能异常为主要表现的自身免疫性疾病,可分为自身免疫性肝炎（AIH）、原发性胆汁性肝硬化（PBC）和原发性硬化性胆管炎（PSC）,重叠综合征指同时具有其中两种疾病的临床和病理表现。重叠综合征相对少见,主要包括AIH—PBC和AIH—PSC。由于重叠综合征在临床表现、血清学和组织学方面综合了两种AILD的特点,其诊断和治疗有一定难度并存在争议。对其临床表现以及诊断和治疗方案进行深入研究有助于对该病的认识和防治。