肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性分析

目的分析肺结核合并肺部感染患者的菌群分布特点及其耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考。方法选择2011年3月—2015年4月孝感市中心医院收治的肺结核合并肺部感染患者314例,取患者早晨洗漱后咳出的深部痰或支气管灌洗液进行细菌培养,分析其菌群分布特点及耐药性。结果 314份标本共培养出病原菌414株,其中革兰阳性菌108株(占26.09%)、革兰阴性菌290株(占70.05%)、真菌16株(占3.86%);革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(占13.53%),革兰阴性菌以铜绿假单胞菌为主(占22.22%),真菌均为白色假丝酵母菌。药敏试验结果显示,金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对青霉素G的耐药率为100.0%,对万古霉素的耐药率均为0;铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌、大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林耐药率均为100.0%,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率为0,铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率较低,均为15.2%,鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星和头孢哌酮的耐药率较低,分别为18.7%和21.9%。结论肺结核合并肺部感染患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要革兰阳性菌为金黄色葡萄球菌,主要革兰阴性菌为铜绿假单胞菌。金黄色葡萄球菌和溶血葡萄球菌对万古霉素无耐药,肺炎克雷伯菌、阴沟肠杆菌和大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南无耐药,鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮耐药率低。     

ICU肺部感染患者的病原菌及耐药性特点分析

目的探讨重症医学科(ICU)患者肺部感染致病菌分布情况及耐药性特点,以指导临床合理使用抗菌药物。方法2009年1月～2012年5月在我院ICU收治的128例肺部感染患者的痰病原菌细菌谱,并对药敏结果进行分析。结果共检出病原菌167株,其中革兰氏阴性菌139株,占83.2%,革兰氏阳性菌28株,占10.8%。其中革兰氏阴性菌最主要的病原菌依次是阴沟杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌。结论 ICU肺部感染患者的病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,特点是多重耐药的阴沟杆菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯氏菌更显著,革兰氏阳性菌及念珠菌检出率不高,这对抗菌药物的合理使用具有指导意义。     

血液肿瘤并发败血症143株病原菌分布及耐药分析

目的探讨血液肿瘤患者并发败血症病原菌分布及对抗生素的敏感性。方法回顾分析2004-01/2006-12住院的血液肿瘤患者血培养标本中分离的病原菌。结果472份血培养标本检出致病菌143株,阳性率30.3%。革兰阴性菌95株（66.4%）,以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌为主;革兰阳性菌40株（28.0%）,以表皮葡萄球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌为主;真菌8株（5.6%）。革兰阴性杆菌除对亚胺培南、美洛培南的耐药率较低外,对其他抗菌药耐药性较高,铜绿假单胞菌对美洛培南也有一定耐药性。3种主要革兰阴性菌大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌对氨苄西林均高度耐药。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁耐药率低,尚未检出耐万古霉素菌株,部分肠球菌和溶血葡萄球菌株对替考拉宁耐药。结论血液肿瘤患者并发败血症的病原菌中,以革兰阴性菌为主;抗生素的大量使用,使革兰阴性菌和阳性菌的耐药率都增高,应根据细菌培养及药敏实验在临床中合理使用抗生素。     

我院重症医学科耐药细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解该院重症医学科住院患者感染病原菌分布及耐药情况,为指导临床科室合理使用抗菌药物,减少耐药性的发生提供依据。方法收集2014~2015年该院重症医学科住院患者采集的各类标本,对检出的病原菌分布及细菌耐药性进行回顾性分析。结果 2年间送检标本1 684份,分离出病原菌1 156株,细菌检出阳性率为68.65%。在分离菌株中革兰氏阴性菌897株,占77.60%;革兰氏阳性菌125株,占10.81%;真菌134株,占11.59%。其中感染的优势菌为肺炎克雷伯杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌,分别占到检出细菌的20.8%、15.1%和15.0%。肺炎克雷伯杆菌对氨苄西林的耐药率最高为97.5%,铜绿假单胞菌对喹诺酮类药物左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为48.0%和41.7%;鲍曼不动杆菌对美罗培南、头孢曲松、头孢他啶、环丙沙星和哌拉西林他唑巴坦的耐药率均超过了70.0%。结论该院重症医学科患者感染细菌以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,耐药率较高,特别是鲍曼不动杆菌对多种抗菌药物耐药,要引起重视。应进一步加强预防和控制,建立细菌耐药监测制度和规范抗菌药物使用,减少细菌耐药性的发生。     

我院COPD急性加重患者病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解亳州市人民医院慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)住院患者感染病原菌的分布情况及耐药性特点。方法分析亳州市人民医院2018年1月-2018年12月280例AECOPD住院患者痰培养的检出病原菌分布和耐药特征。结果 280例AECOPD患者痰标本共分离病原菌301株,其中革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌分别占79. 4%和1. 66%,真菌占18. 94%。革兰阴性菌排名前3位的病原菌分布为铜绿假单胞菌(28. 57%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(14. 29%)、大肠埃希菌(12. 62%),革兰阴性菌对氨苄西林和头孢类抗生素耐药率高,其中铜绿假单胞菌和大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松的耐药率均超过90%;肺炎克雷伯菌对氨苄西林耐药率100%;鲍曼不动杆菌对氨苄西林、头孢曲松耐药率均为100%,对亚胺培南耐药率为44. 44%。革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌和肠球菌为主,其中金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺均敏感。前三位真菌为白假丝酵母菌(13. 29%)、热带假丝酵母菌(3. 99%)、曲霉菌(1%),白假丝酵母菌为主,对氟康唑、伏立康唑均敏感,耐药率较低。结论亳州市人民医院AECOPD患者病原菌以革兰阴性菌占绝对优势,且耐药性严重,真菌感染在AECOPD患者占一定比例,临床上应根据病原菌分布及耐药性、合理选择抗生素,有利于提高临床诊疗。     

重症肺炎患儿细菌学病原谱及其耐药情况分析

目的分析重症肺炎患儿细菌学病原谱及其耐药情况,为合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法选取2010年8月—2014年8月深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院儿科重症监护病房(PICU)收治的重症肺炎患儿604例,在抗感染治疗前采集痰液、肺泡灌洗液及血液行细菌培养及药敏试验,分析其细菌学病原谱及主要致病菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。结果 604例重症肺炎患儿共检出致病菌442株,其中革兰阴性菌339株(76.7%)、革兰阳性菌136株(23.3%)。革兰阳性菌中最常见的是金黄色葡萄球菌,革兰阴性菌中最常见的是肺炎克雷伯菌。肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌及阴沟肠杆菌对氨苄西林和头孢唑林的耐药率较高,均在90.0%以上;肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对美洛培南、亚胺培南、环丙沙星及左氧氟沙星耐药率低,均在15.0%以下。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑、红霉素、四环素的耐药率较高,均在75.0%以上;肺炎链球菌对青霉素、复方磺胺甲噁唑、红霉素、四环素的耐药率较高,均在70.0%以上;金黄色葡萄球菌和肺炎链球菌对万古霉素和利奈唑胺均无耐药。结论重症肺炎患儿细菌感染以革兰阴性菌为主,且对多种抗菌药物耐药,临床应根据小儿重症肺炎细菌学病原谱及其耐药情况选择合理的抗菌药物进行治疗。     

肺部感染病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析肺部感染患者病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法回顾性分析肺部感染患者痰标本分离出的802株病原菌及药敏结果。结果 802株病原菌中革兰阴性杆菌686株(85.54%),排在前四位的细菌分别为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌。其中铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星、头孢吡肟的敏感率分别为94.53%、92.58%、90.23%;大肠埃希菌产ESBLs酶的阳性率为59.52%,肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs酶的阳性率为34.30%,两者对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率均为100%,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、阿米卡星的敏感率较高;鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、米诺环素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的敏感率分别为98.35%、92.31%、84.62%。革兰阳性球菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,未检出耐万古霉素的菌株。结论肺部感染病原菌主要为革兰阴性杆菌,且呈多重耐药的菌株日趋增加,这与抗菌药物的不合理使用有关。     

老年医院获得性肺炎70例临床分析

目的探讨老年医院获得性肺炎的病原菌,及药物敏感性。方法分析70例老年医院获得性肺炎患者的痰培养及药敏结果。结果痰培养分离出49株细菌,主要为革兰阴性菌。其中铜绿假单胞菌占16.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌占14.3%,鲍曼不动杆菌占12.2%,阴沟肠杆菌占10.2%其他革兰阴性菌占4.1%,药敏分析:铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌对多种抗菌药的敏感性均较低,肺炎克雷伯细菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率均在78%以上。结论老年医院获得性肺炎患者的病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,应根据药敏结果合理应用抗生素。     

我院老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌分布及药敏分析

目的研究我院老年住院患者呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)的病原菌分布及其药物敏感性,对临床用药进行指导。方法对我院收治的100例确诊为呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 100例VAP患者共分离224株菌株,病原菌以革兰氏阴性菌为主,共153株(68.3%),革兰氏阳性54株(24.1%),真菌17株(7.6%)。革兰氏阴性菌中以铜绿假单胞菌(24.18%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(18.95%)、肺炎克雷伯杆菌(17.65%)、大肠埃希菌(11.76%)为主;革兰氏阳性菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌(62.96%)为主;真菌以白色念珠菌最多(64.7%)。病原菌普遍耐药,革兰阴性菌对亚胺培南、多粘菌素B较敏感,革兰阳性菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁敏感。结论我院老年患者呼吸机相关性肺炎病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,病原菌耐药性普遍严重。     

ICU下呼吸道医院感染细菌耐药性监测结果分析

目的 了解重症监护病房(ICU)患者下呼吸道感染病原菌分布特点及耐药情况.方法 分析入住我院ICU患者送检的痰标本中分离出的病原菌,并用纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验,进行病原菌耐药性分析.结果 分离出病原菌144株,以革兰氏阴性杆菌为主,共95株占65.97%,其中鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌为主,鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率较低,分别为64.71%、42.86%,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南均敏感,耐药率为0;革兰氏阳性球菌41株,占28.47%,以金黄色葡萄球菌为主,真菌8株占5.56%,白色念珠菌对常见抗真菌药耐药率为0,克柔假丝酵母菌对氟康唑耐药率为100%.结论 监测ICU患者下呼吸道感染病原菌种类及其耐药性的变化,可合理使用抗菌药物.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.