Left ventricular hypertrophy on long-term cardiovascular outcomes in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction

Abstract

Background: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) had been associated with increased adverse cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients. Prognostic significance of LVH in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is not established. This study aimed to investigate prognostic impact of LVH on the patients with STEMI. Methods: We analyzed the data and clinical outcomes of 30-day survivors with STEMI who underwent successful coronary intervention from 2003 to 2009. Definition of LVH was LV mass index (LVMI) >115?g/m² in male and >95?g/m² in female. Patients were classified into a LVH group and a non-LVH group. Occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE; death, recurrent MI, target vessel revascularization (TVR)) within 5 years was evaluated. Results: We enrolled 418 patients and mean follow-up duration was 43?±?17 months. Two hundred and fourteen patients (51%) had LVH. The survival of the patients with LVH was significantly worse than the patients without LVH (log-rank p?=?0.024). In a multivariate regression model, the presence of LVH was independently associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.096–5.123, p?=?0.028). When the end points were analyzed based on LVH severity, all-cause mortality was significantly correlated with LVH severity (p?=?0.011). The severe LVH was independently associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality (OR, 5.110; 95% CI, 1.454–17.9, p?=?0.001). Conclusion: LVH was associated with increased rate of adverse clinical outcomes in 30-day survivors after STEMI, who underwent successful coronary intervention.     

急性心肌梗死冠状动脉再通后ST段回落缓慢的意义

５４例急性心肌梗死患者溶栓或经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术后梗死相关冠状动脉再通，９０分钟时ＳＴ段上移总和回落，≥５０％为乙组。与乙组比较，甲组溶栓距发病时间及肌酸激酶峰值距发病时间延长。住院期间心脏事件发生率甲组显著高于乙组，而且出院前超声心动图检查显示，甲组收缩末期容量较乙组增大，射血分数减低。     

19例梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支的急性心肌梗死心电图表现

目的分析19例梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支的急性心肌梗死患者的心电图表现,总结其特点。方法回顾性分析2000年9月至2005年12月急性心肌梗死患者的心电图资料,25例急性心肌梗死经冠状动脉造影证实梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支,选取其中发病12h内有12或18导联心电图记录的19例,分析其发病时心电图表现及特征。结果19例患者中2例表现为非ST段抬高性心肌梗死,冠脉造影证实血管已再通,血流正常。17例表现为下壁ST段抬高性心肌梗死,15例合并后壁ST段抬高,2例V4RST段抬高,14例V4RST段压低。12例ST段抬高(STIII↑>STII↑)和ST段压低(STaVL↓>STI↓)同时出现。12例aVR导联ST段压低。19例中3例合并有完全性房室阻滞,1例合并高度房室阻滞。结论梗死相关动脉为优势左回旋支的急性心肌梗死患者心电图图形特点类似右冠脉闭塞的ST段抬高心肌梗死,STIII↑>STII↑,STaVL↓>STI↓,两者很难鉴别,下壁、后壁ST段抬高而RV4和STaVR压低可能是重要特点。     

The accuracy of electrocardiographic Q waves for the detection of prior myocardial infarction as assessed by a novel standard of reference

BACKGROUND: The electrocardiogram (ECG) is valuable for the identification of prior myocardial infarction (MI) in individuals participating in epidemiologic studies or undergoing screening examinations. Although the Minnesota Code, a set of criteria for the interpretation of ECGs in such situations, is commonly used to identify MI in these settings, its accuracy is incompletely understood. HYPOTHESIS: We sought to test the accuracy of the Minnesota Code Q and QS criteria for MI against a new standard of reference, the presence of a perfusion defect on a resting myocardial scintigraphic image. METHODS: The resting myocardial scintigrams of all patients studied in our nuclear cardiology laboratory during 7 consecutive months were screened for the presence of perfusion defects. For each patient with such a defect, two individuals examined on the same day, who had no perfusion defect, were selected as controls. Electrocardiograms recorded within 30 days of the scintigraphy were read blindly by two of the authors using the Minnesota Code criteria for Q or QS waves indicative of MI. RESULTS: For 214 patients selected on the basis of their scintigraphic findings, a satisfactory ECG recorded within a month of the scintigraphy was also available. The overall sensitivity of the Q or QS criteria was 0.58 and the specificity was 0.75. As might be expected when only the most stringent criteria were applied, sensitivity was least and the specificity best. CONCLUSIONS: As in previous studies, in which necropsy material served as the standard of reference, sensitivity of the Q and QS criteria contained in the Minnesota Code is relatively modest and specificity is reasonable but not outstanding.     

急性下壁合并后壁心肌梗死的心电图表现及其临床特点分析

目的探讨急性下壁合并后壁心肌梗死患者的心电图表现及其临床特点。方法对45例急性下壁合并后壁心肌梗死(A组)及60例单纯急性下壁心肌梗死(B组)患者的心电图进行对比分析。结果A组的平均RV1振幅、V1～V3导联ST段压低值及院内并发症发生率均显著高于乙组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结论急性下壁合并后壁心肌梗死患者的梗死面积大,院内并发症发生率高。后壁心梗的正确诊断对整个梗死面积的估计和预后判断有重要意义。     

Electrocardiographic criteria for predicting total occlusion of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery in anterior wall acute myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND: Patients with occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) proximal to both the first septal branch and the first diagonal branch may benefit most from early reperfusion therapy due to extensive area at risk. HYPOTHESIS: The aim of the study was to examine whether 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) in the acute phase of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) could identify total occlusion of the LAD proximal to both the first septal and the first diagonal branch. METHODS: A 12-lead electrocardiogram was recorded on admission in 128 patients with anterior AMI within 12 h from symptom onset. Patients were divided into three groups according to the culprit lesion: 33 patients had total occlusion of the LAD proximal to both the first septal perforator and the first diagonal branch (Group P), in 51 it was proximal to either the first septal perforator or the first diagonal branch (Group D-a), and in 44 it was distal to both the first septal perforator and the first diagonal branch (Group D-b). RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity of a greater degree of ST-segment depression in lead III than that of ST-segment elevation in lead aVL were 85 and 95%, respectively, which was better than the results derived by all other ECG criteria (p< 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that a greater degree of ST-segment depression in lead III than that of ST-segment elevation in lead aVL is a useful predictor of proximal LAD occlusion in patients with anterior AMI.     

急性心肌梗死再灌注后心电图ST段抬高的意义

目的：探讨急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者接受经皮冠状动脉腔内成形术（PTCA）治疗心电图ST段持续高与临床预后的关系。方法：AMI患者共30例,比较PTCA前及术后1h12导联心电图抬高ST的总和,按ST段下降幅度分为两组,A组：AT段下降≥50％,B组：ST段下降＜50％。行小剂量多巴酚丁胺负荷超声心动图检查并随访复查超声心动图。结果：AMI发病早期基础状态和负荷状态及发病后第1、2、3个月左室射血分数（LVEF）A组均明显大于B组。多巴酚丁胺负荷状态下主动脉峰值血流加速度、每搏输出量及每搏指数A组明显大于B组。基于状态和负荷状态下总室壁运动积分指数（GWMSI）和梗死区室壁运动积分指数（IWMSI）A组均明显小于B组,AMI发病后1、2、3个月GWMSI A组均明显小于B组。发病第1、2个月IWMSI两组间差异无统计学意义。发病第3个月IWMSI A组明显小于B组。AMI直接PTCA后心电图ST段持续抬高的患者左室收缩功能及收缩储备功能以及梗死区室壁运动的恢复明显低于ST段迅速下降者。     

急性心肌梗塞溶栓后心律失常的意义及价值

作者对３０例急性心肌梗塞患者，经静脉应用尿激酶溶栓治疗，同时应用２４ｈ动态心电图监测。结果显示:前６ｈ内，１６例冠脉再通者，加速性室性自身节律发生率为８１．３％；１４例冠脉未通者，室性自身节律发生率为７．１％（Ｐ＜０．０１）。用其判断冠脉再通的敏感性为８１．３％，特异性为９２．９％，提示加速性室性自身节律是急性心肌梗塞患者溶栓后预测冠脉再通较可靠的无创指标。     

高血压并ST段抬高急性心肌梗死室性电风暴的心电图特征及对预后影响

目的探讨高血压并ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(AMI)后心电图特征性改变,评估室性电风暴与临床预后的关系。方法对有高血压并ST段抬高AMI室性电风暴(室速或室颤)患者367例(电风暴组)及无高血压室性电风暴AMI患者120例(无电风暴组)进行心电图检查和持续心电监护,分析心电图特征与临床高危特点。结果室性电风暴组患者心电图可见心房终末电位异常、∑ST段抬高振幅增高、ST段抬高导联数增多、QTc间期延长、对应导联ST段振幅下移发生率高,梗死部位以前壁或复合前壁、左前降支合并回旋支或(和)右冠脉完全闭塞多支病变为主,与无室性电风暴组比较,差异有显著性(P0.05),临床并发泵衰竭、AMI扩展、住院病死率、室性电风暴AMI发病后6h内发生率明显增多(P0.01)。结论高血压并ST段抬高AMI室性电风暴患者,心电图多项指标异常对临床预后险恶有预测作用。     

Electro‐ and echocardiographic features of left ventricle hypertrophy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

BackgroundStandard 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG), next to medical history and physical examination, is a basic screening tool for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in General practice. There are many electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy, but their accuracy is usually weak in patients with systemic hypertension or aortic stenosis. Sensitivity of these criteria in patients with HCM has not been well described.AimTo assess the prevalence of electrocardiographic criteria for LVH in patients with HCM and their relationship with echocardiographic parameters.Material and methodsA total of 49 patients with HCM (mean age 53.2 ± 15.4 years; men/women: 31/18) were enrolled to study. Eight electrocardiographic criteria for LVH were evaluated and correlated with echocardiographic parameters.ResultsThe ECG features of LVH were found in 36 (73.5%) subjects. These patients had increased thickness of intraventricular septum (20.5 ± 4.7 vs. 17.3 ± 3.2 mm, p = .03), LVM (340.5 ± 104.8 vs. 264.0 ± 61.5 g; p = .02), and LVMI (178.9 ± 48.8 vs. 125.9 ± 22.5; p = .002). All of ECG criteria for LVH had low sensitivity (14.3%–40.8%) for LVH diagnosis confirmed by echocardiography. The most common positive criterion was Cornell Voltage (20 patients; 40.8%). A total of 41 (83.4%) patients had T‐wave inversion in limb and/or precordial leads. LVMI correlated positively with R‐wave amplitude in aVL (R = 0.34; p = .03), Gubner‐Ungerleider voltage (R = 0.4; p = .009), and Cornell Voltage (R = 0.31; p = .04).ConclusionECG criteria for LVH are characterized by poor sensitivity in patients with HCM. Cornell Voltage and criteria based on limb leads correlate positively with LVMI.     

急性下壁心肌梗死患者合并右室梗死的心电图探讨

目的　探讨急性下壁心肌梗死合并右室梗死时的心电图变化。方法　对 118例首次发病后 12h以内急性下壁心肌梗死患者行动态描记心电图 ,并对心电图结果进行分析。结果　合并右室梗死者STV2 与STaVF两者无相关关系 (P >0 .0 5 )。不合并右室梗死者STV2 为 (- 0 .13± 1.73)mm ,STaVF为 (1.37± 1.2 3)mm ,两者之间呈负相关 (P <0 .0 1)。在诊断合并右室梗死方面 ,STV4 R和STV5R >1mm的敏感性为 10 0 % ;STV3R >1mm的敏感性为 86 .7% ;STV1 aVF>0 .5的敏感性为 87.5 % ,特异性为 6 2 .7% ;Ⅱ、Ⅲ导联ST段抬高的敏感性为 87.5 5 % ,特异性为 5 7.8%。合并右室梗死者中冠状动脉造影 6例、尸检 1例均为右冠状动脉近端病变 ,且均合并STV3R～V5R >1mm。结论　不合并右室梗死者胸前导联ST段抬高是aVF导联ST段压低的“镜像”表现 ;而合并右室梗死者“镜像”表现消失。STV4 R和STV5R>1mm诊断右室梗死的敏感性最高。STV3R～V5R>1mm预示右冠状动脉近端病变。     

心电图QRS时限与老年急性心肌梗死患者预后的关系

目的研究老年急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心电图QRS时限与预后的相关性。方法选取老年AMI患者204例,按心电图QRS时限是否>110 ms,分为QRS时限正常组87例(QRS时限≤110 ms),QRS时限延长组117例(QRS时限>110 ms)。检测N末端脑钠肽前体(NT -proBNP)浓度,LVEF,观察Killip分级、主要不良心血管事件(MACE)的发生率、住院心源性死亡发生率。结果 2组的NT-proBNP、LVEF、KillipⅡ～Ⅳ级、MACE发生率及心源性死亡发生率比较有显著差异(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论老年AMI患者心电图QRS时限延长的预后差,心力衰竭、MACE和心源性病死率发生率高。     

急性心肌梗死患者经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后ST段回落不良的分析

目的探讨ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者直接PCI术后ST段回落不良的相关因素。方法173例符合ST段抬高AMI诊断并行直接PCI的患者,计算其心电图ST段回落指数,运用logistic回归分析影响ST段回落的相关因素。结果冠状动脉造影心肌呈色分级0/1(OR=2.936)、病变部位(OR=2.121)、胸痛开始到再灌注的时间(OR=1.314)、梗死前心绞痛(OR=1.053)是影响术后心电图ST段恢复的相关因素。结论AMI直接PCI术后心电图ST段恢复程度与上述因素有关。     

Electrocardiographic characteristics of patients with inferior myocardial infarction but angiographically normal coronary arteries

Normal coronary arteries were found in 22 (5.8%) of 379 patients presented with acute inferior myocardial infarction. These patients were significantly younger, had less cardiovascular risk factors, better systolic heart function, and lower cardiac enzymes level. Electrocardiography significantly showed more (1) ratio of ST-segment elevation in II/ III ≥ 1; (2) isoelectric ST-segment in I; (3) ST-segment elevation in I; and less (4) paroxysmal atrial fibrillation; (5) ST-segment depression in I; and (6) ST-segment elevation in V4R. In conclusion, this subset of patients had clinical features suggestive of smaller infarct size compared with those suffering from atherosclerotic disease. They may have more left circumflex artery involvement and distal right coronary artery occlusion, as deduced from electrocardiography.     

急性心肌梗死ST段显著上移伴QRS终末波形改变的预后意义

通过分析急性心肌梗死患者入院１２导心电图梗死相关导联ＳＴ段上移程度及ＱＲＳ波终末变形，预测心肌梗死患者早期预后。方法：接受溶栓治疗的连续１０３例病人，根据入院时１２导心电图ＳＴ段上移程度及有无ＱＲＳ波终末变形将病人分为两组，变形组３５人，无变形组６８人。结果：变形组肌酸激酶ＣＫ－ＭＢ峰值明显高于无变形组，差异有显著性；变形组在入院时心功能Ｋｉｌｌｉｐ≥Ⅲ级的发生率，住院心律失常发生率，停院病死率明     

急性心肌梗死QTc延长与心脏事件的关系

５８例急性心肌梗死（ＡＭＩ）发病２４ｈ首次心电图ＱＴｃ测定结果显示:ＱＴｃ＜４３０ｍｓ／ｓ１／２者３１例，无１例并发心脏事件（猝死、室颤或停搏、心力衰竭、心源性休克）；ＱＴｃ≥４５０ｍｓ／ｓ１／２者１６例，８１．２５％（１３／１６）并发心脏事件。ＡＭＩ心脏事件组与非事件组ＱＴｃ分别为４７８．１１±２５．８８ｍｓ／ｓ１／２与４１１．１３±３３．１１ｍｓ／ｓ１／２，Ｐ＜０．０１。提示:ＱＴｃ延长对预测ＡＭＩ并发心脏事件有参考价值     

心电图对老年急性下壁心肌梗死冠状动脉病变部位的预测价值

目的　探讨急性下壁心肌梗死心电图与冠状动脉病变的关系 ,以揭示体表心电图对梗死相关动脉及病变节段的预测价值。方法　对 15 6例老年急性下壁心肌梗死患者的体表心电图和冠状动脉造影资料进行对比分析。结果　梗死相关动脉为右冠状动脉占 79.5 % ,左回旋支占 2 0 .5 %。单纯急性下壁心肌梗死病变节段多发生在第一右心室支开口以远 (77.6 % ) ,合并右心室心肌梗死病变节段多发生在第一右心室支开口前 (87% )。STⅢ 抬高 /STⅡ 抬高 >1,STⅠ、aVL下移≥ 1mm ,提示右冠状动脉为梗死相关动脉的敏感性分别为 87.9%、89.5 % ,特异性分别为 84 .4 %、81.2 % ,阳性预告值分别为 95 .6 %、94 .8% ,两者差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。ST段V1、V2 下移≥ 1mm ,提示左回旋支为梗死相关动脉的敏感性 ,特异性和阳性预告值分别为 84 .4 %、91.9%、73.0 %。结论　急性下壁心肌梗死时心电图对判断梗死相关动脉及病变节段有重要的预测价值     

墓碑型心电图改变心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变特点及临床意义

目的探讨墓碑型心电图改变急性前壁心肌梗死患者冠状动脉病变特点及临床意义。方法102例接受急诊冠状动脉介入治疗的急性前壁心肌梗死患者,根据心电图特点,分为墓碑型急性心肌梗死组(31例)和非墓碑型急性心肌梗死组(71例)。对比分析两组冠脉造影特点和住院期间主要心脏事件的发生情况。结果除墓碑型急性心肌梗死组梗死前心绞痛比例明显低于非墓碑型组(p<0.01)外,两组的年龄、性别、易患因素差异无统计学意义(p>0.05)。与非墓碑型急性心肌梗死组相比,墓碑型急性心肌梗死组罪犯血管病变多位于左前降支近端(64.5%vs36.6%,p<0.01),合并右冠状动脉和左回旋支病变的比例高(51.6%vs21.1%,p<0.01;38.7%vs17.0%,p<0.01),术前TIMI血流分级0～1级的比例明显高于非墓碑型急性心肌梗死组(83.9%vs59.1%,p<0.05)。两组CK-MB峰值、LVEF值及主要不良心脏事件无显著性差异(p>0.05)。结论墓碑型急性前壁心肌梗死患者罪犯病变多位于左前降支近端,且多为完全闭塞性病变,常合并其他冠脉病变及缺乏良好的侧支循环保护,积极急诊介入治疗能明显改善其预后。